Child Development Laura E. Berk 8th edition Physical Development This multimedia product and its...

Child DevelopmentChild Development Laura E. Berk Laura E. Berk 8th edition8th edition

Physical Physical DevelopmentDevelopment

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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Genetic FoundationsGenetic Foundations

ChromosomesChromosomes – store and – store and transmit genetic information.transmit genetic information.

GenesGenes – segments of DNA – segments of DNA located along the located along the chromosomes.chromosomes.

DNADNA – substance of which – substance of which genes and chromosomes are genes and chromosomes are made.made.

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Boy or Girl? Boy or Girl?

The twenty-third pair consists of sex chromosomes. In females, this pair is called XX, in males this pair is called XY. This cell donor is male.


Periods of Prenatal DevelopmentPeriods of Prenatal Development

PeriodPeriod LengthLength Key EventsKey Events

ZygoteZygote 2 weeks2 weeks

• FertilizationFertilization• ImplantationImplantation• Start of placentaStart of placenta

EmbryoEmbryo 6 weeks6 weeks

• Arms, legs, face, organs, Arms, legs, face, organs, muscles all developmuscles all develop• Heart begins beatingHeart begins beating

FetusFetus 30 weeks30 weeks • “ “Growth and finishing”Growth and finishing”


The Period of the Fetus The Period of the Fetus

The fetus at 11 weeks. It can kick, bend its arms, open and close its hands

and mouth and suck its thumb.


© Lennart Nillson, A Child is Born /Bonners

Sensitive Periods in Prenatal DevelopmentSensitive Periods in Prenatal Development


Teratogens: things that cause Teratogens: things that cause malformationmalformation

DrugsDrugs– PrescriptionPrescription– NonprescriptionNonprescription– IllegalIllegal

TobaccoTobaccoAlcoholAlcoholRadiationRadiationPollutionPollutionMaternal DiseasesMaternal Diseases

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Factors That AffectFactors That AffectHarm from TeratogensHarm from Teratogens

DoseDoseHeredityHeredityOther negative Other negative influencesinfluencesAge at time of exposureAge at time of exposure

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Maternal Factors in Maternal Factors in Healthy Prenatal DevelopmentHealthy Prenatal Development

ExerciseExercise

NutritionNutrition

Emotional StressEmotional Stress

AgeAge

Previous BirthsPrevious BirthsRubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD


ImitationImitation

Newborns can imitateNewborns can imitate

Harder to induce in older babiesHarder to induce in older babies– Some suggest Some suggest

it is a reflexit is a reflex

Capacity improves Capacity improves

with agewith age– Helps infants learnHelps infants learn– Mirror neuronsMirror neurons Family Life Royalty Free CD


Some Milestones of ReachingSome Milestones of Reaching


© Laura Dwight Photography; © Michael Siluk/The Image Works; © Laura Dwight Photography; © Elizabeth Crows/The Image Works

Newborn Senses of Newborn Senses of Taste and SmellTaste and Smell

Have odor preferences from Have odor preferences from birthbirth– Affected by mother’s diet during Affected by mother’s diet during

pregnancypregnancy

Can locate odors and identify Can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birthmother by smell from birth

Prefer sweet tastes at birthPrefer sweet tastes at birthQuickly learn to like new tastesQuickly learn to like new tastes

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Newborn Sense of HearingNewborn Sense of Hearing

Can hear a wide variety of Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birthsounds at birth

Prefer complex sounds to Prefer complex sounds to pure tonespure tones

Learn sound patterns Learn sound patterns within dayswithin days

Sensitive to voices and Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to biologically prepared to learn languagelearn language



Developments in HearingDevelopments in Hearing

4 4 –– 7 7 monthsmonths

Sense of musical phrasingSense of musical phrasing


• ““Screen outScreen out”” sounds from non- sounds from non-native languagesnative languages• Recognize familiar words, natural Recognize familiar words, natural phrasing in native languagephrasing in native language


Detect syllables that often occur Detect syllables that often occur together in the same wordtogether in the same word


Newborn Sense of VisionNewborn Sense of Vision

Least developed of senses at birthLeast developed of senses at birth

Unable to see long distances, focus Unable to see long distances, focus clearlyclearly

