China

What effect has What effect has increasing increasing globalizationglobalization hadhad on on this country's political this country's political intent and national intent and national identity?identity?

TEAMTEAM

Paul OliverPaul OliverPavel Radu-Pavel Radu-SorinSorinJuraj ToporcakJuraj ToporcakNova PavelNova Pavel

Table of ContentTable of Content• Introduction about ChinaIntroduction about China

• General informationGeneral information• HistoryHistory

• Nation, Identity and Nation, Identity and GlobalizationGlobalization• DefinitionsDefinitions• Nation, Identity and Nation, Identity and

GlobalizationGlobalization

• Chinese EconomyChinese Economy

• Geopolitics and the Role of Geopolitics and the Role of ChinaChina

• China TodayChina Today• GlobalisationGlobalisation• Human rightsHuman rights• The Beijing OlympicsThe Beijing Olympics• The Tibetan IssuesThe Tibetan Issues• CensorshipCensorship

• ConclusionConclusion

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Introduction Introduction About ChinaAbout ChinaIntroduction Introduction About ChinaAbout China

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General InformationGeneral Information

• China, (officially known as the China, (officially known as the “Peoples Republic of China”); “Peoples Republic of China”);

• With over 1,300,000,000 people, With over 1,300,000,000 people, has the largest population on Earth; has the largest population on Earth;

• Its the fourth biggest country by Its the fourth biggest country by size. size.

• PRC has the second largest PRC has the second largest economy after the United States of economy after the United States of America;America;

• Developing country;Developing country;

• Communist regime;Communist regime;

• ““One country two systems” One country two systems” economy.economy.

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Recent HistoryRecent History

• As a political system it is lead by As a political system it is lead by a communist regime since 1949;a communist regime since 1949;

• It took control over mainland It took control over mainland China after a bloody civil war ;China after a bloody civil war ;

• The first chairman of the The first chairman of the Communist Party was Mao Communist Party was Mao Zedong;Zedong;

• His aim was to create a social His aim was to create a social society and participate in the society and participate in the creation of world communism;creation of world communism;

• Involved in the Korean War;Involved in the Korean War;

• The current chairman is The current chairman is Hu Hu Jintao;Jintao;

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Nation, Identity and Globalization

Nation, Identity and Globalization

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DefinitionsDefinitions

NationNation

A nation is defined as "a social A nation is defined as "a social group which shares a common group which shares a common ideology, common institutions and ideology, common institutions and customs, and a sense of customs, and a sense of homogeneity...A nation may homogeneity...A nation may comprise part of a state, be comprise part of a state, be coterminous with a state, or extend coterminous with a state, or extend beyond the borders of a single beyond the borders of a single state.“state.“

IdentityIdentity The quality or condition of being the The quality or condition of being the same in substance, composition, same in substance, composition, nature, properties or in particular nature, properties or in particular qualities under consideration; qualities under consideration; absolute or essential sameness; absolute or essential sameness; oneness. (Simpson J.A & Weiner oneness. (Simpson J.A & Weiner E.S.C, 1989) E.S.C, 1989)

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Nation, Identity and GlobalizationNation, Identity and Globalization

• Globalization made China more Globalization made China more aware of its national identity;aware of its national identity;

• They realized the country They realized the country needed to become a global, needed to become a global, political and economic power;political and economic power;

• The nationalistic terms were The nationalistic terms were reinstated and China became reinstated and China became proud of them once again not proud of them once again not just the elite class but also the just the elite class but also the common people;common people;

• The country’s political intent was The country’s political intent was expanded in the sense that it expanded in the sense that it introduced the need for a more introduced the need for a more predominant geopolitical role predominant geopolitical role than a military role. than a military role.

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• This is because of the economic This is because of the economic investment that western businesses investment that western businesses have in China, in particular with the have in China, in particular with the cheap labour available. cheap labour available.

• Globalisation is also key to the Globalisation is also key to the evolution of civil liberty. evolution of civil liberty.

