In memory of

Bill Mitchell,

MIT Professor of Architecture

(1944-2010)

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Reinventing the Automobile

(Electric Networked – Vehicle, EN-V):

(Personal) Urban Mobility for the 21st Century

Dr. Chris Borroni-Bird

Director,

Advanced Technology Vehicle Concepts

(and EN-V Program),

General Motors

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Developing cities are the most densely populated

London

New York

Shanghai

Source: Mats Andersson, World Bank (2005)

Population density (people/hectare)

Manhattan

Sao Paolo, Tokyo

Source: Alain Bertaud (2002)

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Source: data from Jeffrey R. Newman, Felix B. Laube (eds) (2002) Source: NEDO report (2009)

Development of Energy saving ITS Technologies

Population Density, Traffic Speed and CO2 emissions

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Optimizing Urban Traffic Safety for all road users

China accident data, c. 2000-2005

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EN-V: Comparison with conventional automobiles

Typical

automobile

EN-V

Mass (kg) 1,500 500

Occupancy (# seats) 6 2

Parking space (m2) 15 5

Maximum speed (km/h) 200 50

Propulsion output (kW) 200 10

Driving range (km) 500 50

Energy consumption

(Wh / km)

1,000 100

CO2 emissions (g / km):

well-to-wheels (based

on US electricity mix)

500 50

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Parking Space comparison

Source: MIT SmartCities Program

Downtown Albuquerque, NM

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EN-V: High-Level Autonomous System Architecture V2X, Maps & High Accuracy GPS for Outdoor Autonomous Navigation

V2V & High Accuracy Dead Reckoning for Indoor Autonomous Navigation

‘Park Command’

‘Retrieval Command’

Road Side

Equipment

& Access

Points

GPS

Wireless

‘Vehicle Status’

‘Wakeup’

V2I Communications;

Position augmentation;

Smart phone commands

(e.g. Park/Retrieve)

Chassis

Controls

Autonomous

Controls

Manual

Controls

Brake,

Steer and

Drive

Controls

Remote wakeup

Sensor Fusion

V2V

Communications

between Vehicles

VEHICLE

GPS

Wireless

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• Automated Retrieval

• Manual and Autonomous Driving

• Pedestrian and Obstacle

Detection

• Automatic Stop at Red Light or

Intersection

• Videoconferencing from inside

vehicle

• Collision avoidance with another

EN-V

• Platooning with another EN-V

• Automated Parking

Autonomous Features demonstrated in EN-V

Rear Vision System– Object detection

– Far IR Capability

Short-

Range

SensorsLong-Range

Scanning

Sensor

Forward Vision System– Lane tracking

– Object detection

– Far IR Capability

Short-

Range

SensorsLong-

Range

Sensors

Enhanced

Digital

Map

System

Ultrasonic

Sensors

Ultrasonic

Sensors

Dedicated Short-Range

Communication + GPS (V2V)

Forward Vision System

Side Blind-Zone Alert

Lane-Change Assist

Dedicated Short-Range

Communication + GPS (V2V)

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EN-V: Throughput Comparison with Bus

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Design

ConnectivityElectrification

ReinventingUrban

MobilityWireless communications

helps to avoid collisions

and optimize throughput

Battery propulsion provides

zero emissions and encourages

diverse , renewable energy sources

Ultra-small vehicle is easy to

maneuver and park and is

inherently affordable and clean

Small vehicle is easier to park at stations,

encouraging more use of public transport

Electric Vehicles can be

charged at key locations,

such as

public transport stations

Wireless communications

co-ordination with public

transport or help locate

nearest shared vehicle

Reinventing the Automobile for Urban Mobility (EN-V)

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Summary

• Automobile usage in cities is common because it has some valued

advantages over walking/cycling and over public transport.

• For urban use, today’s automobile is heavily over-engineered.

• By reinventing the automobile, it is possible to preserve its benefits (safety, security, comfort, convenience, utility, freedom of route and schedule)

without incurring the side-effects in urban use(energy, environment, safety, congestion, parking, affordability)

• The same enablers (electrification, connectivity and vehicle design) can

also create new opportunities for seamlessly integrating personal and

public transport