Energy Storage for Utilities Choosing the Correct Technology for Each Application

Dr Stuart Norman (E.ON Technologies) Chemistry In Energy Conference, 22nd July 2015

Generation

Network

Demand

1 decade 1 year 1 month 1 day 1 hour 1 minute 1 second

Present & Future System Challenges

Market failure Delays to new-build

Insufficient planned

build

Fuel supply availability Plant breakdown

Wind forecast errors

Reduced inertia

Reduced Reserve

Loss of expertise HV grid constraints

LV grid constraints Planning delays

Circuit outages Extreme weather event

Circuit trip

Growth in demand New tech (EVs, HPs) Weather f’cast error

TV pick-up

Clim

ate

chan

ge

Reverse power flows

Decarbonising the Grid?

More of these…?

Means more of this…?

And what about all of this…?!

Energy Storage Applications

Applications for storage at all levels within the system:

Bulk & large scale generation

Provision of capacity. Integration of intermittent

generation. Supply firming.

Transmission & distribution

Congestion relief. Peak shaving. Upgrade deferral.

Customer

Power reliability / back-up power.

Increased self-consumption. Time-shifting / ToU tariffs. Micro- / island-grids.

Ancillary services

Frequency Regulation. Capacity Mechanism. Ramp-rate control.

Black Start. Balancing.

Spinning / Non-spinning Reserve.

Voltage Support.

Residential Storage

Conventional PV Storage Grid-Optimised PV Storage

Samsung SDI SMA Smart Energy KNUBIX Knut Basix

E.ON’s Residential Storage products in Germany:

5

Storage enhances self-consumption of PV, plus it enables: Demand-charge reduction. Energy arbitrage.

Industrial & Commercial Storage

PEAK PERIOD

6

Possible Demand-Charge reduction

(£/kW/year) Possible Energy-Cost reduction

(£/kWh)

Provision of UPS/back-up power. Access to Central Markets via VPP.

Storage for the Distribution Grid

Distribution System Operators have a number of key issues which can occur the LV grid:

Storage enables: Lifetime extension for grid assets and/or deferral of upgrades. Reduced variability in voltage / maintenance within statutory limits. Improved management of harmonics/flicker.

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WPD ‘FALCON’ Project

Storage for the Transmission Grid

For larger quantities of energy storage, the storage medium must be very cheap!

Bulk-scale storage can provide similar benefits to conventional generation: Frequency Response. Spinning Reserve. Ramp-rate control. 8

E.ON’s 321MW Huntorf CAES plant

Air (CAES, LAES)

Water (Pumped Hydro)

Rock? (Gravity Storage)

Choose the Right Technology for the Job!

Energy and Power ratings & System Size are the most important parameters:

9 Image: ‘A Good Practice Guide on Electrical Energy Storage’, Energy Storage Operator’s Forum.

Energy Storage Technologies Applicable to E.ON

Heat storage

Power-to-Gas Gas storage

Power to

Power (P2P)

Power-to-Heat

Battery Capacitor Flywheel Pumped Storage (A)-CAES LAES

Power to

Gas (P2G)

Power to

Heat (P2H)

10

E.ON’s Recent Energy Storage Projects

Selected Energy Storage Projects: Pellworm Project M5Batt Project Power-to-Gas projects

More detail in the following slides…

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Pellworm Project

Pellworm overview: Island with 1,000 inhabitants / 600 homes. Renewable generation: 22 GWh pa. Consumption only 7 GWh pa. But sometimes insufficient generation to meet demand.

Multiple battery technologies utilised Needed to meet different system requirements.

All assets integrated into centralised island energy management system Operating as a single ‘hybrid’ battery system.

Project testing different upstream business models: Sale of renewable energy on spot & reserve markets. Provision of local grid services (avoid curtailment, etc). Maximising self-consumption of local renewables.

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Lithium ion battery 1 MW, 560 kWh

Redox-flow battery 200 kW, 1600 kWh

Electrical storage heaters Total: 195 kW, 780 kWh

Residential batteries Total: 80 kW, 80 kWh

Benefits maximised through intelligent, dynamic optimisation of upstream participation.

Pellworm Project – Hybrid Storage Concept

Concept of Hybrid Storage System:

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E [MWh]

POut [MW]

PIn [MW]

‘Hours-to-days’-storage

Hours-storage

Hours-storage

‘Minutes-to-hours’-storage

‘Minutes-to-hours’-storage

Instead of a single battery to meet both power & energy requirements, use multiple technologies to match the site requirements.

Aim is to have lower investment costs.

Employ DSR and/or thermal storage to increase potential for load flexibility.

Greatest issues around integration & robust control of multiple systems.

Pellworm Project – Flow Battery

Gildermeister / CellCube.

200 kW / 1,600 kWh.

60% round-trip efficiency.

25 year calendar lifetime.

>20,000 cycle lifetime.

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E [MWh]

POut [MW]

PIn [MW]

Redox Flow Battery 0.2

-0.2

1.6

Pellworm Project – Li-ion Battery

SAFT / Intensium Max

600 kW charge / 1.1 MW discharge.

600 kWh.

85% round-trip efficiency.

20 year calendar lifetime.

>4,500 cycle lifetime.

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E [MWh]

POut [MW]

PIn [MW]

Redox Flow Battery

Li-ion Battery

Li-ion Battery

1.3

-0.8

0.6

E [MWh]

POut [MW]

PIn [MW]

Redox Flow Battery

Li-ion Battery

Li-ion Battery

Pellworm Project – Residential Li-ion Batteries

Kolibri 4.5 kW / 6 kWh (variant 1; 6 off).

10.5 kW / 9 kWh (variant 2; 5 off).

Combined: ~80 kW / 80 kWh.

85% round-trip efficiency.

Dimensions: 60 x 60 x 92 cm.

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1.4

-0.9

E [MWh]

POut [MW]

PIn [MW]

Pellworm Project – Night Storage Heaters

Electric Night Storage Heaters

1.4 kWh energy stored per heater.

2.7–7.6 kW power draw.

39 installations.

195 kW combined power.

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1.4

-1.1

Redox Flow Battery

Li-ion Battery

Li-ion Battery

Electric Storage Heaters

Power: 5 MW

Capacity: ~5 MWh

5 battery technologies can be tested. Scheduled operation Q3/2015.

Key Parameters

Goals

Proving new battery concepts. Gain experience with technology and

market integration. Participation in balancing power

market with battery storage systems.

M5BAT Project – Energy Market Integration

Power-to-Gas Projects

Falkenhagen, Germany. Pilot plant using Alkaline electrolyser. Hydrogen pumped into high-pressure natural gas grid at 55 bar (2% vol H2) 360 m³/h of hydrogen produced from 2 MW wind power.

Hamburg, Germany.

Pilot plant using PEM electrolyser. 265 m3/h of hydrogen produced from 1MW wind power.

Aiming for understanding of:

Technical and regulatory challenges. Operation of P2G plants. Application in future multiple or larger installations.

Drivers:

High natural gas prices in Europe: e.g. 7p/kWh (retail price) = $0.11/kWh Occasional negative power prices & wind curtailment.

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Chemistry in the Energy Industry

The 10-year journey of one Chemist in the Energy Industry:

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Gasification / AD

H2 vehicles

Fuel cells Electric vehicles

Batteries

Hydrogen Hydrogen storage

Biomass/ bioenergy

Coal combustion

?

Coal plant refurb.

District Heat/ AD, Sweden

μCHP

PhD: Magnetic Field Effects

Thank you! Any questions…? Dr Stuart Norman (E.ON Technologies) stuart.norman@eon.com