Chinese seafood consumption and implications for the Asia-Pacific
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Chinese seafood consumption and implications for the Asia-Pacific
Michael Fabinyi
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University
and
Department of Sociology, Peking University
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Leading market for seafood
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Implications for source countries
•Different economic, ecological and political opportunities and challenges related to the rise of Chinese seafood consumption
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Summary of Talk
•Overview of Chinese seafood consumption
•Luxury seafood consumption in Beijing
•Live reef food fish trade in Philippines
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Overview of Chinese seafood consumption
•Large data gaps: basic statistics, trade flows, consumption patterns, consumer perspectives
•Strong incentives for falsification of production data
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Overview of Chinese seafood consumption
•FAO data refers to ‘food supply’: 26.7kg/person
•Government consumption data refers to ‘in-home’ consumption: 10.1kg/person
•Despite data limitations, clear that seafood consumption is rising steadily
•Key drivers: increased incomes, urbanisation
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Overview of Chinese seafood consumption
0-100
100.1-200
200.1-300
300.1-600
600.1+
Zhou et al 2012: Food consumption trends in China
Urban per capita consumption of aquatic products by region
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Overview of Chinese seafood consumption
•Three types of seafood imports:
•re-processing and re-exporting (e.g. salmon, whitefish)
•fishmeal (for aquaculture)
•luxury high value (for domestic consumption)
•A focus on luxury seafood imports in this talk
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Types of luxury seafood
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Types of luxury seafood
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Types of luxury seafood
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Social drivers of luxury seafood consumption
•The role of the banquet in modern China
•Conspicuous consumption
•Southern Chinese cuisine
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•Crack down by Chinese government on corruption
•Significant impact on luxury seafood consumption
Recent policy developments
“Look in the mirror, fix your clothes, take a bath, and seek remedies” - Xi Jinping, President of China
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Source countries
• Live reef fish for food trade (LRFFT)
• Highlights issues developing countries face when exporting seafood to China
• Estimates of trade worth about $1-2billion, 30,000 tons per year
• Exported mostly to China – important component of seafood banquets
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Sadovy et al. 2003, While Stocks Last
LRFFT Commodity Chain
China
Source
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Figure courtesy Geoffrey Muldoon, WWF Coral Triangle
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Ecological impacts of LRFFT
•Overfishing
•Targeting of spawning aggregations
•Use of cyanide
•Plate-sized and juvenile fish targeted
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Fishers’ perceptions of declines in fish stocks (n = 214)
% respondents who think live fish fishing trip length has increased
57%
% respondents who think catch of leopard coral grouper has decreased
75%
% respondents who think average size of leopard coral grouper has decreased
74%
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Social impacts of LRFFT
•Health issues
•Distribution of financial benefits
•Important livelihood
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Community level problems and issues in LRFFT fishing communities (n = 431)
1. Health care2. Lack of or limited livelihood opportunities3. Food security4. Drinking/potable water supply5. Lack of roads/ transportation 6. No electrification7. Limited educational opportunities8. Declining fish catch and/or depleted fishery resources9. Lack of access to credit10. Waste Management11. Destruction of fishery or coastal habitats
12. Lack of access to markets for products13. Low price of fish14. Lack of land for agriculture15. Peace and order situation16. Bad weather
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Social issues in LRFFT fishing communities
•Lack of viable alternative livelihoods
•LRFFT is a rare pathway to improved standard of living
•Disconnect between household interests and wider-scale interests
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Source: NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service
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Summing up…
•Increased Chinese seafood consumption driver of stock declines
•Fisheries present potential benefits but currently not realised
•Ongoing policy activities by state, ENGO, market actors
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Thank you
•ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, JCU, Australia
•Prof. Liu Neng, Peking University, China
•Prof. Michael Pido, Palawan State University, Philippines