Transliteration Extraction from Classical Chinese Buddhist Literature ...
Chinese literature final
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Transcript of Chinese literature final
WELCOME TO CHINA !!!
Welcome To China
The flag of China was officially adopted on October 1,
1949.
The red of the Chinese flag symbolizes the communist
revolution, and it's also the traditional color of the
people.
The large gold star represents communism,
The four smaller stars represent the social classes of
the people.
In addition, the five stars together reflect the
importance placed on the number five in Chinese
thought and history.
China’s Geography
The People's Republic of China
Area: 9,600,000 sq. km
Population: 1.3 billion
Capital City: Beijing
National Flag: Five-Stars-Red-Flag
Location: middle and East Asia, bounded on the east by
the Pacific Ocean
Territorial Seas: the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East
China Sea, and the South China
Sea
Climate: mainly continental monsoon climate (Tibet:
vertical climate zone)
PEOPLE: HAN CHINESE (93.3%), PLUS
55 ETHNIC GROUPS LIKE MIAO, LI, MONGOLIAN
LANGUAGE: MANDARIN CHINESE (PUTONGHUA)
BASED ON BEIJING DIALECT, PLUS LOCAL
DIALECTS
MAIN RELIGIONS AND BELIEFS: OFFICIALLY
ATHEIST, CONFUCIANISM, BUDDHISM,TAOISM,
ISLAM (OVER 22 MILLION), CATHOLICISM (OVER
4 MILLION) AND PROTESTANTISM (OVER 10
MILLION)
CURRENCY AND MONETARY UNIT: RENMINBI
/YUAN
FORM OF GOVERNMENT: SYSTEM OF NATIONAL
PEOPLE'S CONGRESS
ADMINISTRATIVE DEMARCATIONS:
23 PROVINCES, 5 AUTONOMOUS REGIONS, 4
MUNICIPALITIES, AND 2 SPECIAL
ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS
CHINESE PRESIDENT: HU JINTAO
Chinese history is generally
divided into dynasties or
periods during which
particular family or group of
people reigned.
Chinese states were unified
into a large empire with a
central government.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT歷史背景
The Chinese empire lasted foe
over two thousand years
surviving periods of internal
turmoil, attacks from outside
invaders and the rise and fall
of numerous dynasties
The poet T’ao Ch’ien lived
during the period known as
the Six Dynasties (220 A.D –
581 A.D), one of the most
tumultuous eras in the
Chinese History.
Shang Dynasty (about 1700-1050 BC) - Development of Chinese Writing
The fi rst dynasty for which there is historical record and archaeological evidence is the Shang Dynasty.
It was a small empire in northern central China.
No documents from that country survive, but there are archaeological finds of hieroglyphic writing on bronze wares and oracle bones.
The hieroglyphic writing system later evolved into ideographic and partly-phonetic Chinese characters.
SHANG DYNASTY (ABOUT 1700-1050 BC)
Their dynasty lasted for about 800 years,
The great literary works of philosophy and religion that became the basis for Chinese religious and social belief stem from what is called the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476) and the Warring States Period (475-221).
Taoism, Confucian literature, and other prominent religious and philosophical schools all emerged during these periods.
CHOU DYNASTY (1045-255 BC)BASIC PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS
LITERATURE
The Dynasty had big armies and conquered the others.
Once the Ch’in emperor had control, he wanted to keep it, and they squelched any opposition to his authority.
A big philosophical and religious school then was called Mohism.
An early form of Buddhism was also established in China at that time, but their temples and literature were destroyed and even less is known about them.
CH’IN DYNASTY (221-206 BC)LITERARY DISASTER AND LEGALISM
The Han Dynasty era lasted for 400 years.
At the beginning of the era, Confucianism was revived. Confucian texts were rewritten and republished.
The resulting ideology was the offi cial ideology of the Han Dynasty and influenced political thinking afterwards.
The era’s major contributions were historical texts and scientific works.
