China 1911-China 1911-19491949WarlordsWarlords

Nationalists & Nationalists & CommunistsCommunists

Japanese InvasionJapanese InvasionCivil War and Civil War and CommunismCommunism

88

Qing Collapse: 1911Qing Collapse: 1911

Qing Dynasty ends officially in 1911Qing Dynasty ends officially in 1911Young emperor survivesYoung emperor survives

No single leader or government No single leader or government Yuan Shikai as President and commander – in name Yuan Shikai as President and commander – in name

onlyonlyWarlord factionalismWarlord factionalism

1920s Communists and Nationalists emerge to 1920s Communists and Nationalists emerge to contest leadershipcontest leadership

Both claim Both claim Sun Yat-senSun Yat-sen as the father of their as the father of their movement.movement.

Sun survives until 1925 but never really rules chinaSun survives until 1925 but never really rules china

China 1910s, 1920s, and 1930sChina 1910s, 1920s, and 1930sContending ForcesContending Forces Nationalists v Communists Nationalists v Communists

Communists and the COMINTERNCommunists and the COMINTERN– Urban Communists and Soviet advisorsUrban Communists and Soviet advisors– Rural communists and Mao ZedongRural communists and Mao Zedong

NationalistsNationalists– Led by Chiang Kai-Shek, (Jiang Jishi)Led by Chiang Kai-Shek, (Jiang Jishi)– Supported by non-communist WestSupported by non-communist West– Local power base in traditional Gentry and new Local power base in traditional Gentry and new

capitalist classcapitalist class

1930s COMINTERN

Nationalists v CommunistsNationalists v Communists

CommunistsCommunists Urban communism in ChinaUrban communism in China

– COMINTERN: Soviet orthodoxyCOMINTERN: Soviet orthodoxy– Communism must be urban and based on industrial Communism must be urban and based on industrial

laborlabor

Peasant Communists in ChinaPeasant Communists in China– Mao ZedongMao Zedong– Chinese Communism must be based in agricultural labor Chinese Communism must be based in agricultural labor

– must have Chinese characteristics– must have Chinese characteristics

Both claimed to draw from Sun Yat-sen, Marx and LeninBoth claimed to draw from Sun Yat-sen, Marx and Lenin

Nationalists v CommunistsNationalists v Communists

Nationalists (KMT)Nationalists (KMT) Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jishi)Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jishi) Claimed to build on Sun Yat-senClaimed to build on Sun Yat-sen Unify China under military governmentUnify China under military government Establish order and defeat threat of Establish order and defeat threat of

communismcommunism Power base in traditional Gentry and new Power base in traditional Gentry and new

business classbusiness class Favored and supported by Western nationsFavored and supported by Western nations

China 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s China 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s

Contending ForcesContending Forces WW I: Japan enters on US-British sideWW I: Japan enters on US-British side

– Tries to claim territory and power in China as a Tries to claim territory and power in China as a victorious nationvictorious nation

– Issues 21 Demands (see book for details)Issues 21 Demands (see book for details)

WW I endsWW I ends

US President Woodrow WilsonUS President Woodrow Wilson– Rejects 21 DemandsRejects 21 Demands– Defends Chinese SovereigntyDefends Chinese Sovereignty– Upholds Chinese IndependenceUpholds Chinese Independence

China 1920s and 1930sChina 1920s and 1930sContending ForcesContending Forces

United Front – 1926 (first)United Front – 1926 (first)– Under pressure from COMINTERN, urban Under pressure from COMINTERN, urban

Communists join with Nationalist Communists join with Nationalist – Under pressure from Western Under pressure from Western

supporters, Nationalists join with supporters, Nationalists join with CommunistsCommunists

– Jiang Jishi initiates a purge of Jiang Jishi initiates a purge of communists 1927communists 1927

China 1920s and 1930sChina 1920s and 1930sContending ForcesContending Forces

Pre-WW II 1931: Mukden IncidentPre-WW II 1931: Mukden Incident Japanese military stage train sabotage to Japanese military stage train sabotage to

justify mobilization justify mobilization Japanese takeover ManchuriaJapanese takeover Manchuria Establish Puppet Government under Establish Puppet Government under

former Qing Emperorformer Qing Emperor

Not officially, but this begins the conflicts Not officially, but this begins the conflicts of World War II in Asiaof World War II in Asia

