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Study GuideBenchmark Chapters 34 37

Chapter 34:

1925-1940 US policy in arm sale the changeso At first, the US forbade any interference or arm sale to countries that were in the

war. However, with the start of WWII, US passed the Neutrality acts of 1939 in orderto allow Euro nations to buy war materials, but only on a "cash and carry" basis(europeans had to provide own ships and pay in cash). British and French owned

seas, so Germans couldnt buy any arms.o Johnson Debt Default Act: forbade any countries that still owed US money from

borrowing more cash.

American response to European and Asian aggression in 1930so America was DETERMINED not to get involved in the affairs of Europe and Asia.

When Japan invaded China, the US just reprimanded them but took no action.Franco took over Spain and the US did nothing. Also, Hitler took over Rhineland,Czechoslovakia, and Poland and the US did not get involved.

Francoo Francisco Franco was a fascist General in Spain who rose up against the leftist-

leaning republican government. The U.S. put an embargo on both sides and Francowas able to take power. America realized that it needed to built together a bigger

fleet. (naval construction act 1938) Franklin D. Roosevelt & the Soviet Union

o In 1933, Roosevelt formally recognized the Soviet Union. He wanted to trade, and

hopefully inspire a pact with the Soviet Union because of the looming threat ofGermany and Japan. The Soviets were particularly wary of pacts made without theirparticipation

Good Neighbor policyo US wanted to prove that it would work on controlling/working with its "regional"

countries. FDR removed troops from latin Amercia, Haiti, and New Mexico.o When Mexican forces seized Yankee oil properties, FDR did not take action but

worked out a peaceful deal. This policy was a "great success"

Hitlero Hitler was a powerful orator and managed to convince his people that he could fix

the poverty that they had been experiencing and put them back on the worlds fronttrack.

London Economic Conferenceo 66 nations came together and said that they wanted to work together to solve the

world's economic crisis. At first, Roosevelt sent Secretary of State Cordell Hull buthe withdrew when he realized that involving himself with the Conference wouldmean stablizing the US dollar in terms of European money. He knew that would hurtthe American economy and chose to keep America strong rather than achieveforeign relations.

Munich Agreement

o Hitler was becoming bolder with the take over of German Rhineland, thepersecution of Jews, and the occupation of Austria. At the Munich Conference, theAllies allowed Hitler to have Sudentenland of neighbouring Czechoslovakia.However 6 months later, Hitler took over the rest of Czechoslovakia as well.However, STILL the western nations did not react. APPEASEMENT

Mussolinio Mussolini was the fascist dictator of Italy. He bombed and took over Ethiopia.

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937o These acts stated that when a president proclaimed the existance of a foreign war,

no American could : legally sail on warring ships, could not sell or transportweapons to warring countries, and could not make loans to warring countries.

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John Lewis: United Mine workers

Congress passed the Smith-Connally Anti-strike Act, which let the fed. g'vtseize and operate industries threatened by strikes.

US entrance into WWII why and what was Americans knowledge on the matter?o Japan attacked pearl harbor and now Americans wanted revenge. However, FDR

insisted that Germany must be stopped before Japan. After the attack, the US hadextreme national unity. New Deal Programs were wiped out (Civilian ConservationCorps, the Work Progress Administration, and the National Youth Administration).

WWII wasn't a idealistic crusade, many Americans didn't know what the AtlanticCharter even was.

US strategy in Asiao (island hopping) where Allies would bypass fortified islands and take over

neighbouring islands and starve the other forces to death with lack of supplies andconstant bombing.

Women during WWII and after WWIIo during: women went to arms in the Army, Navy, and Coast Guard. Women also took

up jobs in the workplace (Rosie the Riveter) However, it should be noted that thefemale revolution into the work force was not as great as commonly exaggerated.At the end, 2/3 of women did return home and the baby boom is still being felttoday.

o after: women were reluctant to return home to the life of a house wife.

Chapter 36:

closed (all-union) shopso The Taft-Hartley Act made closed shops (closed to non-union members) illegal. And

made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes amongthemselves and required that Union leaders take non-communist oaths. Opposite ofWagner Act of the New Deal.