HAN DYNASTY (206 BC – 220 AD)SCIENTIFIC AND HISTORICAL TEXTS
The T’ang Dynasty had a big empire
that benefi ted from trade with the
west along the Silk Road, battled
with the Tibetan Empire, and
experienced the growing infl uence of
organized Buddhist religions.
This era’s main contribution to
Chinese literature was in the poetry
of Dufu, Li Bai and many other
poets. Dufu and Li Bai are often
thought of as China’s greatest poets.
T’ANG DYNASTY (618-907)EARLY WOODBLOCK PRINTING AND
POETRY
Military technology greatly advanced.
They traded little with the west due to the
presence of warring Muslim states on the
old trade routes.
There wasn’t territorial expansion, but the
empire was continuously attacked by
nomadic tribes and countries around
them.
So the era is divided into two eras called
the Northern Sung (960-1127) and
Southern Sung (1127-1279) eras.
SUNG DYNASTY (960-1279)EARLY WOODBLOCK PRINTING, TRAVEL
LITERATURE, POETRY, SCIENTIFIC TEXTS AND THE NEO-CONFUCIAN CLASSICS
The Chinese rebelled against the
Mongols, and the Ming Dynasty
era began about 1368.
One of the four great classics
called Journey to the West about
a monk going to India was
written during this time of
isolation.
Novels were the era’s main
contribution.
MING DYNASTY (1368-1644) NOVELS
The Mongols established the very rich
Yuan Dynasty.
The Mongols were nomadic people who
herded cattle north of the Tang Empire
and wandered over a large area fi ghting
on horseback.
It was a big empire with high technology,
a big population and a big army.
It was an era of some historically
renowned dramatic playwrights and
novelists who wrote in vernacular
language.
YUAN DYNASTY (1279-1368)DRAMA AND GREAT FICTIONAL
NOVELS
CHINESE LITERATURE1000 B.C.- A.D.1890
Know contentmentAnd you will suffer no disgrace;
Know when to stopAnd you will meet with no
danger.You can then endure.
- the Tao Te Ching
Poetry is a part of everyday life throughout the history of China
Poets have been among the most highly regarded members of Chinese Society
2nd -12 th centuries A.D. the main Chinese poetic form was the Shih Ching ( The Book of Songs) Even the number of lines , each of which has
the same number of words Often expressed personal emotions Many have brooding or trouble tone , but
can express contentment
LITERARY CONTEXT 文藝上下文
Contrast between Chinese and Western modes of philosophic thinking
Western philosophers seek out the being of things, the essential reality lying behind appearances
Chinese principal and establishment and cultivation of harmonious relationships within their social structures
Chinese thinking is far more concrete , this worldly and above all, practical.
CHINESE PHILOSOPHY中國哲學
Chinese attitudes and
beliefs were shaped by 3
religious and philosophical
schools:
Taoism
Confucianism
Buddhism
CULTURAL CONTEXT文化背景
Tao- path or the way
Stresses freedom , simplicity
and the mythical contemplation
of nature (“Tao”)
Force that controlled the
universe
Beyond the scope of human
concerns , but can see its
workings by observing nature
TAOISM道教
Avoid human desires
Not educating
Not honoring men of worth or
encourage cleaver to act
Cause jealousy and greed
Opposite of Confucianism
TAOISM道教
How people act – moral behavior
Social relations based on
subordination: family ruled by
authoritarian father , state ruled
by authoritarian king.
Respect and obey those with
superior status
However, governed by the
concept ren – with a loving
attitude towards others
CONFUCIANISM儒
Tried to teach students to
become true gentlemen-
morally and spiritually
Must conduct oneself in a
virtuous manner, those in
power serve as models
Heaven is the supreme moral
authority , which dictates how
one must live.
CONFUCIANISM儒
To lead a moral life
To be mindful and aware of
thoughts and actions
To develop wisdom and
understanding
Life is sorrow and sorrow is
caused by desires
Rid self of desires
Does not claim to be God
Attain enlightenment through
meditation
BUDDHISM佛教
Solutions to our problems are
within ourselves
Beliefs are incorporated into
poetry through symbols,
imagery and language of
Chinese Literature
Quietude and calmness is a
central notion in Buddhist
thought
BUDDHISM佛教
TRADITION AND CULTURE傳統與文化
Red is the Color of Weddings in
China
Red is central to the wedding theme
of China. It signifi es love, joy and
prosperity and is used in a variety of
ways in Chinese wedding traditions.