• The growing awareness to various The growing awareness to various human rights infringements is in human rights infringements is in part due to the global media part due to the global media drawing attention to it. drawing attention to it.

• A growing global interest in human A growing global interest in human rights, which is helped by NGOs rights, which is helped by NGOs such as the Red Cross and the such as the Red Cross and the Amnesty International, has led to a Amnesty International, has led to a great awareness of such civil rights great awareness of such civil rights abuses.abuses.

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• It is forcing China to make It is forcing China to make concessions which ultimately concessions which ultimately conflicts with the Authoritarian conflicts with the Authoritarian style of governance, style of governance, characterised by the characterised by the Communist regime. Communist regime.

• This is a significant factor to the This is a significant factor to the emergence of the ‘One Country, emergence of the ‘One Country, Two Systems’; the division Two Systems’; the division between Socialist and Capitalist between Socialist and Capitalist economy.economy.

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GlobalisationGlobalisation and the and the Economy and Economy and its influences its influences on Political on Political IntentIntent

GlobalisationGlobalisation and the and the Economy and Economy and its influences its influences on Political on Political IntentIntent

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Globalisation and the EconomyGlobalisation and the Economy

• 'Concerning the future development 'Concerning the future development of democratic institutions, one can of democratic institutions, one can expect that as the Chinese people expect that as the Chinese people become richer and more educated, become richer and more educated, they will be more interested in and they will be more interested in and more able to participating in more able to participating in democratic activities. Thus the democratic activities. Thus the demand for democratic institutions demand for democratic institutions has increased and will continue to has increased and will continue to increase'.increase'.

• 'China has had various 'China has had various developments in promoting developments in promoting democratic institutions because of democratic institutions because of this. the representatives to the this. the representatives to the People’s Congress have always been People’s Congress have always been elected, though indirectly. A great elected, though indirectly. A great deal of Chinese citizens are still poor deal of Chinese citizens are still poor however and the political system in however and the political system in place is far from 'democratic'.place is far from 'democratic'.

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• China's global trade totaled China's global trade totaled $353 billion in 1999$353 billion in 1999

• This exceeded $1.758 trillion at This exceeded $1.758 trillion at the end of 2006. the end of 2006.

• China joined the WTO in China joined the WTO in December 2001.December 2001.

• China’s receipt of foreign direct China’s receipt of foreign direct investment (FDI) in 2003 (US$54 investment (FDI) in 2003 (US$54 billion) exceeded that of the billion) exceeded that of the United States (US$30 billion).United States (US$30 billion).

• The growth of China’s GDP has The growth of China’s GDP has seen an average of 10% per seen an average of 10% per year, since 1990.year, since 1990.

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• The growth of the Chinese The growth of the Chinese economy has led to the influx of economy has led to the influx of CO2 omissions, with a recent CO2 omissions, with a recent article in the National article in the National Geographic stating that a 'study Geographic stating that a 'study calculated that for the period calculated that for the period from 2004 to 2010, China's CO2 from 2004 to 2010, China's CO2 emissions will have grown by at emissions will have grown by at least 11 percent a year..' least 11 percent a year..'

• On average, China opens 1-2 On average, China opens 1-2 coal power plants each week.coal power plants each week.

• China, India and other China, India and other developing countries were not developing countries were not included in any numerical included in any numerical limitations of CO2 emissions of limitations of CO2 emissions of the Kyoto protocol.the Kyoto protocol.

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GeopolitiGeopolitics and cs and the role the role of Chinaof China

GeopolitiGeopolitics and cs and the role the role of Chinaof China

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Geopolitics and the role of ChinaGeopolitics and the role of China

• China must be considered China must be considered ‘out ‘out of Kilter’ of the triumph of of Kilter’ of the triumph of liberal democracyliberal democracy (Dodds, (Dodds, 2000, p. 12)2000, p. 12)

• In this case the degree of In this case the degree of complex interdependence of complex interdependence of China and the USA is revealing, China and the USA is revealing, leading to situation, not usual leading to situation, not usual for American foreign policy for American foreign policy nowadays. Both have the nowadays. Both have the common interests, which have common interests, which have met on the market, leaving met on the market, leaving human rights behind as not the human rights behind as not the most important issue of present most important issue of present time.time.

