Child Labor and Children’s Rights in the Cocoa Industry in Côte d'Ivoire

Taking Advantage of Children in the cocoa industry in Côte d'Ivoire

Youth Development Foundation -NGO proposal-

CORPORATE SOCIAL REPONSIBILITY

Martins Bello Imam Ritesh Kowlesar Qushal Bansraj

09083154 09046909 09074708

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Table of Content

Introduction 2

Problem identification 5

Stakeholders 8

Context 11

Advertisement 13

Funding 14

Bibliography 15

2

Introduction

Mission Statement

The Youth Development Foundation (YDF) is a Non-Governmental Organization raised with the belief

that all children, wherever they are, have the right to a healthy labor and happy working environment

and a fulfilling life. YDF believes that small, but breaking changes are within reach in child labor.

Changing the children‟s experience in labor and changing their lives for the better is the foundation for

what we do to build a better future for child labor in Côte d'Ivoire.

Goal of YDF

YDF wants to create a world in which every child attains the right to survival labor, job security and

protection, development and participation in basic education.

The goals of YDF are focused in three broad categories which are stated below.

Pressure Group

Putting pressure on the government of Côte d'Ivoire to make policy and enforcement to regulate

the use of child labor in the chocolate industry, making sure those children who are involved in

the production, processing and distributive section of the industry benefit from their labor more.

Besides the government, YDF will pressure the Transnational Corporation Nestlé as it is one of

the three major exporter of cacao in Côte d'Ivoire.1

Welfare

Creating and, again, enforcing basic labor rights for children in the cocoa industry in Côte

d'Ivoire. Besides that, health care and social security are basic needs that should be advocated

and provided for beneficial to the children.

Education

Provision of vocational training centers (providing the children with practical training within

the company/corporation) this will be done in two section; (Government and the private sector).

The children will be taught approximately three hours a day besides working. This way they

will gain knowledge regarding the production, learning how to read and write and gain common

knowledge.

Cocoa Production

Cocoa is produced from planting of raw seeds; the seeds grow up and become evergreen tree in the

family Sterculiaceae. Its final seeds are used to make cocoa powder and chocolate for consumption.

Cocoa needs to be protected against bacteria and insect as the seeds grow; therefore most famers in

Côte d'Ivoire employed cheap labor in this phase of production thereby using the children to

insecticides cocoa nourishing the trees to the level in which they become matured to bear seeds which

are in turn harvested for further processing. The harvested cacao is being dried and fermented from

which solids cacao and cacao butter are extracted to produce chocolates.

In this report, a distinction must and will be made between cocoa and cacao2:

Cacao: pronounced Ka-Kow. Refers to the tree, its pods and the beans inside.

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Cocoa: pronounced Koh-Koh. Refers to two by-products of the cacao bean – cocoa powder

and cocoa butter. Both are extracted from the bean when it is processed in the factory.

It is very common to see the words used interchangeably and most of the international trade

organizations, like the World Cocoa Foundation, use the word "cocoa." But it is generally agreed

among chocolate experts that the correct term for referring to the beans is "cacao" while the right word

for the powder made from them is "cocoa."

Most important stakeholders

The most important stakeholders that will be discussed and explained in this paper are the following.

They are highlighted because of their major role in the functioning of this NGO. We will work side-by-

side with some of them, or pressure on the other ones to achieve our goals.

Children: Our NGO will be working with other stakeholders to see that children in the cocoa

industry are being taken care of in terms of labor, salaries, and welfare.

Parents: We will work closely with parents to advice their children not to take odd and

dangerous tasks from the farmers.

Farmers: This group will be very important for our NGO because the exploitation of children

occurs in their farms; we intend to make sure we work very closely with the major farms and

leading producers of cocoa to improve the working conditions of the children.

Labor Unions of Côte d'Ivoire: We will involve the labor union to help us design some labor

conditions to protect the children and negotiate better working condition for the children

Ivorian Bar Association: We will also collaborate with the Ivorian Bar Association which is a

body of professional lawyers to assist us in all legal matters arising from labor condition.

The government of Côte d'Ivoire: The government will also be one of our important partner, as

we will organize symposium and lecture, inviting government officials to attend to create

practical awareness of the need to make laws to promote social welfare for children working in

cocoa plantation and more so, to make sure such laws are implemented.

