Chpter 1 Introduction to airport engineering
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Transcript of Chpter 1 Introduction to airport engineering
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INTRODUCTION
AIRPORT ENGINEERING
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Airplane Parts
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AIRCRAFT PARTS DEFINATION
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AIRCRAFT COMPONENTSy ENGINE
y FLAPS
y FUSELAGEy PROPELLER
y THREE CONTROLS
y TRICYCLE UNDERCARRIAGE
yWINGS
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ENGINEy To provide force for propelling the aircraft in air.
The engine is divided in three categories'
(a) Piston engine(b) Jet engine
(i) Turbo jet (ii) Turbo propulsion (iii) Ram jet.
( c) Rocket engine.
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Piston Engine
y It is operate at low altitudewith moderate speed.
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Jet Engine
y The main advantage of jetengine it eliminate the
propellers.y It is suitable at high
altitude and high speed.
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Turbo jet engine
y In case of turbo jetengine hot exhaust gas
with high velocity giveforward thrust to the
engine.y If gas coming out with
1800 kmph speed andthe speed of aircraft is
900 kmph.y It can be used at high
altitude with morespeed.
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Turbo propulsion
y The performance is same asjet engine but herepropeller is provided.
y It can be used at high andmedium altitude also.
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Ram jet engine
y It does not have any movingparts.
y
The fuel flow andcombution is continuous.
y It can be fly with speed 1200to 1250 kmph.
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Rocket engine
y It is same as ramjetengine but it is notdepend on oxygen inatmosphere.
y It carries its own supplyof oxygen.
y It can moved at highspeed 4000 kmph.
y It has highes fuelconsuption as comparedto othe engine
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flaps
y Flaps increase the wing surfaceor curve generating more liftwith the same speed.
y They are very used on low
speed operations, mainlyduring landings and take offs.
y There are several types of flaps:
y Plain Flap
y Split Flapy Flap Zap or Slotted
y Flap Fowler
y Flap Multi-Fowler
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fuselage
y It includes the cabin and/or cockpit, which containsseats for the occupants and the controls for theairplane.
y
In addition, the fuselage may also provide room forcargo and attachment points for the other majorairplane components. Some aircraft utilize an opentruss structure. The truss-type fuselage is constructed
of steel or aluminum tubing.y Strength and rigidity is achieved by welding the tubing
together into a series of triangular shapes, calledtrusses.
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Propeller
yA propeller is a device which transmits power byconverting it into thrust for propulsion of a vehicle suchas an airplane, ship, or submarine though a fluid such as
water or air, by rotating two or more twisted bladesabout a central shaft, in a manner analogous to rotating ascrew through a solid.
y The blades of a propeller act as rotating wings, and
produce force through application of both Bernoulli'sprinciple and Newton's third law, generating a differencein pressure between the forward and rear surfaces of theairfoil-shaped blades'.
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Control RequirementsTh
e aircraft cancontrolled aboutthree axis.
X -axis called rolling.Aileron is used for
rolling movement ofaircraft.
Y axis is calledpitching
Elevator is used forpitching movement
of aircraft.Z axis movement is
called yawing. Thiscan be done byrudder.
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Three controls
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Tricycle undercarriage
y The landing gear system which is provided to supportaircraft while in contact with the ground is called
tricycle undercarriagey The main purposes
(a) to enable easy maneuvering
(b) to permit smooth landing.
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Wingsy It is provided to support
machine in the air.
y It is flat or curved surface.
y The term aerofoil is used forwing like structure.
y It is designed to obtainreaction upon its surfaceform the air through
which it moves.y The wing is slightly curved
and small angle ofincidence to the
horizontal
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Vertical lift on cambered aerofoil
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AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS Airport capacity Aircraft speed Aircraft weight and wheel arrangement
Fuel spilling
Jet blast
Minimum circling radius Minimum turning radius
Noise
Range
Size of aircraft Take off and landing distances
Type of propulsion
Tyre pressure and contact area.
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1) Airport capacity Number of passengers, baggage, cargo and fuel that can
be accommodated.
2)Aircraft Speed This is defined two ways (a) Ground speed (b) air
speed
Air speed :It means the speed of aircraft related tomedium in which it is travelling. Ex. Suppose aircraftspeed : 500 km.p.h, Wind speed : 50 km.p.h ( Oppositeto aircraft)
So, aircraft speed = 500 50 = 450 km.p.h
Ground speed: It means speed of aircraft related to
ground.
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3) Aircraft Weight and wheel arrangement
Aircraft weight contains weight of different componentsof aircraft.
Aircraft weight play important role in designing thepavement thickness and length of runway.
Wheel arrangement is also required to take load of
aircraft.
4) Fuel Spilling
The spilling of fuel and lubricants is usually found on
hanger and loading apron.Spilling should be minimum.
Fuel spilling affects on bituminous material of pavement.
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5) Jet blast
Turbo jet and turbo prop aircraft eject hot exhaust gases at highvelocities.
The velocity of jet blast is 300 km.p.h so it is inconvenience topassengers.
Several types of blast fence are available to serve an effectivemeasure for diverting the smoke ejected from blast.
Cement concrete pavement are provided to get effect of jet blast.6) Minimum circle radius.
y Certain minimum circling radius is required in space foraircraft to take smooth turn.
y It depends on type of aircraft, traffic volume and weatherconditions.
7) MinimumTurning radius:
y Minimum turning radius of aircraft to decide the radius of taxiway
and position of hangers and apron.
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8) Noise:
y the noise and efforts are made to bring it to the minimumpossible level.
y The major source of noise is machinery noise and primary jet.y The major noise is produced at the time of landing and take
off due to jet.
y The sound is measured by sound level meter and it indicats
the total amount of source at that location.y The unit of sound is Db.
9) Range:
y The distance that an aircraft can fly without refueling is known
as the range.y Factor affecting on range is pay load, meteorological
conditions during flight, speed , fuel, wind, flight altitude andamount of reserve fuel.
y If pay load is increase range is decrease.
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10) Take off and landing distance:
y The take off and landing distance for an aircraft will help indetermine minimum runway length.
The distance depends on(a) altitude of the airport
(b) gradient of the runway
(c) intensity and direction of wind.
(d) manner of landing and take off.
(e) temperature
(f) weight of the aircraft at the time of landing and take off.
11) Type of propulsion
12)Tyre pressure and contact area
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Characteristics of jet aircraft.y Channelization
y Fuel spilling
y
High pressure tyres and small contact areay High velocities
y Hot blasts
y Noise
y Proposing effecty Pumping of the joints
y Sucking effect.
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Classification ofaerodromes1. (a) Central govt aerodromes
(b) Privately owned licenced aerodromes
2. (a) state govt aerodromes ( exservicable condition)(b) State govt. aerodromes ( not maintained inservicible condition)
3. Airforce aerodromes available for limited use.
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Classification ofairportsy The airports are classified by ICAO in two catageris
y (i) The code letters A to E are used based on runway
length , width of runway, and maximum logitudinalgrade.
y (ii) The numbers 1 to 7 given based on wheel load andtyre pressure.
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THANK YOU