Choosing the Right Short Range Wireless Technology - Moring file©2003-2006 John Moring page 5...

Choosing the RightShort Range

Wireless Technology

John Moringwww.moring.net

April 2005

©2003-2006 John Moring www.moring.net page 2

Agenda

IntroductionThe Technologies

IEEE 802.11 family, Wi-FiBluetoothZigBeeUltra Wideband (UWB), Wireless USB, WiMedia,…Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)Near Field Communications (NFC)

SummaryQ&A


Introductions

John MoringWireless systems engineer, consultant since ’97 MSEE, USCEmployers pre-1997

• Hughes Aircraft, TRW, Titan Linkabit, PCSI

Clients, too numerous to list• Chip/module/infrastructure product developers• Cellular carriers, service providers• Communications system users/integrators• Industry consortia, think tanks, publishers, universities

Audience* * * Ringers Off Please * * *


UWB

Landscape

1 mRANGE

TH

RO

UG

HPU

T

100 kbps

1 Mbps

10 m 100 m

10 Mbps

100 Mbps

Bluetooth

802.11b802.11g

802.11a

ZigBee

802.11n WUSB

IrDA

IrDA: Infrared Data Association

RFID: Radio Frequency Identification

UWB: UltraWideBand

WUSB: Wireless Universal Serial Bus


RFID: Radio Frequency Identification

UWB: UltraWideBand

WUSB: Wireless Universal Serial Bus

NFC

*RFID sends fixed-size data, so throughput metric is not applicable

RFID*


Primary Short Range Technologies

802.11 / Wi-FiWireless LAN extension, marketed as Wi-Fi

Bluetooth“Cable replacement,” “Personal Area Network”

ZigBee / IEEE 802.15.4Newer standard optimized for monitoring & control

Ultra Wideband (UWB)Generic name for technology now allowed by FCC, targeted for use in Wireless USB, WiMedia and other applications

RFIDTag/Reader technology for small blocks of data

Near Field CommunicationUses RFID-type technology to trigger communication session


“Other” Technologies

IrDAInfrared optical, very short range, line of sight

HomeRFVoice + data, 2.4 GHz, largely defunct

HiPerLAN2European, similar to 802.11a (54 Mbps, 5 GHz), no products

Proprietary/specialty solutionsGarage door, cordless phone, keyless car entry, etc.

HiPerLAN: High Performance Local Area Network


HiPerLAN: High Performance Local Area Network



Common Attributes

Radio technologyNon line of sight

Unlicensed spectrumNo contract or fees for use

Low powerRanges typically from <1 m to ~100 m

Consumer market, low costFrom <$1 to <$50


IEEE 802.11/ Wi-Fi Family

Designed to operate transparently in a corporate LAN “Ad hoc” peer-peer mode also supportedOptional “Wired Equivalent Privacy” encryption (data only)

Now improved Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) mode available

Coverage:~ office bay

Ethernet LAN

Access Point

802.11 Laptop

802.11 Laptop

802.11 Laptop


IEEE 802.11: Flavors

Common MAC layer and aboveWi-Fi compatibility and marketing labelOriginal Physical (PHY) layers no longer supported

1 to 2 Mbps, Frequency Hopped, Direct Sequence, Infrared802.11b

2.4 GHz, up to 11 Mbps*Most widely deployed

802.11a5 GHz, up to 54 Mbps*

802.11g2.4 GHz, to 54 Mbps*Backward compatible with 802.11b

IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

MAC: Medium Access Control

IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

MAC: Medium Access Control *Channel bit rate


IEEE 802.11

802.11: Layers

Logical Link Control (802.2)

CSMA/CA

HR

/DSS

S (.b

)

Physical Layer 1

LinkLayer 2

OSI Model IEEE Model

Ori

gina

l PH

Ys

Futu

rePH

Ys

OFD

M (.

a)

HR

ext

. (.g

)

PHY

MAC Other MACs

Other PHYs

…

…

CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense Multiple Access w/ Collision Detection

DSSS: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

HR: High Rate

CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense Multiple Access w/ Collision Detection

DSSS: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

HR: High Rate

MAC: Medium Access Control sublayer

OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex

OSI: Open System Interconnect

PHY: Physical Layer

MAC: Medium Access Control sublayer

OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex

OSI: Open System Interconnect

PHY: Physical Layer


802.11: Tech Specs

802.11bDirect Sequence Spread Spectrum Up to 1 Watt transmitCheap, widely deployed11 overlapping 22MHz channels @2.4 GHz

• 3 non-overlapping channels in USA1 - 11 Mbps (DBPSK/ DQPSK/ CCK/ CCK)

802.11aOrthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexedUp to 20/40/800 mW depending on frequency band8 non-overlapping (indoor) 20 MHz channels! @5 GHz6 – 54 Mbps (BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM)

802.11gUses same modulations as .a and .bInteroperable with .bUp to 1 Watt3 non-overlapping channels @2.4 GHz1 – 54 Mbps

BPSK: Binary Phase Shift Keying

CCK: Complementary Code Keying

D: Differential

QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

BPSK: Binary Phase Shift Keying

CCK: Complementary Code Keying

D: Differential

QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying


802.11 Channelization

802.11b/g: Three non-overlapping channels in USA

802.11a: 12 non-overlapping channels in USA


Next-generation high-speed standardSeveral proposals under consideration 100+Mbps usable throughput

~200+ Mbps channel rateNew MAC layer

Expected to be a superset of a/b/g“Pre-N” products now available

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technologyEmploys multiple tx and rx antennas and “spatial multiplexing”

What About 802.11.n ?