Transnational corporations in the Chocolate industry (TNC‟s): We are also going to draw the

attention of most foreign companies, who are major buyers of cacao product, work out

measures to see how they can influence the farmer to comply with labor rules. Nestlé is the

TNC which is going to be highlighted in this proposal.

United Nations/International Labor Organization: As the UN/ILO set up several conventions

and took several measures regarding child labor.

International Union of Food, agricultural, hotel, restaurant catering, tobacco and allied worker‟

association (IUF): This is the global union regarding, in this case, agriculture. They will be able

to put pressure on the TNC with regards to the conventions set up by the international

community. They are a watchdog, provided with the ability to apply more international pressure

in the whole process which YDF wants to set in motion.

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Besides the above mentioned , more, but less crucial, stakeholders are involved as well. They will be

further elaborated upon in the section Stakeholders.

5

Problem identification

The main problems that we face include forced labor and slavery and unfriendly employment

conditions that are dangerous to children's health and security. Our organization will encourage

corporate activity especially in the form of pressure on the government and the famers in the cocoa

industry. There should be strict requirements for farmers to use children under a certain age and if

necessary that they have to employ the use of children, they should make sure that there are good

working conditions set out to assist them in the work place.

In 2005 about 286,000 children ranging from the age of nine to twelve have been reported to work on

cocoa farms in Côte d‟Ivoire. About 12,000 of these children ended up there as a result of human

trafficking. This trafficking is to blame mostly on the poverty that the people in Côte d'Ivoire face, so

as a last resort families sell their children off to farm owners, for a price ranging between $50 to 100 to

work on farms to provide at least some sort of income for the rest of the family. The children who work

there, currently face many risks like the harmful effect the constant exposure to pesticides can have on

their lungs and the risk of working with sharp machetes can lead to serious physical injuries. Not to

mention the harsh treatment the children get for not being productive enough in the eyes of their

employers; there can be thought of punishments such as beatings and deprivation of food.3

Several reports showed that the cocoa industry is the biggest within Côte d'Ivoire and a major source of

foreign reserves.

Graph 1: Cacao price rise, January 2005 – June 2011

This graph shows the rise of the price of cacao per tones from January 2005 to June 2011.4 With the

increase of price per tonne, and the profit that can be realized by producing more cocoa we expect that,

if there isn‟t going to be any change there is going to be an even bigger demand for exploitable

children.

Therefore we believe the government and the foreign companies (TNCs) should do more to see that

there are good working conditions for children in the industry. Improvement of working conditions will

benefit the children who will enjoy; certain forms of basic education, work up till a certain amount of

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hours depending on their age instead of what is happening now where children work 12 hours per day

and get fed only one meal, and will have a minimum wage.

The goal of the organization is to address the problem of exploitation of child labor and the slavery

conditions embedded in child labor. Our organization will try to make recommendations‟ to the

problem by analyzing the various communal scopes. The social scope will focus on the children rights

regarding early labor and education. As mentioned before our organization has made it one of its goals

to provide for basic education of the children, we will try and come up with possibilities of how to

realize it for the children, and also to provide it in such a way it will also benefit the farm owner,

practical training with advanced equipment could be a possibility.

The cultural scope will focus on the cultural background behind child labor. In the cultural scope we‟ll

try and find if the resorting to child labor is normalized in Ivorian culture or if age plays a role in why

start working at such a young age.

While the economic scope will analyses the financial and economic justification of child labor; here

we‟ll discuss all the problems that the children and their families are saving with regard to financial

situation and the alternatives to not working on farms which in most cases unfortunately is resorting to

child prostitution to secure a means of income.

Finally, the political scope will determines the role of the national and local governments is and also

the legislation that accompanies the child labor. Like are there any national laws that have a say on

minimum working ages or child labor at all in the agricultural sector. Also the role of the international

community like UN and other international stakeholders in the field of children rights including the

TNC‟s since they have important role to play in cocoa industry. However, this paper will show the

improvement of the child labor working conditions. To accomplish the latter, different kinds of

international legislation and conventions set by the UN will be examined and assessed on national

legislative practice. These are the “Convention on the rights of the child” the ILO (international labor

organization) conventions. We‟ll try to find out whether Côte d‟Ivoire has actually signed any of those

treaties and if that is the case we‟ll look into how these international laws are implemented and if the

government can be pressured by higher authorities like the UN.