The bride's wedding down is often
red, as are the wedding invitations,
and wedding gift boxes or envelopes
for cash gifts. Even the bride and
groom's homes are decorated in red
on the wedding day.
CHINESE WEDDING TRADITIONS中國的傳統婚禮
Before the Chinese Wedding DayBefore her wedding celebration, a Chinese bride
traditionally goes into seclusion with her closest friends. This Chinese custom gives the bride-to-be some time to symbolically mourn the loss of her friends and family.
CHINESE WEDDING TRADITIONS中國的傳統婚禮
Some time before the couple are married,
the groom's family carries wedding gifts in
red baskets and boxes to the bride's
house.
One of the baskets wi l l contain "uang
susu" or 'mi lk money'. Others wi l l contain
personal things for the bride, so that on
her wedding day al l of her personal
belongings wi l l be in the groom's house.
The bride takes the gifts to another room
where they are sorted through. Three days
before the wedding day, women from the
bride's family reciprocate, bearing gifts --
including some 'returns'-- in red wrappings
to the groom's family.
CHINESE WEDDING TRADITIONS中國的傳統婚禮
The Day of the Wedding Ceremony
Wedding anniversaries in China, are
carefully chosen according to
astrological signs. It is also
customary for couples to be married
on the half-hour or their wedding day
rather than at the top of the hour.
In this way, the couple begins their
new lives together on an 'upswing',
while the hands of the clock are
moving up, rather than down.
CHINESE WEDDING TRADITIONS中國的傳統婚禮
Event: Chinese New Year
Date: The fi rst day of a year in
lunar calendar, usually between
late Jan and early Feb
Activities: fi reworks display,
visiting and greeting, Yangke
dancing, lion and dragon
dancing, holding temple fairs and
many other great folklore-
inspection events.
CHINESE FESTIVALS中國節日
This was a time for the Chinese
to congratulate each other and
themselves on having passed
through another year, a time to
finish out the old, and to
welcome in the new year.
Common expressions heard at
this time are: GUONIAN to
have made it through the old
year, and BAINIAN to
congratulate the new year.
CHINESE FESTIVALS中國節日
Event: Lantern Festival
Date: 15th of the fi rst lunar month
Activities: Lanterns expositions,
garden parties, fi rework displays
and folk dances.
The New Year celebrations ended
on the 15th of the First Moon with
the Lantern Festival .
In the legend, the Jade Emperor in
Heaven was so angered at a town
for kil l ing his favorite goose, that
he decided to destroy it with a
storm of fi re.
CHINESE FESTIVALS中國節日
Event: Dragon Boat
Festival
Date: Date: 5th day of the
5th lunar month
Activities: Dragon Boat races
and eating Zong Zi (pyramid
shaped rice wrapped in reed
or bamboo leaves
CHINESE FESTIVALS中國節日
Event: Mid-Autumn FestivalDate: 15th of the 8th lunar month
Activities: Dragon Boat racing, enjoying moonlight and eating moon cakes.
Probably the second most important festival in the Chinese calendar, Zhong qiu has ancient origins.
Abundant meals are eaten during the festival and moon cakes, round pastries fi lled with nuts, dried fruits, preserved flowers, sesame and/or marinated beef or bacon are eaten.
CHINESE FESTIVALS中國節日
Event: Qing ming Date: 12th of the 3rd lunar month, usually around April 4th or 5th.
Activities: Cleaning ancestors' graves and holding memorial ceremonies, spring outing, and flying kites
This is a time when ice and snow has gone and plants are beginning to grow again, and is a time for respect to ancestors
. Qing Ming is often marked by an indulgence of the Chinese passion for kite flying.
CHINESE FESTIVALS中國節日
Confucius once said: "Eating is
the utmost important part of
life".
