Chloride & Sodium Concentrations. A Bit Smaller… Superior82,414 km 2 Michigan22,400 km 2...
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Chloride & Sodium Chloride & Sodium Concentrations Concentrations
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Transcript of Chloride & Sodium Concentrations. A Bit Smaller… Superior82,414 km 2 Michigan22,400 km 2...
Chloride & Sodium Chloride & Sodium Concentrations Concentrations
A Bit A Bit SmallerSmaller……
Superior 82,414 km2
Michigan 22,400 km2
Huron 23,010 km2
Erie 9,930 km2
Ontario 7,520 km2
Conesus 14 km2
Hemlock 7 km2
Canadice 3 km2
Honeoye 7 km2
Canandaigua 42 km2
Keuka 47 km2
Seneca 175 km2
Cayuga 172 km2
Owasco 27 km2
Skaneateles 36 km2
Otisco 8 km2
Seneca Lake Watershed:Seneca Lake Watershed:Land Use, Subwatersheds & Bedrock Land Use, Subwatersheds & Bedrock GeologyGeology
Source Chloride & Sodium Source Chloride & Sodium IonsIons
Sodium Finger Lakes
0
20
40
60
80
100
Finger Lakes
Sod
ium
(pp
m) Canandaigua
Cayuga
Conesus
Hemlock
Honeoye
Keuka
Otisco
Owasco
Skeneateles
Seneca
Cathy Caiazza Cathy Caiazza (WS’05)(WS’05)Duke U. PhD ProgramDuke U. PhD Program
Sen
eca
Lake
Source Chloride & Sodium Source Chloride & Sodium IonsIons Sodium
Seneca Lake Watershed
0
20
40
60
80
100
Streams
Sod
ium
(pp
m)
Big Stream
Kashong
Kendig
Keuka Outlet
Plum Point
Reeder Creek
Wilson
Timothy Riley (H’01)Timothy Riley (H’01)SUNY-ESF, Masters SUNY-ESF, Masters
ScienceScience
Source Salts: Source Salts: Sodium Ions: Sodium Ions: Mass balance dataMass balance data
Seneca Lake80 ppm
(~1.2 million tons)
Streams 20 ppmStreams 20 ppm15,000 mt/yr15,000 mt/yr
Road SaltRoad Salt
Outlet 80 Outlet 80 ppmppm
60,000 mt/yr60,000 mt/yr
Evaporation ~0 Evaporation ~0 ppmppm
Concentrates Concentrates Ions in LakeIons in Lake
Rain ~0 Rain ~0 ppmppm
Dilutes Dilutes Ions in Ions in LakeLake
Industry?Industry?Groundwater / Rock Salt Bedrock?Groundwater / Rock Salt Bedrock?
40 to 45,000 mt/yr Sodium 40 to 45,000 mt/yr Sodium (~450 railroad cars) plus 60 to 70,000 mt/yr Chloride (+680 railroad cars)
Finger Lake BedrockFinger Lake Bedrock
Basin DepthsBasin Depths
Source Chloride & Sodium Source Chloride & Sodium IonsIons
Sediment Pore Waters
Bedrock X-Section
NorthSouth
Lake ~5 mMol
Rock Salt
Rob Stewart, (H’03)Rob Stewart, (H’03)Environmental ConsultingEnvironmental Consulting
Is Is Seneca Lake Seneca Lake
too too Salty to Drink?Salty to Drink?
An Evolving An Evolving Story…Story…Additional Data?Additional Data?
Seneca Lake
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Year
Ch
lori
de,
pp
m
Jolly
Halfman
Others
Hemlock Lake
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000Year
Ch
lori
de,
pp
m
Historical
Others
Skaneateles Lake
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Year
Ch
lori
de,
pp
m
HistoricalHalfmanOthers
Jolly, 2005, USGS
Sukeforth, 2006, HWS
Road Salt
Road Salt
Road Salt and ??
Salinity’s Salinity’s Recent Recent DeclineDecline
Surface and Bottom WaterSpecific Conductance by CTD
650
670
690
710
730
750
770
1/1/
02
7/1/
02
1/1/
03
7/1/
03
1/1/
04
7/1/
04
1/1/
05
7/1/
05
1/1/
06
7/1/
06
1/1/
07
7/1/
07
Sp
ecif
ic C
on
du
ctan
ce (
uS
/cm
)
Surface
Bottom
201
0 C
TD
Data
20
10
CTD
Data
199
7-2
011
Apri
l C
TD
Data
199
7-2
011
Apri
l C
TD
Data
Modeling the Chloride Modeling the Chloride TrendsTrends
US Salt & Cargill Salt, Solution US Salt & Cargill Salt, Solution MinesMinesWatkins GlenWatkins Glen
Gas Storage?Gas Storage?