The problem of child labor for our organization takes place mainly at national level since we chose to

focus only on the situation within Côte d‟Ivoire and you could even say local level. It is observed as a

necessary evil because in order for a developing country to develop itself up to a certain point the

participation of children in the labor force is necessary because unlike in the developed world life

expectancies are lower, so laborers can‟t work till the age of 65 lower and these children often have no

other means of income like social security.5 Our goal will be to make concrete recommendations for all

the stakeholders especially the government to regulate child labor as much as possible and to make it as

child friendly as possible meaning that the children won‟t lose their primary source of income, which is

labor but at the same time won‟t be denied basic rights such as leisure time, humane treatment from

their employers and education. Furthermore, an overview of the production chain of cacao production,

which children are subjected to will be charted.

In order to create an organization that is as transparent as possible to the general public we‟ll make an

elaboration of the day-to-day activities of our NGO. For this we‟ll use a website which contains not

only our goals and objectives but also what we do on a daily basis so supporters can see what our daily

activities are.

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The source of the problem is that cocoa is the major source of national income for the government of

Côte d'Ivoire and also 68% of the labor force within the country works in the agricultural sector , which

of course includes the cocoa producing sector.6 Because of this the government undermines the

production process, in fact all they want is high return rates for their export products and how the

revenue is generated is often not something they want to break their heads about, a clear sign of a

Machiavellian mentality of “the end justifies the means”.

The Ivorian government does not have a clear set of domestic labor rights for children and even though

it‟s a signatory to the ILO treaty, we discovered that in the year 2003 they denunciated two treaties

regarding child labor in the industrial and non industrial sector; these were the “Minimum Age

(Industry) Convention, 1919 (No. 5)” and the “Minimum Age (Non-Industrial Employment)

Convention, 1932 (No. 33)” .7This among many other reasons is why we need assistance from TNC‟s

to achieve our goals and aims of our organization to pressurize the Ivorian government to come up with

clear and concrete labor rules and regulation regarding child labor for children and to set the ILO

standards and put an end to child slavery. The reason why we believe TNC‟s can help is because we

know that it‟s the TNC that are the main demand for the cocoa that is used to produce chocolate. With

Nestlé being the biggest TNC active in Côte d‟Ivoire, we believe that a big player like Nestle can

maybe help us realize our goal because we as a small non-profit organization believe that if we act

alone we unfortunately won‟t be taken seriously by the national government. Nestlé on the other hand

is an organization which we believe may make demands from either the government, or the farms that

supply them with cocoa beans to adopt policies that create a more friendly work environment for their

young employees.

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Stakeholders

The stakeholders that are involved in the processes of YDF can be divided in three categories; the local,

national and international plane. Each stakeholder has a specific part in the current situation or in the

future benefits of the children.

Local

Children engaged in forced labor

The children are the key group. The children meant in this paper are the individuals below 18 years of

age, who are whether or not forced to work on the cacao plantations. The focus of YDF will be on the

health, social, security and labor conditions for children who are working on the farms in Côte d'Ivoire.

As the goal of YDF is to make recommendations to improve these conditions and make sure the

children are provided with at least the basic needs, the children will be the central focus of and

reasoning for all the activities and measures that YDF will undertake.

Cacao farmers

The cacao farmers are those who own the farms and „control‟ them. They need workers and thereby

force the children to work on their plantation in Côte d'Ivoire. YDF has to find a collective way to

activate the farms in amending the conditions of the children/workers. The working conditions need to

be improved with pressure of Nestlé, making the farmers adopt measures to achieve the improvement.

Parents/family

First of all, because of the rate of poverty parents sent out their children to do some jobs to assist the

family, this is one of the important reasons why children go out to look for a job, another reason is that

the child might have lost his parents due to HIV or other deadly sickness and has no other source of

family support, hence to seek for job in the cocoa industry to survive. In some cases, children are stolen

by family members and sold to big farms, creating the phenomenon of human trafficking.

The local chiefs and the head of families

The local chiefs or traditional leadership structure in Côte d'Ivoire has different kinds of hierarchy.

