Chp 18 Fish 18 Fish.pdfTitle: Chp 18 Fish.pptx Author: Amy Weller Created Date: 1/28/2019 4:33:48 PM

Chapter18

TheFishes:VertebrateSuccessinWater

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Evolu;onaryPerspec;ve

•  Phylogene;cRela;onships– SubphylumCraniata•  Skullsurroundsbrain,olfactoryorgans,eyes,andinnerear.•  InfraphylumHyperotre;•  InfraphylumVertebrata

– Fossilsrecord•  Craniatesandbonedateearlierthan500mya.


SurveyofFishes

•  InfraphylumHyperotre;—ClassMyxini(Hagfishes)– Headsupportedbycar;laginousbars–  Lackvertebraeandretainnotochordforaxialsupport–  4pairsofsensorytentaclesaroundmouth–  Ventrolateralslimeglands– Marine–  Scavengedeadanddyingfish–  Likelymostprimi;vegroupofcraniates


Figure18.4ClassMyxini.


SurveyofFishes

•  InfraphylumVertebrata–  Vertebraesurroundnervecord&provideaxialsupport

–  Ostracoderms•  Ex;nctagnathans•  Bonyarmor•  BoUomdwellers


Figure18.5Ar;st’sRenderingofanAncientSilurianSeafloor.

SurveyofFishes

•  ClassPetromyzon;da– Lampreys– Marineandfreshwater– Mostarepredatorsasadults,filter-feedersaslarvae

– Lifecyclesinvolveopenwateradultstagesandstreamorriverlarvalstages(figure18.7).


Figure18.6ClassPetromyzon;da.

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Figure18.7LifeHistoryofaSeaLamprey.


SurveyofFishes•  SuperclassGnathostomata

–  Jawsdevelopedfromanteriorpharyngealarches.–  Pairedappendages–  Classesofgnathostomes

•  Car;laginous–  Chondrichthyes

•  Bony–  Ac;nopterygii–  Sarcopterygii


Figure18.8PairedPectoralandPelvicAppendages.

SurveyofFishes•  ClassChondrichthyes– Placoidscales,car;laginousendoskeleton– SubclassElasmobranchii

•  Sharks,skates,rays– SubclassHolocephali

•  Ra`ish•  Divergedfromotherchondrichthians350mya•  Operculumpresent


Figure18.9ClassChondrichthyes.(a)and(b)SubclassElasmobranchii.(a)Caribbeanreefshark(Carcharhinusperezi).(b)AbluespoUedribbontailray(Taeniuralymma).(c)SubclassHolocephali.Thera`ish(Hydrolaguscolliei).


Figure18.10ScalesandTeethofSharks.

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SurveyofFishes•  ClassSarcopterygii–  Lobe-finnedfishes

•  Finswithmuscularlobes–  Lungsusedingasexchange.–  Lungfish

•  3genera•  Australia,Africa,SouthAmerica

–  Coelacanths•  2species•  AfricanandIndonesiancoasts

–  Tetrapodomorpha•  Ex;nctancestorsofancientamphibiansandalltetrapods


Figure18.11ClassSarcopterygii.TheQueenslandlungfish,Neoceratodusforsteri.

Figure18.12ClassSarcopterygii.TheCoelacanthLa;meria.

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SurveyofFishes

•  ClassAc;nopterygii– Ray-finnedfishes•  Finslackmuscularlobes

– Swimbladders– Chondrosteans•  Sturgeonsandpaddlefish

–  Car;laginousskeletons

– Neopterygii•  Garpike(Lepisosteus)anddogfishorbowfin(Amia)•  Modernbonyfishes—theteleosts


Figure18.13ClassAc;nopterygii,theChondrosteans.(a)Shovelnosesturgeon(Scaphirhynchusplatorynchus).(b)Paddlefish(Polydonspathula).

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Figure18.14ClassAc;nopterygii,theteleosts.(a)Awinterflounder(Pseudopleuronectesamericanus).(b)Yellowtailsnappers(Ocyuruschrysurus).(c)Thesarcas;cfringehead(Neoclinusblanchardi)

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Evolu;onaryAdvancements•  Locomo;on

–  Streamlinedshape,mucoidsecre;ons,buoyancyofwater,body-wallmuscles,finshapeallpromoteefficientlocomo;on.

