January | February 2013

Chicken viscera for fish feed formulation

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2013 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

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Fish as a source of animal proteinhas played an important role inthe nutritional budgeting of manynations.Fishproductionisbecoming

averyimportantsourceofvaluableproteinfood.Fishmealisthemajorproteinsourceinaquaculturefeeds.

However, the supply of fishmeal is notgrowingworldwideandthepriceisoftenhigh,sothereplacementof fishmealwithcheaperprotein sources is needed. Chicken visceraareamongsuchproteinsourcesreplacingfish-meal.Viscera are the largeorgans inside thebody: such as the heart, lungs and stomach.Research findings has revealed that certainchickenvisceralorgans suchasheartcontainover 80 percent protein of excellent qualitywhiletraditionalfishmealnormallycontain60–80percenthighqualityprotein.

FishmealFishmealisthemostimportantcomponent

in fish feed formulation. It is a commercialproduct made from fish and the bones andoffal fromprocessedfish. It isabrownpow-der or cake obtained by drying the fish orfish trimmings, often after cooking, and thengrindingit. If it isafattyfishit isalsopressedtoextractmostofthefishoil.

Fishmeal is a nutrient-rich and highprotein supplement feed ingredient thatstores well, and is used primarily in dietsfor domestic animals and sometimes as ahigh-qualityorganic fertilizer.Fishmealandfishoil replacementhasbeenthe focusofvery significant research efforts and hun-dreds of scientific papers in recent years.Despite years of research, fishmeal andfishoilremainveryimportant,quasiessen-tial, components of successful commercial

feedsformostfishandcrustaceanspecies.This generally has an impact on the feedandproductioncostsformanyaquacultureproducts.

Over the past five decades, dozens ofdifferentproteinandlipidsourceshavebeenevaluated in hundreds of ‘practical’ feedingtrials.Manyofthesetrials focusedonreplac-ing fishmeal, fish oil or other high qualityprotein and lipid sourcesbyputativelymorecost-effectiveproteinandlipidsources.Whatis often overlooked in many trials is thatfishmeal and fishoil are complex ingredientsthat are known to vary greatly in chemicalcomposition.

The rawmaterial sources and types, sea-sons, and processing equipment and condi-tions used in the manufacturing of theseingredients all have great impacts on thechemical composition and nutritive value ofthese ingredients. Incorporating ‘20 percentfishmealinthediet’or‘replacing50percentof the fish meal or fish oil of the diet’ maymeanverydifferent thingsdependingon thetype and chemical composition of the fishmeal and fish oil used in the study and thefishmealandfishoillevelsinthecontroldietfor such a reason, the composition of theingredientstobeusedforreplacingfishmealmustbedetermined.

Protein and amino acids utilisation

Protein is theprincipal constituentof thetissuesandorgansoffishbodyandthereforeanessentialnutrientforbothmaintenanceandgrowth in fish.The requirement forproteinsinfishisthereforeveryobvioussinceproteinconstitutesmorethan45-47percentofthetissuesdrymatter.Acontinualsupplyofpro-teinisneededthroughoutlifeformaintenance

andgrowth.Catfish,likeotheranimals,actuallydonothaveaproteinrequirement,buttheyrequireasourceofnon-specificnitrogenandindispensableaminoacids.

Usually, the most economical source ofthese elements is a mixture of proteins infeedstuffs.Ingestedproteinsarehydrolyzedtoreleaseaminoacidsthatmaybeusedforsyn-thesisoftissueproteinorifinexcess,usedforenergy.Useofproteinforenergyisexpensive,thuscatfishfeedshouldbebalancedtoassurethatadequate levelsofnon-specificnitrogen,aminoacidsandnon-proteinenergyaresup-pliedinproperproportion.

It is more precise to formulate fish

feed based on amino acid requirements.Nutritionally, aminoacidsmaybe classifiedas either indispensable (essential) or dis-pensable (non-essentials).An indispensableamino acid is one that the animal cannotsynthesize in quantities. Sufficient for bodyneeds, thus they must be supplied in the

Chicken viscera for fish feed formulationby M.G Imam, Bau Chi State University, Nigeria

Table 1: Amino Acids Requirements of Catfish

amino acidsrequirement (% of dietary

protien)

arginine 4.3

Histidine 1.5

Isoleucine 2.6

lysine 5.1

leucine 3.5

Methionine+cystine 2.3

Phenylalanine+tyrosine 5.0

threonine 2.0

tryptophan 0.5

Valine 3.0

10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2013

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diet. A dispensable amino acid is one thatcanbesynthesizedbytheanimalinquanti-ties sufficient for maximal growth. Mostsimple - stomach animals, including catfishrequire the same 10 indispensable aminoacids.