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• China has spent last decades on China has spent last decades on developing its capabilities to developing its capabilities to influence more the international influence more the international relations. relations.

• About politics and China? In this case About politics and China? In this case the economy determines politics.the economy determines politics.

• Temporary regional stability is an Temporary regional stability is an implication of implication of the growing benefits of the growing benefits of interdependence, necessary for interdependence, necessary for China's economic development China's economic development (Leeds). That requires China to work (Leeds). That requires China to work within the existing international within the existing international system. It’s very important to system. It’s very important to realise that cooperation within the realise that cooperation within the international system now is only international system now is only because it provides the best because it provides the best opportunity for it to achieve its opportunity for it to achieve its economic goals.economic goals.

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• Chinese foreign policy must be Chinese foreign policy must be understood within the context of an understood within the context of an interaction between China, USA and interaction between China, USA and other rising superpowers, policy of other rising superpowers, policy of opposition and discretion. (Yu, opposition and discretion. (Yu, 1977)1977)

• China now buys about one third of China now buys about one third of its oil from Africa, mainly from its oil from Africa, mainly from Angola and from Sudan, where Angola and from Sudan, where Beijing built a 900-mile pipeline and Beijing built a 900-mile pipeline and invested at least £8 billion. China is invested at least £8 billion. China is spending another £1.2 billion on a spending another £1.2 billion on a new offshore oilfield in Nigeria. new offshore oilfield in Nigeria. Meanwhile, Beijing has acquired Meanwhile, Beijing has acquired mines in Zambia, textile factories in mines in Zambia, textile factories in Lesotho, railways in Uganda, timber Lesotho, railways in Uganda, timber in the Central African Republic and in the Central African Republic and retail developments in almost every retail developments in almost every capital. capital.

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China TodayChina TodayChina TodayChina Today

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GlobalisationGlobalisation

• Globalization had a major impact Globalization had a major impact on China in the sense that it made on China in the sense that it made the world more aware of its the world more aware of its problems, and increased problems, and increased international pressure to resolve it.international pressure to resolve it.

• On the economical level, On the economical level, globalization means that a large globalization means that a large number of western companies number of western companies have invested in PRC, growing in have invested in PRC, growing in such a way that it is widely such a way that it is widely considered a reliable and cheap considered a reliable and cheap work market for industrial work market for industrial production. production.

• In the political sense the country In the political sense the country has become more powerful both has become more powerful both militarily and by influence. militarily and by influence.

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GlobalisationGlobalisation

• It has a very important role in It has a very important role in South-East Asia, and an ever South-East Asia, and an ever more important role in the more important role in the African Continent which is African Continent which is ravaged by civil wars. ravaged by civil wars.

• Media played a huge role in the Media played a huge role in the globalization process, such an globalization process, such an example could be the example could be the Tiananmen Square Tiananmen Square Massacre, Massacre, which is probably which is probably the first ever televised crushed the first ever televised crushed revolution in history, and one of revolution in history, and one of the bloodiest. the bloodiest.

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Tiananmen Square MassacreTiananmen Square Massacre

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Human Rights IssuesHuman Rights Issues

• The issues of the human rights The issues of the human rights in China have come in the in China have come in the frontline since the Tiananmen frontline since the Tiananmen Square protests, in 1989. Square protests, in 1989.

• Controversial human rights Controversial human rights issues in China include policies issues in China include policies such as capital punishment, the such as capital punishment, the one-child policy, but as well one-child policy, but as well freedom of speech, movement, freedom of speech, movement, religious and political freedom. religious and political freedom.

• Serious human rights are being Serious human rights are being disregarded in China over the disregarded in China over the last few years. last few years.

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Human Rights IsusesHuman Rights Isuses

• A statistic by Amnesty A statistic by Amnesty International presents that International presents that China has the highest number China has the highest number of executions of any country. of executions of any country.