Usually at the top are the clan heads while rightly below the clan heads you will find the village or

town chiefs who are basically the owner of the villages or the towns. A more superior hierarchy are the

paramount rulers, they are well respected by both the government and the people, they are responsible

for the customary activities at each regional level, while the highest hierarchy within the Ivorian

traditional structure are the head of each ethnic tribes, they are the most respected and are seen by their

subjects as King. The traditional leaders are the custodians of community land in which the famers use

to cultivate cacao plantations; they are also the architects and supporters of economics development

activities in their respective areas of jurisdiction. They have the powers which are given to them by the

government to communicate and intervene in economic matters within their community. The head of

the family who are the most respected individuals in each family institution can be summoned by the

local chief to discuss and explain how they run their family affairs in respect to how many children

they have and what they are doing with them. More so, the local chiefs have the power to revoke land

that was allocated to farmers if they refuse to provide the child laborer the appropriate working

condition. In this way the local chiefs and the family head do influences how children are being treated

in cacao plantations.

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National

The government of Côte d'Ivoire

In the modern world the government has the task and duty to provide care and, at least, basic human

rights for its population. But the opposite is the case in Côte d‟Ivoire. As we earlier mentioned, the

government signed and then denunciated the ILO convention for the minimum age in non-industrial

sectors. This course of action gives stakeholders like the farms all the freedom to exploit young

children. The government denunciated the convention and took more steps regarding less control on

child labor, as it improves their position on the global market regarding cacao export. Their country is

much cheaper regarding the production, making it more attractive for the large TNCs.

Ivorian Bar Association

The role of the Ivorian Bar Association we have planned is to work together with the labor unions. As

the labor unions will be given the duty to pressure the government on social and labor conditions, the

Ivorian Bar Association will be assigned the task to pressure the government on a legal plane. They

will have to advocate against the slavery and abuse of the children. Their duty is to make sure the

necessity of the basic healthcare of the children is being provided.

Labor unions of Côte d'Ivoire

YDF will focus on the labor unions and advise them to preserve and protect the rights of the children

working in different farms across the nation. We would recommend training programs to the labor

union so they can act as agency and ombudsman for the children. The gap between the children and the

unions will be diminished so the unions will have direct contact with children working in farms. The

labor unions will be asked to assign professionals who will be trained and prepared to act as

spokesperson for the children. This way the labor unions should be able to identify the problem and

come with solutions themselves.

Teachers without Borders

As one of the aims of this NGO is to provide the children with basic education, teachers without

borders will be involved to train teachers and provide the children with basic education. This service

will be provided on a voluntary base by the organization.

International

TNC's in the chocolate industry

As the conventions of the UN, regarding the minimum age of non-industrial labor, were denunciated by

Côte d'Ivoire, the TNC Nestlé will be an important pressure group in moving the farms towards the

improvement of better living standards and working conditions for the children. The goal is to move

Nestlé towards increasing their budget for the improvement of the labor conditions of the children.

YDF will lobby for better living standards, supplying of materials and knowledge for advanced

technology for the farmers, the building schools with sufficient teaching materials.

IUF

The is International Union of Food, agricultural, hotel, restaurant catering, tobacco and allied worker‟

association an important pressure group as they are the global workers association for agricultural

employees as well as an advocate for the rights in the food industry. When in need of pressuring the

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government, the IUF is a major player because of the conventions they have set up and the means they

have to take measures.

ICI

The International Cacao Initiative is a unique partnership of concerned companies, labor unions and

NGOs, and works to help sensitize communities on issues of child labor, hazardous work practices and

international laws, through their local NGO partners. They are active in several countries as Côte

d'Ivoire and Ghana.8 The role of the ICI will further elaborated upon in the Context section.

UN/ILO

The UN, and the ILO in particular, set up several conventions for the safety and security of children

and under-aged workers. YDF will assess these conventions and examine whether the several parties in

Côte d'Ivoire are abiding these conventions. Also the inquiry will be made about what sanctions or

actions the UN can take against non-abiding parties. The international pressure is should not be taken

lightly as it can pressure states, IGO‟s and NGO‟s.