Justification for chicken viscera as a replacement for fishmeal

Fishmeal is themost important compo-nent in fish feedmaking. Fishmeal contains60-80 percent protein of excellent quality,which is highly palatable to fish. Since fish-meal is a good source of essential aminoacids, it is often used to supplement feedscontaining plant proteins. Fishmeal is also

rich in energy, minerals and essential fattyacids.Itisusedatlevelsupto50percentincatfishfryfeeds,upto12percentincatfishfingerling feeds and from 0-8 percent ingrow-outfishfeeds.

Fishmealremainsthemajordietarypro-tein source in fish feed but escalatingcost, uncertainty unavailability and lesserquantity has necessitated the use of otherproteinsourcestoreducefeedcostwithoutcompromising growth. Therefore, effortshave long been directed to find alternateprotein sources of good quality which arelessexpensiveand readily availableas sub-stitutesforfishmealcomponent inpracticaldiets.

A chief and readily available sourceof high quality animal protein is chickenviscera which are considered as a wastein the poultry industry. In the poultryprocessing industry, viscera accounts fornearly 30 percent of the byproducts.Fishmealisamajorproteinsourceinaqua-feed especially for carnivorous species.Increasing demand, unstable supplies andhighpricesof fishmealwiththeexpansionof aquaculture have made it necessaryto search for alternative protein sources.Moreover, price of fishmeal is often high.It is necessary to replace fishmeal withcheaperproteinsources.

Plantprotein sources suchasdefatted

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soybean meal and corn gluten meal aregood candidates as fishmeal substitutes.However, those ingredients contain anti-nutritive substances such as phytic acidand also lack essential nutrients such astaurine.Forsuchreasons, that iswhytheuseofanimalproteinsourcesisnecessaryandthecheapestandmostreliableanimalprotein source that is readily available inmost countries of the world is chickenviscera.

ConclusionOne of the greatest challenges in con-

temporary aquaculture especially in rela-tion to fish nutrition is finding a desirablereplacementforfishmeal.Researchersfromall over the world have been conductingresearches in order to find replacementfor fish meal from both animal and plantsources.

However, there are certain disadvan-tages that are associatedwith the replace-mentsfromplantsourcesrangingfromlownutritious value to lack of essential aminoacids.Ontheotherhand,ananimalsourcegives better results. Research on chickenviscera has revealed fascinating results andscientistsfromallovertheworldaredoingmorework.Mycurrentresearchfocusesonproximate analysis of chicken viscera as apotential replacement for fishmeal in pan-gasius culture. It is hoped that the endingresultswillrevealmorecluesthatwilljustifychicken viscera as a potential replacementforfishmeal.

References

ThanhHungLe.SubagjaJ,SlembrouckJ.&LegendreM.(1998)StudyonmassmortalityofPangasiushypophthalmusduringlarvalrearinganditscontrolandprevention.Abstract27,NationalWorkshoponAquaculture,September29±30,1998,BacNinh,Vietnam.

S.N.Jamdar,M.H.KishoreAndP.Harikumar(2005)InfluenceOfIonizingRadiationOnProteinDegradationByEndogenousProteasesInPoultryViscera.NAARRIAnnualConference(NAC2005),HeldAtMumbai,IssueNo.273October2006.

SubagjaJ.,SlembrouckJ.,HungL.T.&LegendreM.(1999)LarvalrearingofanAsianPangasiushypophthalmus(SiluroideiPangasiidae):analysisofprecociousmortalityandpropositionofappropriatetreatments.AquaticLivingResources12,37±44.

FergusonH.W.(1989)SystemicPathologyofFish.ATextandAtlasofComparativeTissueResponsesinDiseasesofTeleosts.IowaStateUniversityPress,Ames,Iowa,USA.

BabatopeA.F.(2009).Appliednutritiontechnologyinfishandlivestockseries(2)PublishedbyB.A.Falayi(Ph.D).NationalInstituteforFreshwaterFisheriesResearch(N.I.F.F.R)P.M.B.6006,NewBussa,NigerStateNigeria63-108pp.