Approach to dealing with losers of the waro Nuremberg Trials: top Nazi officials were put on trial for crimes against humanity

(holocaust) In September 1945, the Big Three met in Yalta to discuss approaches tothe Axis losers. They assigned occupation zones within Germany. They agreed thatPoland, Bulgaria, and Romania were to have free elections. (Later broken by Stalin)U.S wanted to rebuild Germany, while Soviet wanted to bleed Germany dry withreparations. As a compromise, Germany was split into 4 occupational zones (FranceBritain, USSR, and America).

Cold war issues

containmento The idea that communism needs to be kept contained in the

Fair Dealo enacted by Truman in 1949. Encouraged Congress to enact national health care

insurance, federal aid to education, civil rights legislation, funds for public housingand a new farm program. The only reform that passed was an increase in the

minimum wage and increase in workers in social security. Most bills shot down dueto Trumans conflicts with congress and foreign policy concerns

General Douglas MacArthur

George F. Kennano introduced the idea of containment and wrote the containment doctrine to prevent

the spread of communism

Israelo Truman recognized the state of Israel in May 1948, a fatal decision, as it aggravated

the Arabs who controlled the Israeli oil supply. This complicated US relations withthe arab world later on

League of Nations v. United Nations

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o

Marshall Plano The Marshall plan called for spending $12.5 billion over four years in 16 cooperating

countries. It was a joint plan in hopes for economic recovery. The Marshall plan wasconsidered a success, in that it bolstered the European economy and stopping allhopes of a communist party taking root.

Middle Eastern

NATO

o North Atlantic Treaty Organization: France, Britain, Belgium, Netherlands, and USallied at Brussels against the Soviets. In 1952, the added Greece and Turkey andadded West Germany in 1955

NSC-68o Truman called for quadrupling the spending on increasing the US military

Point Fouro

Servicemen's Readjustment Acto Servicemen's Readjustment Act- Passed in 1944, it was also referred to as the GI Bil

of Rights, or the GI Bill. It was partly created because the government were afraidthat the businesses would not able to occupy the 15 million soldiers returning. TheAct sent 8 million veterans to college. Also enabled the VA (Veteran's

Administration) to guarantee about $16 billion in loans for veterans to buy homes,farms and small businesses. As a result, this led to economic prosperity as themajority of the people were getting a higher education.

Suburbs growtho Government policies encouraged this movement to the suburban areas. The Federa

Housing Administration (FHA) and Veterans Administration (VA) made buying ahouse in the suburbs more economically attractive than renting an apartment in thecity. Construction started in 1950, when the Levitt brothers revolutionized theconstruction industry. (One group would do the foundation, the other would dowalls, finally the next would do roof) As a result, suburbs boomed. As a result of thesuburban growth, more migrating black people took over the urban housing left bythe white people.

Taft-Hartley Acto In 1947, a Republican-controlled Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act, overriding

President Trumans veto. It is referred to as the slave-labor law. It prohibitedcertain actions that strikes led too, such as: closed (all-union) shop, and madeunions liable for damages that resulted from disputes among strikers. It alsorequired union leaders to take a non-communist oath.

Truman Doctrineo On March 12, 1947, Truman requested support from Congress. Congress granted

$400 million to bolster Greece and Turkey from the rising Communist threat. Thisproclamation allowed the idea of containment to manifest.

Trumans response to economic downturn

Chapter 37:

dynamic conservatism.o "liberal with people, but conservative with money" it decreased government

spending by decreasing military spending, trying to transfer control of offshore oilfields to the states, and trying to curb the TVA by setting up a private company totake its place.

Geneva Conferenceo two tasks: first to try and find a way to unify Korea. Second to discuss the possibility

of restoring peace in Indochina. Geneva Accords: separated Vietnam into two zonesnorthern and southern. This was a potential end to the Cold War. Khrushchev

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denounced the work of Stalin, who had been dead since 1953. The leaders ofAmerica, Britain, France, and Soviet Union met to resolve international tensions.

They didnt get a lot of issues resolved.

