Chocolate The Food of the Gods. “ …they make of ground maize and cacao a kind of foamy drink...
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Transcript of Chocolate The Food of the Gods. “ …they make of ground maize and cacao a kind of foamy drink...
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Chocolate
The Food of the Gods
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• “ …they make of ground maize and cacao a kind of foamy drink which is very savory and with which they celebrate feasts…mixed with Indian pepper (allspice)…very refreshing…”
Bishop Landa ca.1530
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From Classic era vase. Hero twin head grows from Cacao tree.
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1501
• Columbus sights a large Mayan merchant canoe during his fourth voyage. The cargo was mostly cacao.
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Theobroma cacao
• Word has origin in Mixe-Zoquean language roots.
• Probable original pronunciation: Ka-kawa
• Root word from about 1000 BC
• Origins among the Olmec
• Name of the Mayan god of cacao has not yet been deciphered.
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• According to the text of the Dresden Codex, cacao is to be offered to the rain god during ceremonies.
• Madrid Codex shows long-distance merchants carrying cacao plants.
• Close symbolic association between chocolate and blood in Mayan literature.
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Mythology
• Maya and Aztec each had creation stories centered on hero twins involving cacao as an offering.
• At Teotihuacan there is a depiction of a twin hunting quetzal birds in a cacao tree ca. AD 500
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• According to Mayanist Michael Coe, conflict in the Guatemalan Highlands between cities was often for control of the most productive cacao orchards.
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Storage jars in shape of cacao pods
Woman with cacao pods and beans in pot. The figure herself is covered in cacao beans.
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Dried cacao beans.
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Figurine of woman grinding cacao beans.
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Ingredients for Mayan chocolate drink.
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Cacao mixing vessel. Cacao Merchant
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Vessels showing cacao in use.
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Elite enjoying a cacao drink.
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Cacao pitcher.
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Aztec• To the Aztec, cacao was a currency. Strict
laws forbid its use among lower classes--reserved for kings, nobles, priests, warriors and merchants of select clans. But octli was forbidden.
• Counterfeiting cacao was a crime punished by death.
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Aztec Codex Mendoza
• Page depicting tribute received from vassal tribes indicates in one instance 40 jaguar skins and 200 loads of cacao beans.
• Cacao is a regular feature of tribute demands.
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Summary
• Cocoa probably has its origins among the Olmec 1000 BC
• Maya and Aztec myths associated with chocolate have parallels with Olmec symbolism
• Highly valued commodity generally reserved for the elite in society.
• Chocolate brought to Europe by Cortez; used mainly in monasteries until 1700’s.