•  Nutri;onandthediges;vesystem–  Filterfeedersandscavengers

•  Earliestfishes•  Modernfilterersusegillrakers

–  Predators(mostmodernfish)•  Swallowfoodwhole

–  Externalparasites(lampreys)–  Herbivores–  Diges;vetract

•  Specializa;onsincludespiralvalve(sharks)andpyloricceca(bonyfishes).


•  Circula;on–  Closedcirculatorysystem– Heart

•  4embryologicalenlargementsofventralaorta–  Sinusvenosus–  Atrium–  Ventricle–  Conusarteriosus

– Mostfishhavesinglecircuit.–  Lungfish

•  Pulmonarycircula;on•  Pulmonaryandsystemiccircuits


Figure18.15CirculatorySystemofFishes.


•  Gasexchange– Watermovementovergills•  Opercularandpharyngealmusclespumpwaterinmostfishes.•  Ramven;la;oninelasmobranchsandopen-oceanbonyfish

– Gasexchangesurfaces•  Gill(visceral)archessupportgills•  Gillfilamentsandpharyngeallamellae

–  Countercurrentexchangemechanism(figure18.16)


Figure18.16GasExchangeatthePharyngealLamellae.(a)Gillarches.(b)Floundergillfilamentwithnumerouslamellae.(candd)Comparisonofcountercurrentandparallelexchanges.

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•  Swimbladdersandlungs–  Pneuma;csacsconnecttodiges;vetractinnonteleostfish.•  Func;onaslungsinlungfish,climbingperchandancientrhipidis;ans

•  Func;onasswimbladdersinotherbonyfish•  BuoyancyRegula;on–use1ormoreof4possiblestrategies1.  Lowdensitycompounds2.  Finsprovidever;callij3.  Reduc;onofheavy;ssues4.  Swimbladders


Figure18.17PossibleSequenceintheEvolu;onofPneuma;cSacs.(a)Originasventraloutgrowthsofesophagus.(b)Primi;velungs.(c)Swimbladdersmovedorsalinposi;onandloseconnec;ontoguttract.

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•  Nervousandsensoryfunc;ons–  Brainandspinalcord–  Sensoryreceptors

•  Externalnares•  Eyes

–  Lidlessandroundlens•  Innerears

–  Equilibrium,balance,andhearing•  Laterallinesystem

–  Sensorypitsinskindetectwatermovements.•  Electrorecep;on

–  Preydetec;onbychondrichthyians–  Gymnarchus(figure18.18)–  Electrophorus(electriceel)Copyright©2016McGraw-HillEduca;on.Allrightsreserved.Noreproduc;onor

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Figure18.18ElectricFishes.(a)Electricalfieldsareusedtodetectthepresenceofpreyandotherobjectsinamurkyenvironment.(b)Theelectricfish(Gymnarchusnilo;cus).


•  Excre;onandOsmoregula;on–  Kidneys

•  Filternitrogenouswastes,ions,water,andsmallorganiccompoundsatnephrons–  Glomerulusisafilteringcapillarynetwork–  Tubulesystempromotesreabsorp;on

•  Freshwaterfishes–  Excesswatermustbeexcreted.–  Ionsandorganiccompoundsareselec;velyreabsorbed.

•  Marinefishes– Watermustbeconserved.–  Excessionsexcreted.


Figure18.20Osmoregula;onby(a)Freshwaterand(b)MarineFishes.Largearrowsindicatepassiveuptakeorlossofwaterorelectrolytesthroughinges;onandexcre;on.Smallsolidarrowsindicateac;vetransport.Small,openarrowsindicatepassiveuptakeorlossbydiffusionthroughpermeablesurfaces.


•  Excre;onandOsmoregula;on– Diadromousfishes•  Migratebetweenfreshwaterandmarineenvironments•  Gillscopewithbothuptakeandexcre;onofions.

– Nitrogenwastes•  90%ammonia(diffusionacrossgillsurfaces)•  10%urea,crea;neorcrea;nine(excretedbykidneys)


•  Reproduc;onanddevelopment– Mostoviparous

•  ovoviviparous•  viviparous

–  Fer;liza;on•  Mostexternal•  Copulatorystructures

–  Claspersinelasmobranchmales

– Development•  UsuallyliUleornoparentalcare•  Sometendnestsorbroodyoung


Figure18.21MaleGaribaldi(Hypsypopsrubicundus).Cul;vatesanestofredalgae,en;cesafemaletolayeggsinthenest,anddefendsthenest.


Chp 18 Fish 18 Fish.pdfTitle: Chp 18 Fish.pptx Author: Amy Weller Created Date: 1/28/2019 4:33:48 PM

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