BabatopeA.F.(2009).FeedFormulationManufactureandQualityAppraisalforFishandLivestockSeries(4).NationalInstituteforFreshwaterFisheriesResearch(N.I.F.F.R).PMB6006NewBussa,NigerStateNigeria.1-6Ipp.

BabatopeA.F.(2009).Tropicalfeedstuffcompositiontablesandsomebiologicalcataloguesinfishandlivestockproductionseries(3).Publishedby-B.A.Falayi(Ph.D).NationalInstituteforFreshwaterFisheriesResearch(N.I.F.F.R).PMB6006NewBussa,NigerState,Nigeria.5-16pp.

ShibaShankarGiri,SangramKetanSahooandSatyendraNathMohanty(2010)ReplacementofBy-CatchFishmealwithDriedChickenVisceraMealinExtrudedFeeds:EffectOnGrowth,NutrientUtilisationandCarcassCompositionofCatfishClariasBatrachus(Linn.)fingerlings.AquacultureInternationalVolume18,Number4(2010),539-544,DOI:10.1007/S10499-009-9265-3.

PreedaPhumee,RoshadaHashim,MohammedAliyuPaiko&AlexanderChongShu-Chien(2009)EffectsofdietaryproteinandlipidcontentongrowthperformanceandbiologicalindicesofiridescentShark(Pangasiushypophthalmus,Sauvage1878)fry.Aquacultureresearch2009.40,456-463.

Balogun,A.M.,Adebayo,O.T.,Madu,C.T.,andEyo,A.A.,Falayi,B.A.,(2003).Leachingoffeednutrients,economiclossestofishfarming.JournalofAquaticScience,18(2):119-123.

Li,M.H.andE.H.Robinson,(1996).Phosphorusavailability(digestibility)ofcommonfeedstuffstochannelcatfishasmeasuredbyweightgainandbonemineralization,JournaloftheWorldAquacultureSociety,27:297-302.

Crumlish,M.&Dung,T.T.2006.StrategiestoreduceriskandlivelihoodimpactassociatedwithoutbreaksofBacillaryNecrosisofPangasiusspp.(BNP)farmedintheMekongDelta,VietNam.DFIDAquacultureandFishGeneticsResearchProgramme,FinalTechnicalReport(R8093).DFID,London,England.186pages.

Abbas,I.I.andUkoje,1.A.(2009).RuralwaterutilizationfactorsaffectingaquacultureinOwolocalgovernmentareaofOndoState,Nigeria,JournalofGeographyandRegionalPlanning2(8)190-197.

Pauly,DanielandWatson,Reg(2009)"SpatialDynamicsofMarineFisheries"In:SimonA.Levin(ed.)ThePrincetonGuidetoEcology.Pages501–509.

GoodwinA.E.,RoyJ.S.,GrizzteJ.M.&GoldsbyM.T.(1994)BacillusMycoides-abacterialpathogenofchannelcatfish.DiseasesofAquaticOrganisms18,173±179.

DominiqueP.Bureau(2012)DeconstructingtheFishMealandFishOilReplacementStoryinAquaculture:FocusingonNutrientRequirements,CharacterizationofFeedIngredientsandPragmaticApproaches,theAlltech28thInternationalSymposiumMay20-23,2012,Lexington,Kentucky.

ShuichiSatoh(2012)Replacingfishmeal–Animperativethataquaculturemustsuccessfullyaddress,theAlltech28thInternationalSymposiumMay20-23,2012,Lexington,Kentucky.

M.GImamandB.SAudu(2012)Proximateanalysisofchickenviscerawasteasapotentialreplacementforfishmealinfishfeedformulation.(Unpublished).

HenkenAM.,LucasH,TijseenPATandMichielsMAM1986Acomparisonbetweenmethodsusedtodeterminetheenergycontentoffeed,fishandfaecalsamples.Aquaculture58:195-201

AKumar,ABhatnagarandSKGarg(2009)Growthperformance,carcasscompositionanddigestiveenzymeactivityofpearlspot,Etroplussuratensis(Bloch)rearedininlandsalinegroundwaterpondsprovidingsubstrateorfeed.LivestockResearchforRuralDevelopment21(10)2009.

Thisarticlewasoriginallypublishedon

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