Scan environment and Scan environment and try to track interesting try to track interesting objectsobjects

Color vision improves Color vision improves in first two monthsin first two months



Newborn’s Limited Focusing Ability Newborn’s Limited Focusing Ability


From Kellman & Anterberry, 2006; Slater, 2001

Improvements in VisionImprovements in Vision

2 months: focus and 2 months: focus and color vision color vision 6 months: acuity, 6 months: acuity, scanning & trackingscanning & tracking6–7 months: depth 6–7 months: depth perceptionperception

Brain development helps infants reach Brain development helps infants reach adult levels of vision:adult levels of vision:

Photodisc


Steps in Pattern PerceptionSteps in Pattern Perception

3 3 weeks weeks

• Poor contrast sensitivityPoor contrast sensitivity• Prefers large simple patternsPrefers large simple patterns

2 2 monthsmonths

• Can detect detail in complex patternsCan detect detail in complex patterns• Scans internal features of patternsScans internal features of patterns

4 4 monthsmonths

•Can detect patterns even if boundaries Can detect patterns even if boundaries are not really presentare not really present

12 12 monthsmonths

•Can detect objects even if two-thirds of Can detect objects even if two-thirds of drawing is missingdrawing is missing


The Way Two Checkerboards Differing in Complexity The Way Two Checkerboards Differing in Complexity

Look to Infants in the First Few Weeks of LifeLook to Infants in the First Few Weeks of Life


A Few Weeks

2% of Lifespan

Periods of Physical Periods of Physical GrowthGrowth

Seven Years16% of Lifespan

20% of Lifespan


Growth Curve: VelocityGrowth Curve: Velocity


Changes in Body ProportionsChanges in Body Proportions


Changes in Fat-Muscle MakeupChanges in Fat-Muscle Makeup

Fat Muscle

Birth/ Infancy• Peaks at 9 months• Girls have more

Added slowly

Childhood

• From around age 8, girls add more fat on arms, legs, trunk than boys

Added slowly

Adolescence• Girls add• Boys lose

Boys add much more than girls


Sex Differences Sex Differences in Gross Motor Skillsin Gross Motor Skills

PhysicalPhysical– Childhood:Childhood: small differences small differences– Adolescence:Adolescence: boys develop boys develop

more strength, speed, more strength, speed, endurance endurance

SocialSocial– More athletic pressure on boysMore athletic pressure on boys

May lead to more practiceMay lead to more practice

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Major Milestones Major Milestones of Brain Developmentof Brain Development


Regions of the Cerebral CortexRegions of the Cerebral Cortex


Lateralization of Cerebral CortexLateralization of Cerebral Cortex

Left HemisphereLeft Hemisphere

Sensory information Sensory information and control of right and control of right side of bodyside of bodyVerbal abilitiesVerbal abilitiesPositive emotionPositive emotionSequential, analytical Sequential, analytical processingprocessing

Right HemisphereRight Hemisphere

Sensory information Sensory information and control of left side and control of left side of bodyof bodySpatial abilitiesSpatial abilitiesNegative emotionNegative emotionHolistic, integrative Holistic, integrative processingprocessing


Sensitive Periods in Sensitive Periods in Brain DevelopmentBrain Development

Experience-Expectant GrowthExperience-Expectant Growth– Ordinary experiences “expected” by brain to Ordinary experiences “expected” by brain to

grow normallygrow normally

Experience-Dependent GrowthExperience-Dependent Growth– Additional growth as a result of specific Additional growth as a result of specific

learning experienceslearning experiences

Stimulation vital when brain is Stimulation vital when brain is growing rapidlygrowing rapidly

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Factors That Affect Physical GrowthFactors That Affect Physical Growth

HeredityHeredity

NutritionNutrition

Infectious DiseaseInfectious Disease

Emotional Well-BeingEmotional Well-Being

Pho

tod

isc


Nutrition in ChildhoodNutrition in Childhood

Appetite becomes unpredictableAppetite becomes unpredictable

Like of familiar foodsLike of familiar foods

Need high-quality dietNeed high-quality diet

Social environment influences Social environment influences food choicesfood choices– Imitate admired peopleImitate admired people

