CHINACHINA

GeographyGeography

► After the Han Dynasty collapsed, China split into After the Han Dynasty collapsed, China split into several rival kingdoms. several rival kingdoms. This led to:This led to:

► nomadic people settling in Northern China. Because of this nomadic people settling in Northern China. Because of this settlement, the culture of the nomads and the traditional Chinese settlement, the culture of the nomads and the traditional Chinese mixed. mixed.

► Some northern Chinese did not like the nomads and moved south. Some northern Chinese did not like the nomads and moved south. This led to a blending in the south of northern Chinese and southern This led to a blending in the south of northern Chinese and southern Chinese cultures.Chinese cultures.

► A change in culture – new types of art and music, new foods and A change in culture – new types of art and music, new foods and clothing styles.clothing styles.

► This new blended culture spread over a wider geographic area than This new blended culture spread over a wider geographic area than ever before, and more people became Chinese.ever before, and more people became Chinese.

Changes in AgricultureChanges in Agriculture

Reasons forReasons for

AgriculturalAgricultural

Changes:Changes:

►Movement of Movement of farmers to the farmers to the fertile basins of the fertile basins of the Chang Jiang river in Chang Jiang river in southern China southern China (from NORTH TO (from NORTH TO SOUTH)SOUTH) Attacks by the Attacks by the

Mongols drove many Mongols drove many landowners from the landowners from the north to the south.north to the south.

Reasons forReasons for

Agricultural Agricultural

Changes Changes con’t:con’t:

► The move south The move south changed what was changed what was grown. It was wetter grown. It was wetter and warmer and warmer RICERICE

► A new kind of rice is A new kind of rice is brought to china brought to china during the 11during the 11thth century:century: Drought resistantDrought resistant Matured in 2 months Matured in 2 months

instead of 5instead of 5

Reasons forReasons for

Agricultural Agricultural

Changes Changes con’t:con’t:

►New and better farming New and better farming techniques and tools:techniques and tools: Plow and harrowPlow and harrow Fertilizer used to produce Fertilizer used to produce

larger cropslarger crops Chain pumpChain pump TerracesTerraces

► All of these All of these improvements led to improvements led to increased crop yield.increased crop yield.AMOUNT AMOUNT

OF OF CROPS CROPS GO GO UP!!!!UP!!!!

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

of the Newof the New

Agriculture:Agriculture:

► Terraced hillsidesTerraced hillsides► Rice Rice paddiespaddies where where

rice is planted by rice is planted by handhand

► Rice harvested by Rice harvested by handhand

► Irrigation – dams, Irrigation – dams, dikes, gated dikes, gated channels and chain channels and chain pumpspumps

► Also grew tea, cotton Also grew tea, cotton and sugar.and sugar.

CHINA DEVELOPS A CHINA DEVELOPS A NEW ECONOMYNEW ECONOMY

Results of Results of

AgriculturalAgricultural

Changes:Changes:

► Food production was Food production was increased!!increased!! This helped to support a This helped to support a

larger population and larger population and China’s population grew to China’s population grew to more than 100 million more than 100 million people.people.

► Peasants could take time Peasants could take time away from farming to make away from farming to make silk, cotton, cloth and other silk, cotton, cloth and other products to sell or trade.products to sell or trade.

► Farmers could market Farmers could market surplus ricesurplus rice

► Landowners could buy luxury Landowners could buy luxury itemsitems

► All led to the growth of trade All led to the growth of trade and commerce.and commerce.

PopulatioPopulation goes n goes upup

The Growth of Trade and The Growth of Trade and CommerceCommerce

Reasons forReasons forGrowth inGrowth inTrade andTrade andCommerce:Commerce:

► Imports – foods, plants, Imports – foods, plants, wool, glass, gold, silverwool, glass, gold, silver

► Exports – teas, rice, spices, Exports – teas, rice, spices, jade, silk, porcelainjade, silk, porcelain

► Wealthy landowners were Wealthy landowners were eager to buy luxurieseager to buy luxuries

► Water transportationWater transportation RiversRivers Grand CanalGrand Canal

► Improvements in Improvements in navigationnavigation Magnetic compassMagnetic compass