Bay of Pigs- The attempt of trying to take out communism in Cuba. It failed miserably as itonly lasted a few days and ended up with nothing. Capitalistic ideas of America failed

Berlin airlift-When the Soviet Union blockaded all roads and railways going towards Berlin,this was the Berlin Blockade. The Soviets wanted to gain control of the non-communistpart of Berlin by making them rely on the Soviet Union. The Berlin airlift was when the

United States had sent supplies to the blockaded part of Berlin by aircrafts instead ofrailways or roads

Brown v. Board of Education of Topekao This court case overturned the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson. It ruled that

separate but equal was unconstitutional and that desegregation must commencein 1954

Central Intelligence Agencyo created in order to coordinate the governments information on foreign countries. In

1953, they installed the shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Pahlevi as a dictator in orderto secure oil from Iran for America. This caused tense relationships betweenAmerica and Iran for a long time

Dwight Eisenhower's & Native Americans

o With Indians, Eisenhower proposed ending the lenient FDR-style treatment ofIndians and reverted to a Dawes Severalty Act policy toward Native Americans. butdue to resistance, he disbanded this method.

fall of Chinao

Ho Chi Minh

interstate highway systemo Eisenhower built 42000 miles of interstate freeways; making the New Deals better.

This created construction jobs and sped the suburbanization of America.Additionally, it offered benefits to the trucking, automobile, oil, and travelindustries, while robbing the railroads of business. It also created problems of airquality and energy consumption.

Korean Waro Korea was divided at the 38th parallel, Soviets controlling North Korea, US forces

under the UN flag occupied the South in an effort to prevent the spread of sovietcommunism to the south

launching ofSputniko SputnikThis is the start of the space race with the Soviets and Americans. On

October 4, 1857, the first man made satellite, Sputnik I, was sent out to spacesuccessfully. A month later, Sputnik II went as well. This panicked the Americans,because this meant that Soviets might use intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)if they could launch such a heavy object. Americans got on the ball and createdNASA. After many failures (the Vanguard, 1957), in Feb 1958, U.S. sent a 2.5 lb

satellite into space. This rocket fever led to the advent of better education to trainchildren for this field of work.

Mao Zedongo Communist leader who took over China and turned it into a Communist state.

Proved that the policy of containment had failed.

Martin Luther King, Jro formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference which aimed to mobilize the

vast power of black churches for black rights- a good strategy since churches werea huge source of leadership in black community.

Orval Faubus

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o governor of Arkansas who mobilized the National Guard to prevent nine black

students from enrolling in Little Rock's Central High School. Ike responded bysending federal troops to escort children to their classes. Congress passed the firstCivil Rights Act: set up permanent Civil Rights Commission to investigate violationsof civil rights and authorized federal injunctions to protect voting rights.

Paris summit

President Eisenhower

Rosa Parks

o when she was on a bus, she was asked to move to the back to make room for ayounger white man. She refused and was taken to jail and this action sparked theboycotting of bus use by African Americans.

Senator Joseph McCarthyo a brutal anticommunist "crusader". He charged Secretary of State Acheson was

knowingly employing 205 communist party members, and tried to prosecute andpersecute suspected communists with out ever proving his claims. Even denouncedGeorge Marshall.

Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevio CIA engineered a coup in Iran and installed the youthful shah Mohammed Reza

Pahlevi as ruler of the nation therefore protecting oil for the time being but itearned the wrath of Arabs that would b repaid in the 70s.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)o southern black students formed to give more focus and force to their civil rights

effort. 4 black college freshmen launched a sit in movement in Greensboro, NorthCarolina, demanding services at a w hite only Woolworth's lunch counter.

Suez Canal crisiso President Nassar of Egypt needed money to build a dam in the upper Nile and was

going between the Soviets and the west. Dulles dramatically withdrew his offer andforced Nassar to nationalize dam. Late in October, Britain, France, and Israelattacked Egypt thinking that the US would supply them with oil which it did not. Lasttime US could brandish its "oil weapon"

U-2 incidento

a US spy plane was shot down over Soviet territory. The US was embarressed andthis caused tensions between the Soviets and the US.

Vietnamo Vietnamese rise against French conrol with Ho Chi Minh at the lead. French is

trapped at Dienvienphu and Ike refused to help because of fear of another asianwar. Vietnamese won and vietnam was split at the 17th parallel. Ho was supposedto allow free elections but soon Vietnam became communist north and pro-Westernsouth. secretary Dulles created SEATO but it didn't really help.