China: Political and Economic Change
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Transcript of China: Political and Economic Change
China: Political and Economic Change
Charles YinPeriod 2
Imperial China Dynastic Cycles explained the
patterns of Political and Economic changes until the 19th Century A dynasty would seize power, grow
stronger, and decline During its decline, other families would
challenge the dynasties and one would emerge victorious
Confucianism Mandate of Heaven
Chinese DynastiesDynasty 朝代 Rulers Years in
PowerLength
Xia 夏 姒 2070–1600 BC 470
Shang 商 子 1600–1046 BC 571
Western Zhou 西周 姬 1029–771 BC 275
Eastern Zhou 東周 姬 770–256 BC 514Qin 秦 嬴 221–206 BC 15
Western Han 西漢 劉 202 BC–9 AD, 23-25 AD
215
Eastern Han 東漢 劉 25–220 195Three Kingdoms 三國 曹 , 劉 ,
孫 220–265 45
Western Jin 西晉 司馬 265–317 52Eastern Jin 東晉 司馬 317–420 103
Chinese Dynasties (cont.)Dynasty 朝代 Rulers Years in
PowerLength
Southern and Northern Dynasties
南北朝 Various 420–589 169
Sui 隋 楊 581–618 37Tang 唐 李 618–907 289Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
五代十國 Various 907–960 53
Northern Song 北宋 趙 960–1127 167Southern Song南宋 趙 1127–1279 152Liao 遼 耶律 916–1125 209Jin 金 完顏 1115–1234 119Yuan 元 孛兒只斤 1271–1368 97Ming 明 朱 1368–1644 276Qing 清 愛新覺羅 1644–1911 268
Territories of China
Territories of China
Territories of China
Territories of China
Territories of China
Territories of China
Territories of China
Territories of China
Territories of China
Territories of China
Territories of China
Territories of China
Territories of China
Territories of China
Territories of China
Territories of China
Qing Dynasty (清朝 ) [1644–1911] Founded by the Manchurians, not the
Han Chinese Qing court carried out a series of
policies to revive the social economy and alleviate the class contradiction imperial rulers
continued to strengthen the centralized system
court resumed the 'Sheng' administrativesystem
Fall of the Qing all kinds of social contradictions
increasingly surfaced Measures to bolster their power
Westernization Movement Reform Movement of 1898 Taiping Rebellion
Political Struggles Opium War Boxer Rebellion
Trouble at Home Opium War [1839-1842]Treaty of Nanking concluded at the end of the war in 1842, ceded Hongkong to Great Britain, and opened several ports to British trade
Boxer Rebellion [1900]British, Japanese Russian, Italian German, French, U.S., and Austrian troops defeated the Boxers and demanded further concessions from the Qing government.
Saving the Qing Taiping Rebellion [1850 - 1864] Self-Strengthening Movement (洋務運動 ) [1861- 1895] Hundred Days' Reform (戊戌變法 )
[1898]
Revolution of 1911 (辛亥革命 ) Grew extremely weak after losing
Hong Kong, Taiwan, parts of Manchuria, and Korea
Sun Yat-sen led the amalgam of groups that together formed the Tongmenghui (同盟會 ). Overthrew Qing’s rule transform authoritarian imperial rule
into a republican government
Republic Of China [1912] Sun Yat-sen was declared President forced to turn power over to Yuan
Shikai as part of the agreement to let the last Qing monarch abdicate
Yuan's death in 1916 left apower vacuum in China country was ruled by shiftingcoalitions of competing provincialmilitary leaders (warlordism)
May Fourth Movement (五四運動 )[1919] Gave German rights over Shandong
to Japan 5,000 students from Peking
University hit the streets to demonstrate against the Versailles Treaty
seen as a catalyst for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party Marxism was seen as a workable
revolutionary ideology for a predominantly agrarian society
New Political Community No more dynasties and imperialists Two New parties:
Nationalist Party [Kuomintang] (國民黨 ) Chiang Kai-Shek
Chinese Communist Party (共產黨 ) Mao Ze-Dong
Kuomintang vs. Gongchandang 1920s - alliance between CCP and Kuomindang ends as tensions increase.1926 - Northern Expedition: Chiang Kai-Shek brought most of south and central China under Kuomintang rule1927 - Chiang turned on the CCP and relentlessly chased the CPC armies and its leaders from their bases in southern and eastern China1934 - CCP forces embarked on the Long March and established a guerrilla base in Shaanxi Province.
Kuomintang vs. Gongchandang1937 - Sino-Japanese War: KMT and the CPC united to fight against the Japanese, which became part of World War II1945 - CPC grew in force from 40,000 to more than a million1949 - CPC had established control over most of the country
End of Chinese Civil War [1949] Communists won the Civil War because
they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai-shek
KMT had failed, not because of external enemies but because of weaknesses from within.
