China sui, tang, song to 1450
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Transcript of China sui, tang, song to 1450
Resurgence of Resurgence of Empire in East AsiaEmpire in East Asia
China: Sui, Tang, SongChina: Sui, Tang, Song
Women: Women:
Slide 35Slide 35
A fine, and complete presentation by Janet Pareja, Signature School, Evansville, IN
Collapse of Han Dynasty: 220 CECollapse of Han Dynasty: 220 CE
350 years of chaos:350 years of chaos:
• WarWar
• InvasionInvasion
• ConquestConquest
• Foreign RuleForeign Rule
• Regional Regional
KingdomsKingdoms
SUI Dynasty: Restored OrderSUI Dynasty: Restored Order
• 66thth Century Century 30 30 yearsyears
• Demanded:Demanded:– High TaxesHigh Taxes– Conscripted Labor Conscripted Labor
• Repair wallRepair wall• MilitaryMilitary
Grand Canal Grand Canal United ChinaUnited China
• Southern Grain to North• Military travel• Commerce• Roads, Trees & Post
Houses along canal
Sui Yangdi tied Yangtze with Huang He: Hangzhou & Beijing
Grand CanalGrand Canal
• 1,200 miles long1,200 miles long
• Politically & economically Politically & economically
integrated North and integrated North and
SouthSouth
CarriedGrain
Carried Troops & messages
Carried Manufactured Goods
Fall of SUI DynastyFall of SUI Dynasty
PEASANT UNREST:•Conscripted labor & Forced Military Service
•High Taxes
•Military reverses in Korea
…Emperor fled court…
Assassinated 3 yrs later…
Tang DynastyTang Dynasty
Tang TaizongTang Taizong – Dashing military
commander since 16– Energy, ability,
ruthlessness– Killed brothers & forced
father to abdicate
““People, People, not Heaven, not Heaven, shape human shape human
destiny”destiny”
-Tang Taizong
TANG:TANG:
300 years300 years::
618-907618-907
22. Transportation & Commercial . Transportation & Commercial Network (Roads) Network (Roads)
Wealth and Security GuaranteedWealth and Security Guaranteed– Roads– Horses– Runners– Inns– Post Stations– Stables
Linked to Silk Roads; also regional trade
3. 3. Equal Field SystemEqual Field System
• Redistribution of LandRedistribution of Land– FertilityFertility– Family NeedsFamily Needs– 1/5 hereditary1/5 hereditary
• But Later…But Later…
– Bribery, intimidationBribery, intimidation– Not enough land left to give!Not enough land left to give!– Buddhist monasteries took land out of Buddhist monasteries took land out of
circulation, but paid no taxes…circulation, but paid no taxes…
4. 4. Bureaucracy of MeritBureaucracy of Merit
• Confucian Scholarship• Civil Service Exam• Smaller, & more competitive• Emphasis on Ancestor
Worship
• Emperors came & went… Bureaucracy stayed…
New Territory New Territory & Tribute System& Tribute System
• ManchuriaManchuria• TibetTibet• Western ChinaWestern China
• JapanJapan• VietnamVietnam• KoreaKorea
-- SillaSilla • MongoliaMongolia• Malacca, Malacca,
Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia
Visitors to Tang Court
Tang DeclineTang Decline
• Weak LeadershipWeak Leadership– Neglectful, womanizing EmperorsNeglectful, womanizing Emperors
• Equal Field System failedEqual Field System failed
• BankruptcyBankruptcy - Taxes insufficient to - Taxes insufficient to support Bureaucracy & Militarysupport Bureaucracy & Military
• Army weakenedArmy weakened by peasant revolts by peasant revolts hire Turkic mercenaries hire Turkic mercenaries
• Military commanders Military commanders WarlordsWarlords
Song China – 300 Years
960-960-12791279
Economic Powerhouse of Asia!Economic Powerhouse of Asia!1.1.Agriculture: New Agriculture: New
Crops & Crops & TechnologiesTechnologies
• Fast Ripening Rice –Fast Ripening Rice –
ChampaChampa– VietnamVietnam– 2X year2X year– Population UP:Population UP:
• 45 M in 60045 M in 600• 115 M in 1200115 M in 1200
TerracingTerracing
• Water pumped up
• Water wheels
• Irrigation
Heavy Iron PlowHeavy Iron Plow
Food DistributionFood Distribution
Grand CanalGrand Canal
2. Improved 2. Improved Manufacturing Manufacturing
• PorcelainPorcelain• Metallurgy Metallurgy • (iron, steel)(iron, steel)
– Ag toolsAg tools– WeaponsWeapons– Bridges & pagodasBridges & pagodas– Spread throughout East AsiaSpread throughout East Asia
3. 3. New TechnologiesNew Technologies: : tell us what?tell us what?