► Paper money (currency)Paper money (currency)

THE GRAND THE GRAND CANALCANAL

CharacteristicCharacteristicss

Of China’sOf China’sCommercialCommercialGrowth:Growth:

► Canals crowded with Canals crowded with barges carrying goodsbarges carrying goods

► Peasants come to town Peasants come to town to sell their surplusto sell their surplus

►Merchants have set up Merchants have set up shopsshops

► ““Deposit shops” – Deposit shops” – where copper coins are where copper coins are traded for paper moneytraded for paper money Paper money has no Paper money has no

value itself. If there is value itself. If there is too much in circulation it too much in circulation it loses its value.loses its value.

Results ofResults ofGrowth inGrowth inTrade andTrade andCommerce:Commerce:

► Resulted in the Resulted in the growth of the growth of the merchant classmerchant class

► Business activity Business activity brought increased brought increased prosperity – giving prosperity – giving China the highest China the highest standard of livingstandard of living

► Commercial centers Commercial centers grew into big cities - grew into big cities - URBANIZATIONURBANIZATION

UrbanizationUrbanization

Reasons for Reasons for the growth the growth of cities:of cities:

► The growth of commerce The growth of commerce encouraged people to move to encouraged people to move to cities and townscities and towns

► Wealthy landowners left their Wealthy landowners left their farms because they liked the farms because they liked the shops and social life of the shops and social life of the cities.cities.

► Chang’an was China’s capital Chang’an was China’s capital during the Tang Dynasty and during the Tang Dynasty and was a trade center.was a trade center. It was the largest city in the world It was the largest city in the world

at that time.at that time.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

of Cities:of Cities:

► Crowded and excitingCrowded and exciting► Streets filled with shops, Streets filled with shops,

merchants, merchants, moneylenders, and moneylenders, and traderstraders

► EntertainmentEntertainment MusiciansMusicians JugglersJugglers AcrobatsAcrobats PuppeteersPuppeteers

► Theaters, restaurants, Theaters, restaurants, teahousesteahouses

► Food vendorsFood vendors

Results of Results of

Urbanization:Urbanization:

► Changed the way Changed the way ordinary Chinese livedordinary Chinese lived

► Public works projects Public works projects employed many city employed many city dwellersdwellers

► Stimulated cultureStimulated culture ArtArt

The Political The Political Development of Imperial Development of Imperial

ChinaChina

Imperial ChinaImperial China

►Historians divide Chinese history into Historians divide Chinese history into periods ruled by dynastiesperiods ruled by dynasties Dynasties are ruling familiesDynasties are ruling families

►Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven Chinese believed that Heaven supported Chinese believed that Heaven supported

the dynasty for as long as the emperor the dynasty for as long as the emperor ruled well. Natural disasters were taken as ruled well. Natural disasters were taken as signs that Heaven was displeased.signs that Heaven was displeased.

Qin DynastyQin Dynasty

► 221-206 B.C.E.221-206 B.C.E.

► Known for unification of Known for unification of China under an emperorChina under an emperor

► The Legalists The Legalists strengthened state power strengthened state power and control over the and control over the people. people.

► The Chinese writing The Chinese writing system were unified. system were unified.

► Chinese defenses were Chinese defenses were strengthened by creating strengthened by creating the Great Wall. the Great Wall.

Han DynastyHan Dynasty

►206 B.C.E. – 206 B.C.E. – 220 C.E.220 C.E.

►Known as a Known as a golden age golden age and a united and a united ChinaChina

Fall of the Han DynastyFall of the Han Dynasty

►Corrupt relatives of the emperor Corrupt relatives of the emperor seized controlseized control High taxes ruined familiesHigh taxes ruined families Workers were forced to labor on public Workers were forced to labor on public

projectsprojects Bandits attacked the countrysideBandits attacked the countryside The government could not protect the The government could not protect the

farmers. The farmers rebelledfarmers. The farmers rebelled The Han dynasty lost the Mandate of The Han dynasty lost the Mandate of

HeavenHeaven

Period of DisunionPeriod of Disunion

► 220 – 589220 – 589

► This is the period of time following the fall of the This is the period of time following the fall of the Han Dynasty. Han Dynasty.

