China’s River Valley Civilization Huang He (Yellow) River 2000—200 BC.
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Transcript of China’s River Valley Civilization Huang He (Yellow) River 2000—200 BC.
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China’s River Valley Civilization
Huang He (Yellow) River
2000—200 BC
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Geography of China
Natural Barriers Gobi and Taklimakan
Deserts to north and west Yellow Sea, Pacific
Ocean, East China Sea to east
Himalayas Mountains and Plateau of Tibet to southeast
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China
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River Systems
Two Major Systems Huang He (Yellow)
In north, flowing from mountains in west to Yellow Sea
Called “Yellow” because of yellow silt (Loess, pronounced “loh-us”)
Silt-laden river floods every year Good fertilizer Dangerous – “China’s Sorrow”
Chiang Jiang (Yangtze) Further south, flowing from Tibetan
Plateau Only 10% of China’s land is suitable for
Agriculture. 90% of that land is between Huang He and Chiang Jiang Rivers.
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Early Chinese
Fossil remains date to 1.7 million years ago (Southwestern China)
Huang He River Valley settled 500,000 years ago (Peking Man)
Before Mesopotamia, farming settlements along Huang He
3000 BC Lungshan people started harvesting silkworms, using potter’s wheel, baking bricks in ovens
2000 BC First cities develop along Huang He
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China Loess- fertile yellow-brown soil, carried by wind Dynasty- ruling family Mandate of Heaven- heaven granted the ruler the
right to rule. People owed the ruler loyalty and obedience
Feudalism- mode of production where king provides land, protection, people provide labor, soldiers
Pictograph- writing- pictures or objects Ideograph- writing- symbols represent ideas Yin Yang- opposing forces that balance each other
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Dates Dynasty Duration 2033-1562 B.C. Xia 441 1562-1066 B.C. Shang 655 1066-771 B.C. Western Zhou 295 770-256 B.C. Eastern Zhou 514 770-476 B.C. Spring and Autumn Period 294 475-221 B.C. Warring States Period 254 221-207 B.C. Qin 14 206 B.C.-A.D. 8 Western Han 214 A.D. 9-25 Xin 16 A.D. 25-220 Eastern Han 195
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Xia Dynasty, (semi-legendary) Yu--first leader: Mathemetician, engineer Developed Flood Control and Irrigation Systems Increased agricultural output allowed cities to grow even
larger Shang Dynasty
Confirmed by Archeological Evidence Came to power with overthrow of last Xia emperor Major Cities: Erligang, Chang-an, Anyang
Han Dynasty (longest Replaced Qin (which had built the Great Wall) Established Centralized Government
Complex bureaucracy 130,000 Civil Servants in 18 ranks Yearly Civil Service exams
Expanded China with military conquests
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Shang and Chou Class Structure Kings and nobles:
lived in large homes and palaces, Bronze tools and wares, wore elaborate gowns of silk buried in lavish tombs
Unlike the ancient Egyptians, the Shang and Chou were buried with living people. In their tombs, archaeologists have found entire chariots, objects of art, and the remains of guards and dogs who accompanied kings to their graves.
Warriors: The leaders of different clans were continually waging war with each other. Warriors were knights
bronze armor horse-drawn chariots
Farmers: Most people were farmers (peasants). Farmers lived in nearby villages.
Summer homes made of bamboo branches near fields. Winter homes in village made of mud, one room houses, thatched roofs Small plots
did not own the land, it was assigned to them by the royals and the nobles. They had to give the nobleman part of the food they grew. They worked without pay on the noble's house, roads, and bridges.
• Merchants and Craftsmen: • Did not produce food + not part of the nobility = outside the class structure. • Like slaves, they were hardly considered human. • In times of war, when the city was attacked, they were not taken inside the protective walls,
but were left to fend for themselves as best they could.
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Early Chinese Religion
Gods of nature: the river god, the rain god, the earth god, etc. Most powerful was the sky god, T'ien, the king of gods.
Ancestor Worship: Spirits of family ancestors could bring good or bad fortune. “Like troublesome or helpful neighbors” who demanded attention and respect. Continued to modern times
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Confucianism Confucius (born 551 BC)
Scholar/Teacher Wrote Analects—
Five basic relationships: (Ruler-Subject, father-son, husband-wife, older-younger brother, friend-friend)
Different rules of behavior depends on which relationship
(Example) Filial Piety: devotion to one’s parents during their lifetime and honoring their memory after.
Not a Religion, but the Ethical System Which became the basis of Chinese Government and Social Order.
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Early Chinese Cities Only about 10% of the population lived in the cities. Cities were neatly laid out with main streets and alleyways. Surrounded by a strong wall, made of earth and stone. Centers of government, education, and trade. Erligang:
Surrounded by a large wall -- 7 km around. Workshops were located outside of the city walls
bone workshop a pottery workshop bronze vessel workshops. Erligang
Capital city, there were several over the years Ch'ang-an, >1 million people! Checkerboard design. 110 blocks, each like its own village, with a marketplace and
temples.
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Advanced Technology in China Coined money (later paper money) Blast furnaces for Iron working
Improved iron farm tools increased productivity Better military weapons
Highway network (4000 miles) Standardized weights & measures, currency Paper (AD 105) Collar Harness for draft animals 2 bladed iron plow Wheelbarrow Water mills for grinding grain
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The Great Wall of China