802.11: Applications

Wired network extension or replacementHome networkingEnterprise LAN extensionPublic hot spotSpecialty venues

• E.g., in-flight network

Free nets

Specialty applicationsE.g., toll collection


Bluetooth Personal Area Networks

Designed for inter-device “cable replacement” laptop, cell phone, peripherals

Mobile headsetCordless mouseLaptop PC Internet access via cell phonePDA download to printerEtc.

Intended to be low cost (<$5) and ubiquitous Coverage:~room

10 m nominal100 m high power


Bluetooth: Core Stack

RF

Baseband (BB)

Link Manager Protocol (LMP)

L2CAP

Even

ts

Com

man

ds

Host Controller Interface

Circuit Data/Voice Source

Packet DataSource

Control Source

L2CAP: Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol

L2CAP: Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol


Bluetooth: Tech Specs

Frequency hopped over 79 (1MHz) channels @ 2.4GHzOptional adaptive hopping avoids interference

Time division duplex1 Mbps channel rate, GFSK modulation

2 Mbps (π/4 QPSK) & 3 Mbps (8DPSK) in 2004 (v2.0)

1 mW to 100 mW transmit powerSupports packet data and circuit voice/dataOne master of each piconet

Up to 7 active slavesMany potential standby slavesMulti-piconet scatternets also specified

DPSK/QPSK: Differential/Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

GFSK: Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying

DPSK/QPSK: Differential/Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

GFSK: Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying


Bluetooth Applications

To encourage interoperability, Bluetooth defines Profiles

In addition to, and running on top of, the core stackFor example:

• CORDLESS TELEPHONY, HANDS FREE• SERIAL PORT• DIAL-UP NETWORKING, PERSONAL AREA NETWORKING, FAX• FILE TRANSFER, SYNCHRONIZATION• PRINTING• VIDEO CONFERENCING

Typical productsCell phone supporting HANDS FREE & DIAL-UP NETWORKING

Laptop supporting DIAL-UP NETWORKING, SERIAL PORT, etc. PDA supporting SYNCHRONIZATION, PRINTING, etc.


ZigBee

Based on IEEE 802.15.4 MAC/PHYDesign characteristics

Very low power consumption under low duty cycle scenariosModerate throughputRobustness

Two device classesFull Function DeviceReduced Function Device

Star, cluster tree, and mesh topologies

Full Function Device

Reduced Function Device

MAC: Medium Access Control layer

PHY: Physical layer

MAC: Medium Access Control layer

PHY: Physical layer

PAN Coordinator


Zigbee Target Applications

Commercial, industrial, and residential

Monitoring and control

Building automation

Medical, consumer


ZigBee Tech Specs

CSMA/CA channel access (like 802.11)1+ mW transmit powerChannels of operation

2.4 GHz ISM band• 16 channels @ 250 kbps

902-928 MHz ISM band • 10 channels @ 40 kbps

868-870 MHz band• 1 channel @ 20 kbps

CSMA/CA: Carrier Sense Multiple Access w/ Collision Avoidance

ISM: Industrial, Scientific, Medial

CSMA/CA: Carrier Sense Multiple Access w/ Collision Avoidance

ISM: Industrial, Scientific, Medial


ZigBee Status

IEEE spec complete802.15 MAC & PHY802.15.4a, alternate UWB PHY in development

• “…high precision ranging / location capability (1 meter accuracy and better), high aggregate throughput, and ultra low power….”

ZigBee Alliance upper layer specification released 12/2004IEEE-compliant chips shipping

IEEE 802.15.4

MAC

Future PHYsPHY …

ZigBee Alliance

Application Framework

Network/Security layers

ZigBee or Vendor

Application/Profiles


UWB: Ultra Wideband


UWB: Ultra Wideband


Ultra Wideband (UWB)

Extreme bandwidth signals E.g., > 500 MHzMostly 3 GHz – 10 GHz bands

Signal fades into the backgroundNo license required

To date, only allowed commercially in USA

frequencyUWB

spread spectrum

narrowband


UWB Status & Activities

FCC ruling April 2002 allows3.1 – 10.6 GHz, with power envelope Imaging systems including Ground Penetrating Radars and wall, through-wall, surveillance, and medical imaging devicesVehicular radar systems

Communications and measurement systemsIEEE 802.15.3 MAC spec approved

PHY stalled with two competing proposalsVendor alliancesNon-IEEE industry standards