• In 2005, it topped the list with In 2005, it topped the list with 1,770 people executed. 1,770 people executed.

• As well, concerning the As well, concerning the overpopulation problem, the overpopulation problem, the One-child policy leads to forced One-child policy leads to forced abortions, female infanticide, abortions, female infanticide, abandonment and sex-selective abandonment and sex-selective abortions.abortions.

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The Beijing OlympicsThe Beijing Olympics

• It is one of the most controversial It is one of the most controversial events in recent years, and one of events in recent years, and one of the most politicized sport events. the most politicized sport events.

• One of the many issues that the One of the many issues that the Olympics raised was the high Olympics raised was the high security and media control. security and media control.

• Many websites were banned and Many websites were banned and even though the media censorship even though the media censorship itself was less restricted, some itself was less restricted, some areas like Tibet were closed up for areas like Tibet were closed up for journalists.journalists.

• At £22 billion, the Beijing Games At £22 billion, the Beijing Games was the most expensive (three was the most expensive (three times more than Athens) Olympics times more than Athens) Olympics in history. in history.

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• There were also a lot of measures There were also a lot of measures concerning the environment.concerning the environment.

• The Guardian states that The Guardian states that “Beijing's smog has been a “Beijing's smog has been a concern in the run-up to the concern in the run-up to the games. games.

• With some of the world's highest With some of the world's highest emissions of sulphur dioxide, soot emissions of sulphur dioxide, soot and other pollutants.and other pollutants.

• China has invested $17.3bn China has invested $17.3bn (£8.9bn) to improve air quality in (£8.9bn) to improve air quality in the capital.” and the Times the capital.” and the Times reported that “To improve air reported that “To improve air quality, officials created a forest quality, officials created a forest next to the venues.” next to the venues.”

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• The Olympics were, for the Chinese The Olympics were, for the Chinese government, and not just, for the government, and not just, for the common people a reason for great common people a reason for great national pride.national pride.

• The whole world was watching The whole world was watching these events and most of the these events and most of the measures taken were to prevent measures taken were to prevent public humiliation and to ensure public humiliation and to ensure that everything went according to that everything went according to their plan, which in large respects their plan, which in large respects did. did.

• One of the key benefits of the One of the key benefits of the Olympics, besides the economical Olympics, besides the economical aspect, was, as the Times reported, aspect, was, as the Times reported, media freedom concessions that media freedom concessions that were given to the foreign journalists were given to the foreign journalists will become permanent.will become permanent.

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The Tibetan IssueThe Tibetan Issue

• When thinking about relationship When thinking about relationship between Tibet and China, it has between Tibet and China, it has passed through periods of strength passed through periods of strength and dominance and times of and dominance and times of weakness and division. Both were weakness and division. Both were able to threaten or influence their able to threaten or influence their neighbours on occasion. When neighbours on occasion. When China subordinated Tibet for a China subordinated Tibet for a long period of time, it was able to long period of time, it was able to keep and maintain its distinct keep and maintain its distinct cultural, religious, linguistic and cultural, religious, linguistic and ethnic identity, and this should be ethnic identity, and this should be proof to support its claims to proof to support its claims to independence. But unfortunately independence. But unfortunately too few of the articles in the 60-too few of the articles in the 60-year-old UN Declaration of Human year-old UN Declaration of Human Rights apply in Tibet and we shall Rights apply in Tibet and we shall speak about human wrongs in this speak about human wrongs in this case. case.

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• According to Reporters without According to Reporters without Borders, China ranked 163rd out Borders, China ranked 163rd out of 168 in the 2006 worldwide of 168 in the 2006 worldwide press freedom index. China press freedom index. China controls the flow of information controls the flow of information from the public mediafrom the public media

• In 2005 China introduced new In 2005 China introduced new restrictions on internet content, restrictions on internet content, relating to “politics, economics, relating to “politics, economics, military affairs, foreign affairs and military affairs, foreign affairs and social and public affairs”. China’s social and public affairs”. China’s new internet regulations launched new internet regulations launched in September 2005 put even in September 2005 put even further restrictions on information further restrictions on information by preventing the distribution of by preventing the distribution of any uncensored news in both any uncensored news in both websites and e-mail.websites and e-mail.