Food is a central part of the
Chinese culture.
Chinese cuisine is one of the
greatest methods of cooking.
The Chinese people enjoy
eating good food at all levels
of society, so cooking has
developed into a very
sophisticated art.
CHINESE FOOD AND COOKING
中國食品和烹飪
Vegetables are the main
ingredients.
The Chinese people like well-
prepared food.
Chinese also like to eat
together, a tradition that can
be traced back a long time ago.
Tea drinking is an integral part
of Chinese life and the Chinese
food experience.
CHINESE CUISINE IS NOTED FOR THE FOLLOWING
CHARACTERISTICS:
A good education has always been
highly valued in China, as the people
believe that education ensures not
only the future and development of
the individual but also the family and
the country as a whole.
The great master Confucius taught
that ' it is a pleasure to learn
something and to try it out at
intervals'. Similarly, numerous
students have been convinced that
'reading books excels all other
careers'.
EDUCATION教育
As far back as the Shang Dynasty (16th century BC - 11th century BC), inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells were the simple records of teaching and learning.
In the Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC - 771 BC), nobles built schools to teach their children, as their off springs would be the offi cials of the future, while those who were gifted but of poor families could but dream of approaching state aff airs.
EDUCATION教育
The development of education system led to
a form of evaluation that became the means
by which dynastic China appointed those
with talents as offi cials.
In general, this process can be divided into
three periods - 'chaju' and 'zhengpi' in the
Han Dynasty, the ' j iupin zhongzheng' system
from Han to the Northern and Southern
Dynasties, and the Imperial Examination
which survived from the Sui Dynasty (589 -
618) right through to the last feudal dynasty
Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911).
EDUCATION教育
Chinese ( 漢語 ) comprises of seven main dialects,
Mandarin ( 官 話 ), Cantonese ( 廣 州 話 , 廣 府 話 ),
Hakka ( 客家話 ), Wu ( 吳語 ), Min ( 閩語 ), Xiang ( 湘語 ), and Gan ( 贛語 ) .
The variety of Mandarin based on the speech in
the capital Beij ing is the offi cial national language
of mainland China and is termed Pŭtōnghuà,
Common language ( 普通話 ).
The de facto common language in Hong Kong and
overseas Chinese communities is Cantonese.
Amongst the offi cial languages of Taiwan are
Mandarin, Taiwanese, and Hakka .
THE CHINESE LANGUAGE中國語言
All varieties of Chinese belong to the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. Members of the Sinitic family are typically tonal, meaning that diff erent tones, or intonations, distinguish words that otherwise are pronounced identically.
Chinese by origin is monosyllabic. The vocabulary of dialects more recent in the linguistic tree such are Mandarin tend to become more polysyllabic (compound words) as an adjustment to the loss of a number of sounds compared to ancient Chinese.
THE CHINESE LANGUAGE中國語言
THE CHINESE ALPHABET中國字母表
In the Chinese alphabet, small letters are written like capital letters, and vice versa.
A 诶 ēi
B 比 bǐ
C 西 xī
D 迪 dí
E 伊 yī
F 艾弗 ài fú
G 吉 jí
H 艾尺 ài chǐ
I 艾 ài
J 杰 jié
K 开 kāi
L 艾勒 ài lè
M 艾马 ài mǎ
N 艾娜 ài nà
O 哦 ó
P 屁 pì
Q 吉吾 jí wú
R 艾儿 ài ér
S 艾丝 ài sī
T 提 tí
U 伊吾 yī wú
V 维 wéi
W 豆贝尔维 dòu bèi ěr wéi
X 艾克斯 yī kè sī
Y 吾艾 wú ài
Z 贼德 zéi dé
The 100 yuan note has pictures of four of the founders of the People's Republic of China. From right to left these are: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi, and Zhu De.
CHINESE MONEY AND COUNTING中國貨幣和計數
Kong Qui, better known as
Confucius, was born in 551 B.C. in
the Lu state of China. His
teachings, preserved in
the Analects , focused on creating
ethical models of family and public
interaction, and setting educational
standards. He died in 479 B.C.