► China was split into several rival kingdoms each China was split into several rival kingdoms each ruled by military leaders.ruled by military leaders.

► Because of this disunion and the movement of Because of this disunion and the movement of people throughout China, a cultural blending took people throughout China, a cultural blending took place.place.

Sui (Sway) DynastySui (Sway) Dynasty

► 589-618 C.E.589-618 C.E.► Period of Disunion ends Period of Disunion ends

in 589 in 589 ► Yang Jian (Yang Jee-en) Yang Jian (Yang Jee-en)

conquered the south conquered the south and unified China. and unified China.

► Yang Jian later named Yang Jian later named Wen Di which means Wen Di which means “civic” or “polished” “civic” or “polished” emperoremperor

Sui DynastySui Dynasty

► Actions:Actions:• Started the Grand Canal which links northern and southern Started the Grand Canal which links northern and southern

China.China.• Made improvements to the Great WallMade improvements to the Great Wall• Wen Di was Buddhist, but he supported Buddhism, Wen Di was Buddhist, but he supported Buddhism,

Confucianism, and Daoism in order to unite people. Confucianism, and Daoism in order to unite people. • Civic projects helped unite people. Civic projects helped unite people.

• However, Wen Di and his son were harsh and forced However, Wen Di and his son were harsh and forced peasants who could not pay taxes to fight in the army or peasants who could not pay taxes to fight in the army or work on civic projects – one project was to increase the work on civic projects – one project was to increase the size of the palace. However over 1 million workers were size of the palace. However over 1 million workers were needed and 40% died on the project!needed and 40% died on the project!

The Tang The Tang

DynastyDynasty

618-907 C.E.618-907 C.E. Known for economic Known for economic development and growth – many development and growth – many inventions and discoveriesinventions and discoveries

The Tang DynastyThe Tang Dynasty

The Tang DynastyThe Tang Dynasty

► Sui official overthrew the government and started the Sui official overthrew the government and started the Tang Dynasty.Tang Dynasty.

► Expanded China’s landExpanded China’s land► Considered the golden age of China for art and Considered the golden age of China for art and

culture.culture.► Empress WuEmpress Wu

China’s only woman ruler – her husband was sick China’s only woman ruler – her husband was sick and eventually died – she decided her sons were and eventually died – she decided her sons were not worthy to rule. She ruled with an “iron fist” - if not worthy to rule. She ruled with an “iron fist” - if people opposed her then they faced deathpeople opposed her then they faced death

She chose advisors based on ability rather than She chose advisors based on ability rather than their rank!their rank!

AristocracyAristocracy Relied on a large Relied on a large bureaucracy – so big bureaucracy – so big government had the government had the power and not the power and not the localslocals

Used civil service Used civil service exams to fill some exams to fill some positionspositions

CHOSE ARISTOCRATS CHOSE ARISTOCRATS FOR MOST HIGH-LEVEL FOR MOST HIGH-LEVEL JOBS.JOBS.

Calligraphy - Calligraphy - Tang Tang DynastyDynasty Poem Poem

Divinity: Divinity: Buddha from Buddha from

Tang Tang DynastyDynasty

Tang DynastyTang Dynasty Bronze Dragon Bronze Dragon

The Song DynastyThe Song Dynasty

The Song The Song DynastyDynasty

960-1279 C.E. – reunified China 960-1279 C.E. – reunified China again after 50 years of civil waragain after 50 years of civil war Known for economic Known for economic development and growth; many development and growth; many inventions and discoveriesinventions and discoveries

MeritocracyMeritocracy MEANS RULE BY OFFICIAL MEANS RULE BY OFFICIAL CHOSEN FOR THEIR MERIT. CHOSEN FOR THEIR MERIT.

The Song relied on civil The Song relied on civil service exams and opened service exams and opened them up to more candidates.them up to more candidates.