• GunpowderGunpowder
• Naval TechnologyNaval Technology– Iron nailsIron nails– Water proofingWater proofing– Canvas & bamboo sailsCanvas & bamboo sails– RuddersRudders– CompassCompass
BANKING!!BANKING!! tell us what?tell us what?
• Banking InstrumentsBanking Instruments
• Paper Money: Paper Money: Jiao ziJiao zi
Printing Press!Printing Press!
Cheap BooksFast printingHuge quantities
Literacy rates UP, especially compared to West
Literacy spread to other Eastern locations
Literature• Neo-Confucian
Philosophy
• Buddhist Writing
• Poetry Poetry – Prosperity– Political stability– Urban themes
Urban & Urban & CosmopolitanCosmopolitan
Chang’an: largest city in the world
Trade: Luxuries
Imports:• Spices – Islands, India• Horses & melons – Central Asia• Feathers & tortoise shell – Vietnam• Pearls, incense – India, Arabia
Exports:Silk, Porcelain, Laquerware
Tang Silk Tapestry
.
Women in Chinese SocietyWomen in Chinese Society
Inspiration for
Statue for Beijing Olympics
"Women who were full-figured (even "Women who were full-figured (even plump) were considered attractive plump) were considered attractive by men, as men also enjoyed the by men, as men also enjoyed the presence of assertive, active presence of assertive, active women. In an example of the latter, women. In an example of the latter, the foreign horse-riding sport of the foreign horse-riding sport of polo from Persia became a wildly polo from Persia became a wildly popular trend among the Chinese popular trend among the Chinese elite, as women often played the elite, as women often played the sport (as glazed earthenware sport (as glazed earthenware figurines from the time period figurines from the time period portray). portray).
The preferred hairstyle for women The preferred hairstyle for women was to bunch their hair up like "an was to bunch their hair up like "an elaborate edifice above the elaborate edifice above the forehead," while affluent ladies wore forehead," while affluent ladies wore extravagant head ornaments, extravagant head ornaments, combs, pearl necklaces, face combs, pearl necklaces, face powders, and perfumes. "powders, and perfumes. "
Time of Societal Change?Time of Societal Change?
• Strict Patriarchy Strict Patriarchy in most classes:in most classes:– Preserve family fortunes &
solidarity• Make advantageous marriages
– Tighten Belief System - Venerate ancestors w/ more elaborate rituals.
– Tight supervision by father, husband – benefit the greater family in all classes.
Tang WomenTang Women
• Graceful, Beautiful, Graceful, Beautiful, DelicateDelicate
• Upper class- Upper class- – Play instrument, Play instrument, – Paint, Paint, – May read, and May read, and – Other past times…Other past times…
Ah, what we do for Beauty!Ah, what we do for Beauty!
Different definitions of Beauty, different investments…Different definitions of Beauty, different investments…
People in all times, places…People in all times, places…
How far would YOU go?
Why?
Foot bindingEvidence of STRICTLY Patriarchal Society?
LiteratureLiterature
Poetry: Li Bo,
Du Fu
Buddhist writing
Neo-Confucianist writing
Drinking Alone by MoonlightDrinking Alone by Moonlight •Li Bai, translated by Arthur Waley,
• 花間一壺酒。 A pot of wine, under the flowering trees;•獨酌無相親。 I drink alone, for no friend is near.
• 舉杯邀明月。 Raising my cup I beckon the bright moon,• 對影成三人。 With her, and my shadow, we make three people.• 月既不解飲。 The moon, alas, is no drinker of wine•; 影徒隨我身。 Listless, my shadow creeps about at my side.
• 暫伴月將影。 Yet with the moon as friend and the shadow as slave• 行樂須及春。 I must make merry before the Spring is spent.• 我歌月徘徊。 To the songs I sing the moon flickers her beams;• 我舞影零亂。 In the dance I weave my shadow tangles and breaks.
• 醒時同交歡。 While we were sober, three shared the fun
•;醉後各分散。 Now we are drunk, each goes their way.• 永結無情遊。 May we long share our eternal friendship,
• 相期邈雲漢。 And meet at last in paradise.
Quiet Night ThoughtsQuiet Night Thoughts
• The moonlight glistens in front of my bed.• I thought it was the frost on the ground.• I lift my gaze to view the shimmering
moon,• Then lower my head, and miss my
homeland.
Li Bai Themes– Wine & Drinking– Daoism– Fantasy Imagery– Violated technical rules of style– Wrote from various view points
– incl. personae of women– Time at court & time
“wandering” alone– Influenced Modern Chinese,
Japanese & Western Literature
In both versions of Ebcot’s Circle-Vision 360 film in the China pavilion, Li Bai serves as the narrator and guide of the film.
About Du Fu
I met Du Fu on a mountaintopI met Du Fu on a mountaintopin August when the sun was hot.in August when the sun was hot.
