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«EQUIVALENCE OF

EXPLOSIVES»

LTC. ENRIQUE A QUIÑONESenrique.quinones@idic.cl

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Distance to inhabited buildings(With earth banks) DISTANCE TO OTHER

EXPLOSIVES STORES

S = K

K = 5,5 (Above ground and mobile stores).K = 2,5 (Above ground stores with barricades).K = 1,5 (Underground and buried stores).S = Security distance expressed in “meters” from “Explosives Stores”.W = EQUIVALENCE OR QUANTITY IN KILOGRAMS OF DYNAMITE 60%.

3 W

REQUIRED SAFETY DISTANCES

Distance to inhabited buildings(Without earth banks)

Distance to Railways

Distance to Roads

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EXPERIMENTAL EQUIVALENCE

POWER (FORCE):

– Ballistic Mortar

– Ballistic Pendulum

BRISANCE:

– Lead Block Compression (Hess Method)

– Copper Cylinder Compression (Kast Method)

– Sand Test

– Metallic Dented Plate Test (plate denting test)

– Underwater Explosion Test

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THEORETICAL EQUIVALENCE BY THERMOCHEMICAL CALCULUS

– Langefors Formula

– Brisance

– Pressure Equivalence

– Berthelot’s Method

– Cooper’s Method

– Hydrodynamic Work

– Force Coefficient

– Heat of Explosion

– Modified Heat of Explosion

– Explosion Pressure

– Explosion Energy

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CALCULUS OF EQUIVALENCE

To calculate the equivalence, it was decided to use the «LANGEFORS FORMULA», based on the «HEAT OF EXPLOSION» and the «SPECIFIC VOLUME OF GASES»:

EXPREF

EXPCAL

EXPREF

EXPCALDIN V

VQQ

EQ61

65

%60

EXPCAL = EXPLOSIVE OF CALCULUSEXPREF = EXPLOSIVE OF REFERENCE

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CALCULUS OF EQUIVALENCE

The «HEAT OF EXPLOSION» and the «SPECIFIC VOLUME OF GASES» of the «REFERENCE EXPLOSIVE» or «STANDARD EXPLOSIVE », in this case «DYNAMITE 60%» is required to be calculated:

The Heat of Explosion :

Hexp = Hf(products) - Hf(explosive)

The Specific Volume of Gases:

Vesp = n x 24,79

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DYNAMITE 60%

The dynamite is a homogenous mixture of gelatinized nitroglycerine with nitrocellulose (cotton collodion, pyroxyilin), plus other compounds.

For this calculus of equivalence, dynamite of the following composition was chosen:

Nitroglycerine 60%Nitrocellulose 4%Sawdust 8%Potassium nitrate 28%

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DYNAMITE 60%

Molecular Weigth

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DYNAMITE 60%The formula of 1 kg of Dynamite 60% is:

C11,83H19,39N11,03O36,01K2,77

The decompositon reaction is as follows:

C11,83H19,39N11,03O36,01K2,77 = 5,52N2 + 1,39K2O + 9,69H2O + 11,83CO2 + 0,64O2 + 4663,51 kJ/kg

The accepted Dynamite 60% «Heat of Explosion» for calculating the explosive equivalence is:

4663,51 kJ/kg o 1114,61 kcal/kg

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DYNAMITE 60%

The specific volume of gases of Dynamite 60%, was calculated according to the following:

Vesp = n x 24,79where:n= 29,07, number of mol of gaseous products of 1 kg DYN60%24.79 = volume of 1 mol of gas under standard conditions

The accepted Dynamite 60% «Specific Volume» for calculating the explosive equivalence is:

721 L/kg

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LANGEFORS FORMULA

EXPREF

EXPCAL

EXPREF

EXPCALDIN V

VQQ

EQ61

65

%60

)721(6

1

)51,663.4(6

5%60

EXPCALEXPCALDIN

VQEQ

EXPCALEXPCALDIN VQEQ 00023116,000017869,0%60

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LANGEFORS FORMULA APPLICATION

EXPCALEXPCALDIN VQEQ 00023116,000017869,0%60

STORAGE OF 30.000 kg OF ANFO:QEXPCAL = 3.770,57 kJoule/kg

VEXPCAL = 1.070,00 L/kgEQUIVALENCE OF ANFO TO DIN60%:

EQDIN60% = 0,92 W = 30.000 x 0,92 = 27.600 kg

(The 27.600 kg DIN60% detonation, will produce the same effect as the 30.000 kg ANFO detonation) SINHABITED BUILDING (With earth banks) = 549 m SRAILWAY = 329 m SROADS = 165 m

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Distance to inhabited buildings(With earth banks) DISTANCE TO OTHER

EXPLOSIVES STORES

S = K

K = 5,5 (Above ground and mobile stores).K = 2,5 (Above ground stores with barricades).K = 1,5 (Underground and buried stores).S = Security distance expressed in “meters” from “Explosives Stores”.W = EQUIVALENCE OR QUANTITY IN KILOGRAMS OF DYNAMITE 60%.

3 W

REQUIRED SAFETY DISTANCES

Distance to inhabited buildings(Without earth banks)

Distance to Railways

Distance to Roads

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«EQUIVALENCE OF

EXPLOSIVES»

LTC. ENRIQUE A QUIÑONESenrique.quinones@idic.cl