China Rejects European Outreach Chapter 19: Section 2

You Decide How to Take Notes: Suggestions: PERSIA notes Having your paper in 2 columns (one for Ming and one for Qing)

China Rejects European Outreach Main Idea: Advances under the Ming and Qing dynasties left China self-contained and uninterested in European contact Why it matters now? Chinas independence from the West continues today, even as it forges new economic ties with the outside world

Setting the Stage Europeans made profits in the Indian Ocean Trade Europeans were looking for additional sources of wealth China By the times that westerners arrived in the 1500s, China had driven out the Mongols and were united under the Ming Dynasty

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) 1514: Portuguese arrived in China Tributes paid to China: Korea and Southeast Asia Chinese expected the Europeans to pay tribute as well Ming rulers would not allow Europeans to destroy the peace that they fought to get from the Mongols

The Rise of the Ming Hongwu= son of a peasant, commanded the rebel army that drove the Mongols out of China (1368), first emperor of the Ming Dynasty 1. Hongwu tried to restore Chinas land and destroy traces of Mongol past 2. Encouraged: rice production, improved irrigation, fish farming, commercial crops (cotton and sugar cane) 3. respected traditions (Confucian standards) 4. Restored civil service tests 5. Ruthless tyrant (began

Yonglo Power struggle after Hongwus death = son of Hongwu, continued his fathers policies, moved royal court to Beijing Curiosity of the outside world He launched the first of seven voyages of exploration Zheng He= Chinese

Voyages of Zheng He Voyages were remarkable because Distance traveled Size of fleet (40-300 ships) Size of the ships themselves (440 feet treasure ships) First voyages Southeast Asia and India Later voyages Arabia and eastern Africa Why? Wanted to impress the world with the power and splendor of Ming China, distributed gifts as he went Result: 16 countries started to pay tribute to Ming, increase of travel to China

Ming Relations with Foreign Countries Mings trade policy in 1500s: ISOLATION Only used 3 seaports Merchants would smuggle things out to Europe (Europeans paid for it with silver discovered in Americas) DEMAND for Chinese goods INCREASED Manufacturing and commerce increased

Chinas Industry: China did NOT become industrial for 2 reasons: 1. Idea of commerce offended Chinas Confucian beliefs 2. Chinas economic policies traditionally favored agriculture

Foreign Missionaries: With European traders came Christian missionaries Missionaries brought Christianity AND inventions like clock and the prism Matteo Ricci= Italian Jesuit missionary, gained favor in the Ming court by his intelligence and his ability to speak and write Chinese

Qing Dynasty After 200 years, Ming weakened Why? Ineffective rulers, corrupt officials, government out of money, peasants were starving, rebellions followed Manchus (from Manchuria) invaded China, Ming could not repel the invasion Manchus took a Chinese name for they dynasty (like the Mongols did- Yuan Dyansty) Qing Qing Dynasty brought in Taiwan, Central Asia, Mongolia

China under the Qing Dynasty Many Chinese resisted control from a nonChinese dynasty Manchus forced Chinese to wear hair in pigtails as a form of submission (this is just funny, you cant make this stuff up) What did they do? Upheld Chinese Confucian beliefs Made frontier and borders safe Slowly gained respect by

Kangxi = became emperor in 1661, ruled for 60 years Reduced government (decentralized) expenses and lowered taxes Liked the Jesuits (informed him on their latest developments in science, medicine and mathematics in Europe)

Qian-long = Kangxis grandson, 17361795, China reached its greatest size and prosperity Problems he faced: nomads at borders, Christian missionaries, European merchants

Manchus: Policy of Isolation If others wanted to trade with China, they had to follow their rules Dutch, masters of the Indian Ocean Trade, paid tribute to China, performed kowtow ritual Kowtow= kneeling in front of emperor and touch their head to the ground 9 times Dutch returned home with: porcelain, silk, TEA (Chinas highly prized new trade item, made up 80% of shipments to Europe)

Britain and China Britain wanted to trade with China, didnt like Chinese trade restrictions 1793, British invasion led by Lord George Macarney, delivered a letter from King George 3 to Qianlong What did the letter say? Asked for a better trade arrangement, Chinese needed to accept British goods Macarney refused to kowtow

Letter from Qian-long to King George There is nothing we lack, as your principal envoy and others have themselves observed. We have never set much store on strange or ingenious objects, nor do we need any more of your countrys manufactures.

Korea under the Manchus Korea had adopted Chinas technology, culture, and its policy of isolation Korea had been conquered by Manchus, had to pay tribute When Qing Dynasty was established, Koreas relationship with China did not change, if anything, it grew stronger (Korea was Chinas little brother) Korea nationalism increased with Manchus invasion

Daily Life in Ming and Qing Devotion to agriculture (rice production) Population doubled (reached 300 million in 1800)

Family and the Role of Women Most farmed the land (just like their ancestors did for centuries) AdvancementsIrrigation, fertilizer, food production, nutrition and diet, families and populations exploded New Crops- corn, sweet potatoes (brought by

Son vs. Daughters Favored sons over daughters Only son could carry on vital religious rituals Son raised his own families under his parents roof Many female infants were killed Women: worked in fields, raised children, managed finances Most women were secluded in the homes, few found jobs outside like midwives or textile workers

Cultural Developments Conservative China was effected by: Manchu invasion, Europeans, population growth Art- traditional style (valued technique over creativity) Pottery- technical styles, porcelain Drama- popular in rural areas where literacy rates were low, were plays that presented Chinese history and cultural heroes Purpose of plays: 1. entertain 2. created