UNICEF

United Nations International Children‟s Emergency Fund is a separate party, as their policy is aimed at

children only. UNICEF will be highlighted as a pressure group as well in an attempt to enforce

international regulations and conventions upon Côte d'Ivoire

ECOWAS

The Economic Community of West Africa as a regional body deals with the economic development of

member‟s state in which the Ivorian government is a member. This body has a legislative arms that

make laws and rules that govern how trade and labor should be conducted among the member states.

More so, for our organization to be able to summit legal matters to international organization as regards

abuses of children rights in cacao farms we are required by international law to exhausts our local

remedy, therefore, we intend to use as a last resort the ECOWAS to deal with legislative matter at

regional level.

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Context

The problems regarding child labor and the mistreatment of the children that YDF wants to highlight

are not new. Several organizations and media already published matters through various channels. The

following table contains an overview of some widely published sources.

Channel Topic Source

Documentaries Keuringsdienst van

Waarde -> Tony‟s

Chocolonely

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VgkVYhFqDc

True Vision

documentary “Slavery: A

Global Investigation”

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8510275415

580537193#

Nestlé Cocoa plan in

action

http://www.nestle.com/CSV/CreatingSharedValueCase

Studies/AllCaseStudies/Pages/Nestl%C3%A9-Cocoa-

Plan-in-action-C%C3%B4te-dIvoire.aspx

Conventions Signed ILO conventions

by Côte d‟Ivoire

http://webfusion.ilo.org/public/db/standards/normes/ap

pl/appl-

byCtry.cfm?lang=EN&CTYCHOICE=1030&hdroff=1

International Cocoa

Agreement by the ICCO

http://www.icco.org/pdf/agree10english.pdf

Publications /

Reports

UNICEF “ The state of

the World‟s Children”

http://www.unicef.org/media/files/SOWC_2011_Main

_Report_EN_02092011.pdf

The cacao market - a

background study

http://www.maketradefair.com/en/assets/english/Cocoa

Study.pdf Table 1: Overview of the most known sources.

Most of the work and research that has been done by other parties or organizations will be used as

reference and inspiration for this NGO. However, where possible, this NGO seeks to cooperate with as

many relevant organizations as possible for instance, the UN. If this organization can work under the

wing of the UN, it will be able to focus more on one issue and have the legal and financial support of

the UN.

The ICI is an organization which dealt with some of the problems regarding child labor conditions and

they‟ve set up several partnerships with NGOs. Their work is very comparable with the goals of YDF,

which makes them a valuable partner, if connected with. Their work is not only based in Côte d‟Ivoire

but also in Ghana. Their program contains the following15:

Work at the national level to ensure appropriate and effective policies are in place;

Support capacity building for local partners and institutions;

Implement a community based programme to change practices;

Support social protection for victims of exploitation;

Share lessons learned for replication.

When possible, a collaboration will be organized with the ICI for their support in setting up YDF.

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Cooperation with Teun van de Keuken aka Tony‟s Chocolonely and promoting his “slavery-free”

chocolate will be one of the means of raising awareness and broadcasting the bigger issue behind it,

namely child labor. His connections might become an important asset in promoting our YDF.

As stated before, the main goal of YDF is to provide safety and security for the children. It will be

based in Côte d'Ivoire. The focus will therefore, in first instance, be on a national level. This is because

the problem is one, spread on a national scale in Côte d'Ivoire. Globally this organization also wants to

have an impact, when we are talking about the TNC and International Organizations we want to

address. By striving to move the TNC to change its CSR policy, a shift on a global scale is hoped to be

attained as other big TNC‟s might be influenced by it based on the theory that when one market leader

takes a leap, the rest will follow with adapting their CSR policy.

The major day-to-day activities of YDF are lobbying and managing. As YDF is not an organization

which uses its own resources but strives to join several stakeholders in setting up a taskforce, YDF will

be handling the creation and management of several projects. For example, one of these projects will be

building schools and educational facilities near the farms for the children. YDF will set up the

proposal/plan and inform/involve all stakeholders. Under the management of YDF, the facilities will be

built.

Lobbying is also a very important activity provided by the YDF, as it is required to gain more

networking partners and, more important, achieve the main goals by pressuring the government and

Nestlé. Especially Nestlé, as most of the funding and support must come from their CSR policy.