Under the shade of his big straw hatUnder the shade of his big straw hathis face was sad--his face was sad--
in the years since we last parted,in the years since we last parted,he'd grown wan, exhausted.he'd grown wan, exhausted.
Poor old Du Fu, I thought then,Poor old Du Fu, I thought then,he must be agonizing over poetry again.he must be agonizing over poetry again.
Du FuDu Fu• History
• Moral Engagement
• Technical Excellence in lushi poetry
Reply to a Friend’s AdviceLeaving the Audience by the quiet corridors,Stately and beautiful, we pass through the Palace gates,
Turning in different directions: you go to the WestWith the Ministers of State. I, otherwise.
On my side, the willow-twigs are fragile, greening.You are struck by scarlet flowers over there.
Our separate ways! You write so well, so kindly,To caution, in vain, a garrulous old man.
712-770 CE
Reply to a Friend’s AdviceReply to a Friend’s AdviceLeaving the AudienceAudience by the quiet corridors,Stately and beautiful, we pass through the Palace gates,
Turning in different directions: you go to the WestWest With the Ministers of State. I, otherwise.
On my side, the willow-twigs are fragilewillow-twigs are fragile, greening. You are struck by scarlet flowers scarlet flowers over there.
Our separate ways! You write so well, so kindly, To caution, in vainTo caution, in vain, a garrulous old man.
Li Po
Religions along the Silk RoadReligions along the Silk Road
• Buddhism
• Nestorian Christianity
• Manicheanism
• Zoroastrianism
• Islam
FaxianFaxian (337 – c. 422 CE)
• Traveled to India on Silk Roads to get training in Buddhism, and bring back scriptures.
Xuan ZhangXuan Zhang 602-664 - TANG
• Went to India: Buddhist sacred writing.
• 17-yr overland journey –autobiography & biography: provided inspiration for the epic novel:
• Journey to the West
Why was Buddhism Why was Buddhism POPULARPOPULAR in China? in China?
• Moral standards• Intellectual sophisticationIntellectual sophistication• Promise of individual salvationPromise of individual salvation
– Hope in difficult times…Hope in difficult times…• Accessible to merchants
– Mahayana• Monasteries aided the poor in
hard times
““Buddhism Buddhism is not is not
to my taste.”to my taste.”
-Emperor Tang Taizong
Why Buddhism Why Buddhism UNPOPULARUNPOPULAR??
Challenged Chinese social & cultural Challenged Chinese social & cultural traditions!traditions!
•Asceticism & celibacy Asceticism & celibacy No procreation! No procreation! No Ancestor worship!No Ancestor worship!
•Buddhist monasteries – ate up manpower & Buddhist monasteries – ate up manpower & land; did not give back:land; did not give back:
– Abuses: escaped taxes, escape state Abuses: escaped taxes, escape state labor requirements, money pit for labor requirements, money pit for donations of richdonations of rich
•FOREIGN !!!FOREIGN !!!
•Texts philosophical, otherworldly - not Texts philosophical, otherworldly - not practicalpractical like Confucianism like Confucianism
Seated Buddha, Tang
“…There is no place [in Nirvana] for the
Son of Heaven.”
-Emperor Tang Taizong
Delicate balance of court… Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism….
… … Delicate Political Balance at Delicate Political Balance at CourtCourt
Avoid Alienating: Avoid Alienating:
-citizencitizens,
-aristocracyaristocracy,
-ministersministers,
-members of the members of the
royal family… royal family…
- other potential other potential
patrons / convertspatrons / converts.
Buddhist PRBuddhist PR::Tailored Buddha’s Message….
• Borrowed words from Chinese cultural traditions:– DharmaDharma - “dao” the way– NirvanaNirvana – “wuwei” Daoist
noncompetition– MonasteryMonastery for ONE son -
salvation for 10 generations of family
Tang Response to Buddhism
Tried to Drive it out (840’s)…
NEO -CONFUCISANISMNEO -CONFUCISANISM
Can you say, Can you say,
“Syncretism?”“Syncretism?”
The Vinegar The Vinegar Tasters: Tasters: Laozi, Buddha, Laozi, Buddha, ConfuciusConfucius..
Confucian TempleConfucian Temple
NEO NEO CONFUCIANCONFUCIAN
PagodaPagoda
New Neo-Confucianist Architectural StylesNew Neo-Confucianist Architectural Styles
Neo Confucianism:Neo Confucianism:The synthesis of The synthesis of DaoistDaoist
cosmology and cosmology and BuddhistBuddhist spirituality around the core of spirituality around the core of ConfucianConfucian concern with society concern with society and governmentand government
PredominatedPredominated in the intellectual and spiritual life in the intellectual and spiritual life of of China, Korea, and JapanChina, Korea, and Japan beginning around beginning around
700. 700.
Neo Neo ConfucianConfucianSyncretismSyncretism