– Repeated exposure to foodsRepeated exposure to foods

– Emotional climate, parental pressureEmotional climate, parental pressure

– PovertyPoverty

Photodisc


Potential Nutrition Problems Potential Nutrition Problems

Little focus on eatingLittle focus on eating

Too few meals with familyToo few meals with family

Not enough fruits and vegetablesNot enough fruits and vegetables

Too many fried foods and soft drinksToo many fried foods and soft drinks

Poverty and lack of nutritional foodPoverty and lack of nutritional food

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MalnutritionMalnutrition

Types Consequences

• Marasmus• Kwashiorkor• Iron-deficiency anemia• Food insecurity

• Physical symptoms• Growth and weight problems• Poor motor development• Learning, attention problems• Passivity, irritability, anxiety


Health Risks for Obese ChildrenHealth Risks for Obese Children

More likely to be overweight adultsMore likely to be overweight adultsHealth risksHealth risks– Blood pressure, cholesterolBlood pressure, cholesterol– Respiratory problemsRespiratory problems– DiabetesDiabetes– Liver, gall bladder diseaseLiver, gall bladder disease– Sleep, digestive disordersSleep, digestive disorders– CancerCancer– Early deathEarly death


Causes of ObesityCauses of Obesity

Family eating habitsFamily eating habits

Response to food cuesResponse to food cues

Low physical activityLow physical activityTelevisionTelevisionCultural dietary Cultural dietary conditionsconditions

Overweight parentsOverweight parents

Early rapid growth or malnutritionEarly rapid growth or malnutrition

Low SESLow SES

Family Life Royalty Free CD


TV Viewing & Body Fat GainsTV Viewing & Body Fat Gains


Psychological and SocialPsychological and SocialConsequences of ObesityConsequences of Obesity

Feeling unattractiveFeeling unattractive

Stereotyping Stereotyping

Teasing, social isolationTeasing, social isolation

DepressionDepression

Problem behaviorsProblem behaviors

Less schooling, lower income, Less schooling, lower income, marriage problemsmarriage problems


Conceptions of AdolescenceConceptions of Adolescence

Biological PerspectiveBiological Perspective– Puberty Puberty – Storm and StressStorm and Stress

Social PerspectiveSocial Perspective– Cultural influencesCultural influences

Balanced Point of ViewBalanced Point of View– Both biological and social Both biological and social

influencesinfluences

Corbis Images


Psychological and EmotionalPsychological and EmotionalReactions to PubertyReactions to Puberty

Reactions to menarche Reactions to menarche and spermarche varyand spermarche vary– PreparationPreparation

– Rites of passageRites of passage

Adolescent moodinessAdolescent moodiness

Parent-child conflictParent-child conflictRubberBall Productions Royalty Free CD


Adolescent Emotions Adolescent Emotions Across the WeekAcross the Week


Sleep Habits in AdolescenceSleep Habits in Adolescence Still need almost as much sleep but go

to bed laterBiological “phase delay”Social habits

Lack of sleep impairs regulation of attention, emotion

Lower achievement Mood problems High-risk behaviors

Corb

is Ima

ge

s


Consequences of Timing of PubertyConsequences of Timing of Puberty

Girls Boys

Early Maturing

• Unpopular, withdrawn, low confidence• More deviant behavior • Negative body image• More long-term problems

• Popular• Confident, independent• Positive body image

Late Maturing

• Popular• Sociable, lively, school leaders• Positive body image

• Unpopular• Anxious, talkative, attention-seeking• Negative body image


Characteristics of Characteristics of Sexually Active AdolescentsSexually Active Adolescents

Personal

•Early puberty•Tendency to violate norms•Little religious involvement

Family

•Step, single-parent, or large family•Weak parental monitoring, parent-child communication

Peer •Sexually active friends or siblings

Educational•Poor school performance•Low educational goals


Risks for Teen MothersRisks for Teen Mothers

Less educational Less educational achievementachievement

More time as single More time as single parentsparents

Economic problemsEconomic problems

Pregnancy and birth Pregnancy and birth complicationscomplications

Lack of parenting skillsLack of parenting skillsDigitalVision


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