Insights into Vibrio cholerae Intestinal Colonization from ...
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Transcript of Cholera bacterium Vibrio cholerae Toxin alters sodium pump in intestinal cells resulting in fluid...
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Cholera bacterium
• Vibrio cholerae
• Toxin alters sodium pump in intestinal cells resulting in fluid loss
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Cholera 1800s
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Cholera: the Disease• Entry: oral• Colonization:
small intestine• Symptoms:
nausea, diarrhea, muscle cramps, shock
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Infant with Cholera
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First Cholera Pandemic
• Why does an epidemic end?
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Second Cholera Pandemic
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Cholera New York
1830s
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John Snow and the Pump Handle
John Snow and cholera in 1854 London
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John Snow
• John Snow is credited by many with developing the modern field of epidemiology
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London in the 1850’s
• Germ theory of disease not widely accepted
• People lived in very crowded conditions with shared water and toilets facilities outside
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Water Supply London 1850’s
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John Snow’s Observations• People with cholera developed
immediate digestive problems: cramps, vomiting, diarrhea
• Face, feet, hands shriveled and turned blue; died in less than a day
• Probably spread by vomiting and diarrhea
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Cholera Epidemiology
• Comparison of pump location with cholera deaths, first 3 days of epidemic in 1854
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Cholera Epidemiology
• Of 83 people, only 10 lived closer to a different pump than Broad Street
• Of these 10, 5 preferred taste of Broad Street water and 3 were children who went to nearby school
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Cholera Epidemiology
• Snow convinced neighborhood council to let him remove handle from water pump on Broad Street - # new cases declined dramatically
• Many on council not convinced by his evidence
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Snow Index Case
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Snow Index Case
• Index case is first person to become ill
• 40 Broad Street – husband and infant child became ill
• Wife soaked nappies in bucket and emptied it into the water tank next to pump
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The Great Experiment
• Two water companies supplied central London
• Customers mixed in same neighborhood
• Snow went door to door asking which water company served home and compared locations with cholera data
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The Great Experiment
• Lambeth Company: water intake upstream of London sewage outfall into Thames
• Southwark & Vauxhall Company: water intake downstream of sewage outfall
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The Great Experiment
# Houses # DeathsDeaths/
100,000
S and V 40,046 1263 315
Lambeth 26,107 98 37
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Cholera in the 1990s
• Epidemic in Peru beginning 1991
• From 1991-1994
–Cases 1,041,422
–Deaths 9,642 (0.9%)
• Originated at coast, spread inland
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World Cholera 2000-01
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Why Has Cholera Re-emerged?
• Deteriorating sanitary facilities as larger population moves into shanty towns
• Trujullo, Peru – fear of cancer from chlorination so water untreated
• Use of wastewater on crops• Africa – civil wars and drought
caused migrations into camps
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How Has Cholera Re-emerged?
• Simultaneous appearance along whole coast of Peru
• Traveled in ship ballast?• Traveled in plankton from Asia?• Always present in local
zooplankton (copepods) but dormant until triggered by ???
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Copepod Carrying Vibrio cholerae
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Cholera and El Niño
• Periodic warming of water near coast of Central and South America
• Large plankton blooms, especially in coastal waters with nutrients from sewage runoff
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Cholera and El Niño• Cholera in Bangladesh also seen to
fluctuate with El Niño, but with 11 month lag
• Rita Colwell and multinational group studying link between climate and cholera
• Satellite and surface data used to show cholera incidence is related to sea surface temperature
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Cholera from Space
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Cholera and Sea Surface Temperature
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Cholera in the 1990s
• Cholera O139 emerges in Asia• Different O (coat) antigen, 99%
genetic identity• O antigen is how human immune
system recognizes and protects against V. cholerae
• More people susceptible
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Cholera Antibiotic Resistance
• Cholera is becoming resistant to several antibiotics