The reason, in YDF‟s opinion, that Nestlé will be convinced to adjust and increase their CSR policy are

can be outlined as followed:

Widen target market

YDF believes that the increase of the CSR budget for improved children‟s labor conditions will

ultimately lead to more profit for Nestlé.

By investing in the development and improvement of the environment and circumstances of the

working children in Côte d‟Ivoire, Nestlé can use this good deed in their advertisement and mention on

their product packages that they are working on child-friendly circumstances. This will attract a new

and uprising target market, the “sustainables”. These are the people that are adjusting their choices of

goods based on the lifecycle of the product. For example whether the package is recyclable, or whether

the production of the product found place in human friendly circumstances. These people will become

interested in Nestlé products, which will raise Nestlé‟s sales and profits.

International pressure through branding

YDF, under supervision of the UN, will be responsible for setting up annual reports . These reports will

be specifically about the children‟s labor conditions within the cacao industry and published on the

website of the UN. When Nestlé decides to adjust their CSR budget to the benefits for the children, the

report will not sign up the Nestlé brand as search result. However, when Nestlé decides to ignore the

report, their name will be widely posted.

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Advertisement

Tony‟s Chocolonely

Teun van de Keuken was a Dutch journalist who worked for the Keuringsdienst van Waarde, a TV

program that brands goods. After making a documentary about slavery in the chocolate industry of

Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, he set up a national action called Steun Teun (Support Teun). Eventually,

inspired by van de Keuken‟s actions, van de Keuken and the Keuringsdienst van Waarde set up the

initiative of producing slave-free chocolate bars called Tony‟s Chocolonely. Unfortunately, the

chocolate was just sold in The Netherlands, while the initiative, in our opinion, can reach a wide target

if aimed higher and promoted abroad.

Through cooperation with Teun van der Keuken, YDF will try to revive his campaign for raising

awareness for child labor and child slavery. YDF will promote the product Tony‟s Chocolonely while

van de Keuken uses his resources to advertise YDF.

Social media

There are several social media that are available and easily accessible. Facebook is the biggest and

globally known. Since Facebook is such a globally known and easy accessible website we want to

build a page that shows the visitors not only our goals and objectives but also as a way to channel

positive feedback to our organization. We also want to use Facebook to raise awareness among

youngsters in Europe and the US to realize that the candy bars they are eating weren‟t made by jolly

oompa loompa‟s working in a factory (this is a reference to the book/movie Charlie and the Chocolate

Factory, if you haven‟t seen or read it you won‟t get the joke) but partially by young children working

on the land working under sometimes terrible circumstances.

YouTube is also a way to broadcast the opinion or message and blog spots and forums are meeting

places for interested people to discuss. It is often said that an image says more than a thousand words,

we plan on using YouTube in the same way PETA (an American organization fighting for animal

rights) used it to show the mistreatment of chicken by McDonald‟s and KFC. These videos will contain

the stories of children who work(ed) on these farms to show that we are dealing with a serious social

problem here.

Website

A website will be created for the NGO providing all the information about the NGO. Dependent on the

funds and financial situation, the website will be a basic or professional domain. We will choose an

.org domain, .org standing for organization to explicitly show that we are a nonprofit organization

working primary for the best interest of the Ivorian children. The website will contain our general goals

and objectives, our daily activities, contact information and links to our affiliates.

Presentation

Lectures, symposiums and presentations will be given by volunteers to schools, universities,

organizations and companies, with the goal to raise awareness with a more professional and higher

educated public. These could prove helpful by engaging with student, economics, sociologists etcetera

in order to come up with more ideas for our organization and again to listen to what recommendations

specialists have to make that could be constructive to our organization and prove to be helpful to

improve the current situation of the Ivorian children facing severe exploitation.

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Funding and resources

Our organization is a non-governmental, non-profit organization that solely finances causes which are

in the benefit of the children in Côte d'Ivoire.

Fund –raisings will be organized to gain finances as well as to raise awareness about the problem.

The organization will be based on voluntary workers whom are dedicated to the cause.

YDF will try to gain the status of legal organization providing internships for students. This way, YDF

can make use of the knowledge and labor of student, while they gain working experience, required by

their study program.