Nationalists retreated to Taiwan, along with Chiang and most of the KMT leadership
To this day, no armistice or peace treaty has ever been signed
Mao Zedong (毛澤東 ) [1949 – 1976]
People’s Republic Of China (中華人民共和國 ) On October 1st 1949, Mao Zedong (毛澤東 )
proclaimed the People's Republic of China total overhaul of the land ownership
system, and extensive land reforms Drug trafficking in the country as well as
foreign investment were largely wiped out buildings of historical and cultural
significance as well as countless artifacts were destroyed
With Soviet assistance (Com-intern) , the Chinese developed heavy industry.
Five-year Plans of China(中國五年計劃 )First Plan (1953 - 1957)Second Plan (1958 - 1961): Great Leap Forward (大躍進 ) Transform China into a communist society via
rapid industrialization and collectivization Restrictions on rural people were enforced
through public struggle sessions, and social pressure
ended in catastrophe, resulting in 45 million deaths
Seen as a economic regression
Cultural Revolution [1966-1976](文化大革命 ) enforce communism in the country by removing
capitalist revisionists" be removed through violent class
struggle Students responded to
Mao's appeal by forming Red Guard groups
In 1967, the country was near anarchy
Millions of people were persecuted in the violent factional struggles that ensued across the country
Deng Xiao-Ping (鄧小平 ) [1978-1989]
Chinese Economic Reform(改革開放 ) [1978 -1993] wanted to make important changes
so that China could compete West The goal was to modernize China so
that it could compete in consumer goods and industrial production
Even though Deng wanted to put in place Western policies he was still a communist and made sure that the political system remained communist
Chinese Economic Reform(改革開放 ) [1978 -1993] Household-responsibility system (家庭聯產承包責任制 ) [1981]
peasants were given drastically reduced quotas What food they grew beyond the quota was
sold in the free market at unregulated prices. Deng Xiaoping Theory (鄧小平理論 ) [1980s]
don’t worry whether a policy was capitalist or socialist as long as it improved the economy.
Special economic zone (經濟特區 ) Shenzhen, Xiamen, Shantou, and Zhuhai
Four ModificationsAgriculture: increase the yields of farmers move away from traditional farming methods China became the largest agricultural
producer Industry: capital construction and improving industries drawn to steel, iron, coal and oil production Industrial Responsibility System
Four ModificationsScience and Technology lacking even the basic technology that was
standard in all other developed countries increase the number of scientists,
development centers used for experiments Military China had the largest army in the world
however it seriously lacked in military technology
Scientific research on improving and develop new weapons
Political Changes China was going through a time of
relative freedom Democracy Wall in 1978 Election reforms have led to
contested democratic elections at the local level
Tiananmen Square[April 15 1989 – June 4 1989] students and others spoke out against
corruption and in favor of greater political reform
government initially attempted to appease the protesters through concessions
student-led hunger strike galvanized support for the demonstrators around the country.
PLA used live fire to clear their path of protesters and up to several thousand peoplewere killed.
Jiang Zemin (江澤民 )[1989 - 2002]
The Three Represents (三個代表 ) "Represents advanced social
productive forces" = Economic production
"Represents the progressive course of China's advanced culture" = Cultural development
"Represents the fundamental interests of the majority" = Political consensus
Other ReformsJiang launched a major crackdown on
corruption, organized crime, and smuggling, called "Strike Hard.”
In 1997 and 1998, large-scale privatization occurred.
Between 2001 and 2004, the number of state-owned enterprises decreased by 48 percent
China formally joined the World Trade Organization in 2001.
Hu Jintao (胡錦濤 )[2002-2012]
Golden Shield Project (金盾工程 )
“打開窗戶,新鮮空气和蒼蠅就會一起進來。”If you open the window for fresh air, you have to expect some flies to blow in.Hu gave the security services more
authority to crack down on perceived threats to the Communist Party’s grip on power.Mainland dissidents and journalists were
detainedControls were tightened on the Internet
and the media.New limits were imposed on speech and
other civil liberties.
Socialist Harmonious Society(和諧社會 ) fix the widening social
inequality/wealth gap correct the injustices of Chinese
society combat widespread corruption Hu-Wen Administration began to
reverse some of Deng Xiaoping’s reforms.
Eight Honors and Eight Shames(八榮八恥 ) Love the country; do it no harm. Serve the people; never betray them. Follow science; discard ignorance. Be diligent; not indolent. Be united, help each other; make no gains at
others' expense. Be honest and trustworthy; do not sacrifice ethics
for profit. Be disciplined and law-abiding; not chaotic and
lawless. Live plainly, work hard; do not wallow in luxuries
and pleasures.
Xi Jinping (習近平 )[2012- ]
New Leader Assumed office of General Secretary on
November 15, 2012 elected President of the People's Republic
of China on March 14, 2013, in a confirmation vote by the 12th National People's Congress.
intends to reduce corruption, allow more private competitors into sectors, and rebalance the economy from its focus on public investment.
Now that I bombarded you with a bunch of information
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