INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF THE CARIBBEAN

BY: TANECIA STEVENS

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Early Childhood Development What is early childhood development?

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Early childhood development

Early childhood is a stage in human development.

In psychology, the term early childhood is usually defined as the time period from the age of two until the age of six or seven years.

Play age is an unspecific designation approximately within the scope of early childhood.

There are three simultaneous development stages: Physical

Cognitive

Emotional and Social

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Physical Development 2 years

Throughout early childhood, height and weight increase more slowly than in toddlerhood.

Balances improves; walks more rhythmically; hurried walk changes to run.

Jumps, hops, throws, and catches with rigid upper body.

Uses spoon effectively.

First drawings are gestural scribbles.

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Balancing

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3-4 years

Running, jumping, hopping, throwing, and catching become better coordinated.

Galloping and one foot skipping appear.

Pedals and steers tricycle.

Uses scissors.

Fastens and unfastens large buttons

Uses for effectively.

Uses tadpole images to draw pictures of persons

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5-6 years

Starts to lose primary teeth.

Increase running speed, gallops more smoothly, and engages in true skipping.

Display more throwing and catching patterns.

Copies some numbers and simple words.

Draws more complex pictures.

Uses knife to cut soft food.

Tie shoes lace.

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Cognitive Development 2 years

Make-believe becomes less dependent on realistic objects, less self-centered, and more complex; socio-dramatic play increases.

Understands the symbolic function of photos and pictures in books.

Takes the perspective of others in simplified, familiar situations and in face-to-face communication.

Recognition memory is well develop.

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Shows awareness of the distinction between inner mental and outer physical events.

Begins to count.

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• 3-4 years

Understand the symbolic functions of drawing and of models of real-world spaces.

Grasps conversation, reasons about transformations, reverse thinking, and understands cause-and-effect relationships in familiar contexts.

Distinguishes appearance from reality.

Sorts familiar objects into hierarchically organized categories.

Uses private speech to guide behavior during challenging tasks.

Sustained attention and planning improve.

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Uses scripts to recall familiar experiences.

Understands that both beliefs and desires determine behavior.

Knowing meaning of numbers up to ten, counts correctly, grasps principle of cardinality.

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• 5-6 years

Magical belief decline.

Ability to distinguish appearance from reality improves.

Attention and planning continue to improve.

Recognition, recall, scripted memory, and autobiographical memory improve.

Understanding of false belief strengthens.

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Emotional & Social Development 2 years

Understands causes, consequences, and behavioral signs of basic emotions.

Begins to develop self-concept and self-esteem.

Shows early signs of developing moral sense – verbal evaluations of own and others actions and distress at harmful behaviors.

May display proactive (instrumental) aggression.

Gender-stereotyped belief and behavior increase.

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3-4 years

Describes self in terms of observable characteristics and typical emotions and attitudes.

Has several self-esteems, such as learning things in school, making friends, and getting along with parents,

Emotional self-regulation improves.

Experiences self-conscious emotions more often.

Relies more on language to express empathy.

Proactive aggression declines, while reactive aggression (verbal and relational) increases.

Distinguishes truthfulness from lying.

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Engages in associative and cooperative play with peers, in addition to parallel play.

Forms first friendships, based on pleasurable play and sharing of toys.

Distinguishes moral imperatives from social conventions and matters of personal choice.

Preferences for same-sex playmates strengthens.

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5-6 years

Emotional understanding (the ability to interpret predict, and influence others’ emotional reactions) improves.

Empathic responding increases

Has acquired many morally relevant rules and behaviors.

Gender-stereotyped beliefs and behavior and preference of same-sex play mates continues to strengthen.

Understand gender constancy.

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Language Development 2 years

Vocabulary increases rapidly.

Uses a coalition of cues – perceptual and increasingly, social and linguistic-to figure out words meanings.

Speak in simple sentences that follow basic word order of native language.

Adds grammatical markers

Displays effective conversation skills.

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Children having conversation

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3-4 years

Aware of some meaningful features of written language.

Coins new words based on known words; extends language meaning through metaphor.

Masters increasingly complex grammatical structure.

Occasion overextends grammatical rules to exceptions.

Adjust speech problem to fit the age, sex, and social status

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5-6 years

Understands that letters and sounds are linked in systematic ways

Uses invented spellings

By age 6, vocabulary reaches about 10,000 words

Uses most grammatical constructions competently.

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Thank You2/26/2015 22Tanecia Stevens BA G&C