Furthermore, sponsorship from the NGOs like UNICEF are some possibilities for funding. The UN and

UNICEF have separate budgets especially for NGOs that put effort in securing children‟s rights.

Possible alternative NGO funds are:

Foundation Center16

Funders online17

Philanthropy News Network18

Organizations like universities and educational institutions will be approached to donate old tables,

chairs and black- or whiteboards for the educational facilities that the NGO tends to provide for the

children.

But one of the main goals is to persuade Nestlé to provide for the funds and resources. The goal is to

move them to adopt the children‟s healthcare, welfare, education and legal acknowledgement in their

CSR policy. They will be asked to support YDF by providing funding and materials to accomplish the

activities that YDF or any of the other stakeholders set up.

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Bibliography

1. http://www.laborrights.org/files/Cocoa-Interpreting_Graphs_Lesson.pdf - www.laborrights.org

A report about the cocoa industry on a global scale.

2. http://www.allchocolate.com/understanding/cacao-vs-cocoa/ - Allchocolate

An explanation about the difference between cacao and cocoa.

3. http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=12754%22- Corpwatch

A watchdog that reports about the behavior of organizations. This article is called the dark side

of chocolate and it is about Nestlé‟s role in fighting child labor in Côte d‟Ivoire.

4. http://www.icco.org/statistics/monthly.aspx?AD=2005&MD=1&AH=2011&MH=6&Tipo=Gra

fico&Datos=USD – ICCO

This is a website that contains information regarding the international cocoa prices, we used this

site to make the graph that was used in the problem identification.

5. http://www.cyc-net.org/features/viewpoints/c-childlabour.html - www.cyc-net.org

The international youth care network, on this site we found arguments stating that child labor is

a necessary evil.

6. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html - the CIA world fact

book A website created by the Central Intelligence Agency that publishes data on foreign nations, we

used this website to report the amount of people working in the agricultural sector.

7. http://webfusion.ilo.org/public/applis/appl-

byCtry.cfm?lang=EN&CTYCHOICE=1030&hdroff=1 - www.webfusion.ilo.org

A website containing information about the ILO conventions- which are conventions that

encompass everything regarding international labor standards They are used to show which

treaties Côte d‟Ivoire denunciated.

8. http://www.cocoainitiative.org/en/what-we-do - International Cocoa Initiative

The website of the ICI. This website is used to gain information about the ICI and their work in

regarding child labor in Ghana and Côte d‟Ivoire.

9. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VgkVYhFqDc – Tony’s Chocolonely

The trailer from the documentary about Tony‟s Chocolonely. A documentary about the slavery

in Côte d‟Ivoire in the cocoa industry and the initiative of slave-free chocolate.

10. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8510275415580537193# - True Vision documentary

“Slavery: A Global Investigation”

A documentary about the slavery in the cocoa industry.

11. http://www.nestle.com/CSV/CreatingSharedValueCaseStudies/AllCaseStudies/Pages/Nestl%C3

%A9-Cocoa-Plan-in-action-C%C3%B4te-dIvoire.aspx – Nestlé cocoa plan in action

A clip made by Nestlé to highlight their activities on improving labor conditions.

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12. http://www.icco.org/pdf/agree10english.pdf - ICCO

The international Cacao Agreement.

13. http://www.unicef.org/media/files/SOWC_2011_Main_Report_EN_02092011.pdf - UNICEF

A report called: The state of the World‟s Children. Statistics about children in forced child labor

and an overview of the cocoa industry.

14. http://www.maketradefair.com/en/assets/english/CocoaStudy.pdf - The cacao market - a

background study

A background report about the cacao industry.

15. http://www.thecocoaplan.com/sourcing-cocoa/ - ICI

An overview of the mission statement, goals and objectives of the ICI.

16. http://foundationcenter.org/ - NGO Foundation center

The website of the UN Foundation center, containing information about alternative ways to find

funds for NGOs.

17. http://www.fundersonline.org/englisch/index.html - Funders Online

The website of the organization Funders online. A clear overview can be found of alternative

foundation options for setting up organizations.

18. http://www.pnnonline.org/ - Philanthropy News Network

This website contains a lot of information and updates on voluntary work. Ways are shown how

and where to gain funds for setting up and maintaining an NGO.