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• China currently employs 30,000 China currently employs 30,000 internet police to monitor and internet police to monitor and crack down on any dissent in crack down on any dissent in people’s e-mails or on websites.people’s e-mails or on websites.

• As in Tibet, websites such as the As in Tibet, websites such as the BBC, Free Tibet Campaign, and BBC, Free Tibet Campaign, and ‘Phayul.com’ are banned ‘Phayul.com’ are banned throughout China, as are throughout China, as are thousands of sites relating to thousands of sites relating to issues such as democracy, issues such as democracy, Taiwan, Dalai Lama or human Taiwan, Dalai Lama or human rights. Those reporting or writing rights. Those reporting or writing on sensitive issues or on sensitive issues or challenging the state are at challenging the state are at enormous risk of dismissal from enormous risk of dismissal from work, arbitrary detention or work, arbitrary detention or imprisonment.imprisonment.

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CensorshipCensorship

• Since the commercialization of the Since the commercialization of the Internet in China in 1995, China Internet in China in 1995, China has become one of the fastest-has become one of the fastest-growing Internet markets in the growing Internet markets in the world. world.

• The number of domestic Internet The number of domestic Internet users is doubling every six users is doubling every six months. months.

• The potential of the Internet to The potential of the Internet to spread new ideas has led the spread new ideas has led the authorities to take measures to authorities to take measures to control its use.control its use.

• Since 1995 more than 60 rules and Since 1995 more than 60 rules and regulations have been introduced regulations have been introduced covering the use of the Internet.covering the use of the Internet.

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CensorshipCensorship

• Since 1995 more than 60 rules Since 1995 more than 60 rules and regulations have been and regulations have been introduced covering the use of introduced covering the use of the Internet.the Internet.

• In January 2001, a new In January 2001, a new regulation made it a capital regulation made it a capital crime to "provide state secrets" crime to "provide state secrets" to organizations and individuals to organizations and individuals over the Internet. over the Internet.

• Nowadays, 30,000 state Nowadays, 30,000 state security personnel are security personnel are reportedly monitoring websites, reportedly monitoring websites, chat rooms and private e-mail chat rooms and private e-mail messages.messages.

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ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion

ConclusionConclusion

• China's role in the Future China's role in the Future With China's access to Africa's With China's access to Africa's

raw materials along with raw materials along with American & European American & European investment, its safe to assume investment, its safe to assume that China will maintain its that China will maintain its substantial economic growth.substantial economic growth.

• Globalisation will continue to Globalisation will continue to ensure the outsourcing of jobs ensure the outsourcing of jobs to countries such as China, to countries such as China, India, Brazil and South America . India, Brazil and South America .

• These countries will likely see These countries will likely see substantial growth. Specifically, substantial growth. Specifically, China’s vast population China’s vast population maintain its level of investment.maintain its level of investment.

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• China will continue to have China will continue to have substantial foreign investment, substantial foreign investment, providing China does not have providing China does not have any major social reforms.any major social reforms.

• The Chinese people will benefit The Chinese people will benefit from China's growing from China's growing economical and political economical and political influence, in the sense that the influence, in the sense that the currently low standard of living currently low standard of living will rise.will rise.

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• The same thing could also be The same thing could also be said about the educational said about the educational system. Though it is not yet sure system. Though it is not yet sure to what extent the individual to what extent the individual liberties will progress, it is liberties will progress, it is possible that the creation of an possible that the creation of an educated middle class will occur educated middle class will occur as the standards of living as the standards of living improves.improves.

• We can talk about a change in We can talk about a change in the human rights issue, but not the human rights issue, but not in China's political regimen. In in China's political regimen. In my opinion China will never be a my opinion China will never be a democratic country because of democratic country because of its large population, that will be its large population, that will be so much harder if not impossible so much harder if not impossible to control in a democracy. to control in a democracy.

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