Confucianism later became the
offi cial imperial philosophy of
China, and was extremely
infl uential during the Han, Tang and
Song dynasties.
CONFUCIUS孔子
An anthology of brief passages that
present the words of Confucius and
his disciples.
Describe Confucius as a man, and
recount some of the events of his
life.
The Analects includes twenty books,
each generally featuring a series of
chapters that encompass quotes from
Confucius, which were compiled by
his disciples after his death.
THE ANALECTS OF CONFUCIUS孔子的“論語”
"The Master said, 'At fi fteen I set my heart
upon learning. At thirty, I had planted my
feet fi rm upon the ground. At forty, I no
longer suff ered from complexities. At fi fty, I
knew what were the biddings of Heaven. At
sixty, I heard them with docile ear. At
seventy, I could follow the dictates of my
own heart; for what I desired no longer
overstepped the boundaries of right.'"
Book II, Ch.4, p. 88
THE ANALECTS“ 論語”
"The Master said, 'From the very
poorest upwards - beginning even
with the man who could bring no
better present than a bundle of dried
flesh - none has ever come to me
without receiving instruction.'"
Book VII, Ch. 7, p. 124
THE ANALECTS“ 論語”
"The Master said, 'A horn-gourd that is
neither horn nor gourd! A pretty horn-
gourd indeed, a pretty horn-gourd
indeed.'"
Book VI, Ch.23, p.
120
THE ANALECTS“ 論語”
Po Chu-i was a gentleman poet
and government offi cial during the
golden age of the Tang dynasty in
China.
Po Chu-i eventually retired to a
monastery when he was in his 50s.
One of his legs was paralyzed at
the end of his life.
His poetry often has the easy,
retiring quality of Chan poetry of
the time.
PO CHU-I白居易
Lao Tzu ("old man" or "old sage") was the
ancient author of Tao Te Ching , the most
widely translated Chinese work of al l t ime
and the classic book of the rel igion or
philosophy known as Taoism.
A general history of China from the fi rst
century B.C. describes Lao Tzu as an older
contemporary and teacher of Confucius
(551-479 B.C.).
It says he wrote the two-volume Tao Te
Ching at the request of the keeper of a
"pass" while on a westward journey.
Lao Tzu takes a more mystical approach to
tuning into the natural order of things as a
way of achieving personal and social
harmony.
LAO TZU老子
T'ao Ch'ien (365-427) was one of
China's foremost poets in the five-
word shih style, and his influence on
subsequent poets was very great.
Also known as T'ao Yüan-ming
One of T'ao's best-known poems is a
debate among "Substance, Shadow,
and Spirit, " who speak respectively
for hedonism, Confucian fame, and
a kind of Taoist stoicism which
accepts life in its totality
T'AO CH'IEN錢陶鑄
Tu Fu was a great Chinese poet of the
T'ang dynasty, a family that ruled China
from 618 to 907.
He is known as a poet-historian for his
portrayal of the social and political
disorders of his time and is also noted
for his artistry and craftsmanship.
His poetry he introduces an intense,
dramatic, and touching personalism
through the use of symbols and images,
irony and contrast .
TU FU國節
Ivory Chopstick
s
ordered chopsticks
made of ivory
When King Chow
Chi Tzu
was most perturbed
For he feared
that once the king had ivory chopsticks
but would want cups of
rhinoceros
and jade horn
HE WOULD NOT BE CONTENT WITH EARTHENWARE,
and instead of beans
and vegetables
he would insist on such delicacies as elephant's tail
and baby leopard
He would hardly be willing either to wear rough homespun
or live under a thatched roof
but would demand silks and splendid mansions.
It is fear
of what this will lead to
" said Chi Tzu
that upsets me
Five years later, indeed
King chow
had a garden filled with
meat
tortured his subjects with hot irons
and caroused in a lake of wine.
And so he lost his kingdom.
REPORTERS
Mark Bahian
Franzelle Mae G. Lignes
Kevin Malinda
The End