Wireless USBWireless FirewireWiMedia

Early productsInternational spectrum allocation lobbying

FCC: Federal Communications Commission

MAC: Medium Access Control Layer

PHY: Physical Layer

FCC: Federal Communications Commission

MAC: Medium Access Control Layer

PHY: Physical Layer


UWB Techniques

t

Historical technique is pulse timing modulation – no carrier

Direct Sequence CDMA, pulse basedSpread signal over available band UWB Forum

• Motorola/Freescale, et al.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)Multiple 500+ MHz channels

• E.g., 13 x 528 MHzMultiBand OFDM Alliance

• Alereon, H-P, Intel, Nokia, Philips, Samsung, Sony, Staccato Communications, TI, Wisair, et al.

f


UWB In the News

TechWeb.com Mon Apr 24, 2006Wireless USB, anticipated to begin to be widely deployed in the third quarter, will boost USB shipments from 1.4 billion in 2005 to 2.8 billion in 2010, according to a report released Monday by In-Stat. "Targets of WUSB backers are USB cables on the PC desktop, as well as temporary connections between mobile and fixed devices, such as portable digital audio players and PC, or digital still cameras and printers," said Brian O'Rourke, In-Stat analyst, in a statement.The USB Implementers Forum has targeted the wireless technology at 480 Mbps at 10 feet and at 110 Mbps at 30 feet. The wireless technology will impact cable manufacturers although cable suppliers like Belkin and Gefen will market new radio-based products, In-Stat said. WUSB products will debut in the market via hub and dongle solutions.O'Rourke said different versions of Ultra-Wideband radio will compete in the WUSB space.WUSB is expected to be quickly embraced in the marketplace because of its low-cost and its low power consumption rates. Most early PC adopters will be required to use an add-in card, although the technology will eventually be built into devices.


Radio Frequency Identification: RFID

Tag/transponder programmed with data; scanned by ReaderMany variations

Passive vs Active (battery powered)Read, Read/Write

Electro-magnetic couplingBetween Reader and Tag antennas

Used top automate inventory, tracking, labeling, routing

“Bar code on steroids”

Some standardization (e.g., ISO)

Reader

powersupply

mod-ulator

µP / data

Not to Scale!

Tag

µP: micro processor

ISO: International Standards Organization

µP: micro processor

ISO: International Standards Organization


RFID Flavors with Typical Specs

Low Frequency120 kHz< 32 bytes< 1 foot typicalApplications: animal, human ID tags

High Frequency 13 MHz<10,000 bytes< 1 footApplications: industrial, security

Ultra High Frequency 900 MHz (also 2.4, 5 GHz)12 bytes (supports Electronic Product Code)12 feetApplications: toll, retail (Wal-Mart compatible)


Typical RFID Applications

Tracking of shipped goodsBy case or pallet todayBy item soon

Inventory trackingReaders on shelves

Automated check-in & check-outLibrary, retail, etc.

Factory automationPet IDTracking people….

Photo courtesy of Auburn University Food Safety and Detection Center


Near Field Communication (NFC)

Generic term for the initiation of a short range communication session via RFID-type technologyStandardized by Ecma Intl.

E.g., ISO/IEC 18092 (Ecma-340/NFCID-1)Full point to point protocol defined13.56 MHz

100% Amplitude Shift Keying Initiator and Target roles defined106 Mbps, 212 Mbps, 424 Mbps rates

Active communication mode • Both the Initiator and the Target use their own RF field to enable the

communication Passive communication mode

• Only Initiator generates the RF field; Target modulates the field via a resonant circuit


NFC Applications & Status

Anywhere RFID is appealing but not quite powerful enough Electronic paymentsElectronic ticketingProduct info read by consumer from shelf tags

First product recently announced

NFC shell for Nokia 3220


Summary

cost, market push

fair - good

very good

up to ∞

small fixed size

~1 m

RFID

standards, products, market

validation

early

?

?

<0.21 Mbps

~0.1 m

NFC

standards, products,

int’l issues

profiles, products

UWB PHY,

usability, profiles

higher rates,

security, mobility

Work in progress

earlyearlygoodvery goodMaturity

goodgoodgoodfairCost

goodvery goodgoodfairBattery life

<500Mbps

<0.25 Mbps

<3 Mbps

<54 Mbps

Throughput

~10 m~100 m~10 m~100 mRange

WUSBZigBeeBluetooth802.11

Products forthcoming


Short Range Wireless Choices

Fixed data content, low $

Very high throughput

Low duty cycle, very low power

Low cost, flexibility

Infrastructure net connectivity

Requirement

Inventory scannerRFID

Video deliveryUWB

ThermostatZigbee

Cell phone headsetBluetooth

Laptop wireless Ethernet card

Wi-FiExampleFirst Choice


Where To?

Existing standards will evolve to expand capabilitiesNew standards will emerge to address different market segmentsUWB is a technology to watchShort range products become pervasive

Choosing the Right Short Range Wireless Technology - Moring file©2003-2006 John Moring page 5...

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