1930s1930s

22ndnd United Front United Front Under pressure from COMINTERN, urban Under pressure from COMINTERN, urban

Communists join with Nationalists againCommunists join with Nationalists again Under pressure from Western supporters, Under pressure from Western supporters,

Nationalists join with Communists AgainNationalists join with Communists Again Jiang Jishi sees communists as “cancer within” Jiang Jishi sees communists as “cancer within”

while Japan’s threats are a “disease of the while Japan’s threats are a “disease of the skin”skin”

Jiang launches wholesale attack on communist Jiang launches wholesale attack on communist “allies” 1935“allies” 1935

Urban Communists decimatedUrban Communists decimated Only Mao Zedong and Peasant Communists Only Mao Zedong and Peasant Communists

leftleft

The Long MarchThe Long March

Long March 1935-37Long March 1935-37 Nationalists attempt Nationalists attempt

to to finish off Communistsfinish off Communists Communists flee east then north in Communists flee east then north in

the the Long MarchLong March 2/3 of communists don’t survive2/3 of communists don’t survive Survivors are seasoned and solidified Survivors are seasoned and solidified

under Mao Zedongunder Mao Zedong

Communists v. NationalistsCommunists v. NationalistsLong March and Japanese Long March and Japanese

InvasionInvasionCommunists:Communists: United and ideologically motivatedUnited and ideologically motivated DisciplinedDisciplined Used persuasion and education to recruitUsed persuasion and education to recruit Traded services or purchased suppliesTraded services or purchased supplies ““Liberated” villages from tyrannical local Liberated” villages from tyrannical local

gentrygentry Treated villagers with respectTreated villagers with respect Promised a better world under their rulePromised a better world under their rule

Communists v. NationalistsCommunists v. NationalistsLong March and Japanese Long March and Japanese

InvasionInvasionNationalistsNationalists Conscript army – random, violent draftConscript army – random, violent draft Unmotivated and undisciplinedUnmotivated and undisciplined Support based on gentry and urban richSupport based on gentry and urban rich Commandeered supplies, no compensationCommandeered supplies, no compensation Looting, pillaging, even rape commonLooting, pillaging, even rape common Implied promise: more of the sameImplied promise: more of the same Lose support and loyalty through Long MarchLose support and loyalty through Long March

World War II: OfficiallyWorld War II: Officially1937-19451937-1945 Marco Polo Bridge Marco Polo Bridge

incidentincident Japanese sweep south Japanese sweep south

and take Beijingand take Beijing Nationalists retreat to Nationalists retreat to

NanjingNanjing

Rape of Nanjing: Dec. Rape of Nanjing: Dec. 1937--Mar. 19381937--Mar. 1938

World War IIWorld War II

Nationalists:Nationalists: Continue to pursue CommunistsContinue to pursue Communists Ineffective in defending against JapanIneffective in defending against Japan Terrible public relations within ChinaTerrible public relations within China

Communists:Communists: Gather in YenanGather in Yenan Harass Japanese in small raidsHarass Japanese in small raids Cultivate image as REAL defenders of Cultivate image as REAL defenders of

ChinaChina Rebuild and demonstrate success in YenanRebuild and demonstrate success in Yenan

World War II Ends: 1945World War II Ends: 1945

China “Victorious” as part of Allied ForcesChina “Victorious” as part of Allied Forces

Liberated by America’s defeat of JapanLiberated by America’s defeat of Japan

Allied powers recognize and support Allied powers recognize and support Nationalists – fear and repress Nationalists – fear and repress CommunistsCommunists

Jiang and Nationalists remain tyrannical Jiang and Nationalists remain tyrannical and continue to try and purge and continue to try and purge CommunistsCommunists

Civil War: 1947-1949Civil War: 1947-1949

Full Scale Civil War EruptsFull Scale Civil War EruptsCommunists v. NationalistsCommunists v. NationalistsSoviets back CommunistsSoviets back CommunistsUS and Western Europe back NationalistsUS and Western Europe back Nationalists

Nationalists better equipped and fundedNationalists better equipped and fundedCommunists win battle for hearts and mindsCommunists win battle for hearts and minds

Communists emerge victorious: October Communists emerge victorious: October 19491949