People from LOWER CLASSES People from LOWER CLASSES gained the ability to become gained the ability to become scholar-officialsscholar-officials

Gate Scene – Gate Scene – Song DynastySong Dynasty

1279-1368 C.E.1279-1368 C.E.

Control of China by foreignersControl of China by foreigners

Mongol Empire Mongol Empire Yuan DynastyYuan Dynasty

Mongol InvasionMongol Invasion

►Led by Genghis Khan in 1206 Led by Genghis Khan in 1206

►Brutal ruler Brutal ruler (killed men, women, (killed men, women, children)children)

►Ruled most of Asia, and then Ruled most of Asia, and then conquered northern Chinaconquered northern China by his death by his death in 1227in 1227

Kublai KhanKublai Khan

►Grandson Grandson Kublai Khan takes over Kublai Khan takes over after after 40 years of fighting (40 years of fighting (only non-Chinese only non-Chinese DynastyDynasty) *PG. 187 () *PG. 187 (Yuan Dynasty Yuan Dynasty 1260-13681260-1368)*)*

►Completes Chinese conquestCompletes Chinese conquest►Emperor in 1279Emperor in 1279►Seen as rude and uncivilized Seen as rude and uncivilized (different (different

language, customs, gods)language, customs, gods)

Kublai KahnKublai Kahn

Life under YuanLife under Yuan

► Khan did not force ideas on Chinese, but did Khan did not force ideas on Chinese, but did force force high taxes high taxes (public works projects (public works projects completed by Chinese workers)completed by Chinese workers)

► Social Classes Social Classes were very important:were very important:► 11stst class: tax-free Mongols class: tax-free Mongols► 22ndnd class: non-Chinese civil class: non-Chinese civil

servantsservants► 33rdrd class: Northern Chinese class: Northern Chinese► 44thth class: Southern Chinese class: Southern Chinese

Life under YuanLife under Yuan

► Khan Khan believed in traditional shamanism believed in traditional shamanism (good and evil spirits heard through priests), (good and evil spirits heard through priests), but but allowed Chinese people to keep their allowed Chinese people to keep their beliefs beliefs

►Marco Polo (Italian trader who served on Marco Polo (Italian trader who served on Khan’s court and wrote about Khan’s trade)Khan’s court and wrote about Khan’s trade)

► Invaded Japan 1274 and 1281-weather Invaded Japan 1274 and 1281-weather caused failurecaused failure…remember this for Japan!…remember this for Japan!

►Mongols were weak (battles destroyed Mongols were weak (battles destroyed farmland and people) and farmland and people) and Chinese rebelled Chinese rebelled and regained control in 1300sand regained control in 1300s

Society and CultureSociety and Culture

►Society and culture varied by dynastySociety and culture varied by dynasty

Men were in power except for Empress Men were in power except for Empress WuWu

There was a focus on agriculture and There was a focus on agriculture and tradetrade

Social conventions – foot bindingSocial conventions – foot binding

Foot BindingFoot Binding►Began late in the Tang Dynasty and Began late in the Tang Dynasty and

continued for the next thousand continued for the next thousand years.years.

►An attempt to stop the growth of the An attempt to stop the growth of the feet.feet.

►Began somewhere between the ages Began somewhere between the ages of four and seven. of four and seven.

"If you love your daughter, bind her feet; if you love your son, let him study," or so goes the old Chinese saying.

Foot BindingFoot Binding

Arts and InventionsArts and Inventions►Most advancements under the Tang and Most advancements under the Tang and

Song dynastiesSong dynasties►ArtArt

Painted murals that celebrated Buddhism and Painted murals that celebrated Buddhism and naturenature

PoemsPoems Made clay sculpturesMade clay sculptures Made porcelain items Made porcelain items

covered in a pale greencovered in a pale green

glaze - celadonglaze - celadon

Arts and InventionsArts and Inventions

►Some of the most important in human Some of the most important in human history under the Tang and Song.history under the Tang and Song. PaperPaper PorcelainPorcelain Woodblock printingWoodblock printing GunpowderGunpowder Movable typeMovable type Magnetic compassMagnetic compass Paper moneyPaper money