Chichilnisky UU UNO April 8 2010

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    Climate afterCopenhagen

    Graciela ChichilniskyColumbia University

    Unitarian Universalist UN OfficeUnited Nations HeadquartersNew York April 8 2010

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    Copenhagen COP 15

    A Pivotal Event

    Began US participation in the Kyoto Process

    No binding agreement was reached inCopenhagen creating consternation

    But great progress

    Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 2

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    In Copenhagen -December 2010

    I introduced NEGATIVE CARBONwording into the Clean DevelopmentMechanism of the Kyoto Protocol

    NEGATIVE CARBON is the ONLY wayKyoto Protocol and its CleanDevelopment Mechanism can help

    fund clean development in Africa,Latin America and Small Island States

    Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 3

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    In Copenhagen -December 2009

    I proposed a $200 bn/year Private/PublicFund for 15 years

    A GREEN POWER FUND to build CLEANpower plants in Africa, Latin America and

    Small Island States partly funded byKyoto

    My proposal - watered down - was offeredby Sec. Hillary Clinton in Copenhagen tohelp mitigate risks of climate change inpoor nations

    Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 4

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    ecent

    Progress

    2007 US Supreme Court allows Presidential decisionto limit carbon emissions without Congress

    June 2009: House votes Markey-Waxman Bill capand trade bill a mini version of Kyoto Protocol

    November 2009: EPA announces role under Clean

    Air Act March 2010: EPA/DoT carbon limits first time in US

    history: 35.5 g/mile by 2016

    Next power plants, steel mills, and

    2010: US CARBON CAPS

    Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 5

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    US converges to KyotoProtocol

    Once US CARBON CAPS in placeTrading is just a matter of

    efficiency

    The next step is CAP and TRADE A mini version of the KyotoProtocol (Waxman-Market Bill 09)

    Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 6

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    The Carbon Market

    US is converging to the carbon market Icreated in the UN Kyoto Protocol Dec 1997

    Carbon Market is International Law since 2005

    Already trading a $125 bn/year - $50 CDM

    Creates a carbon price that changes the use ofenergy all over the world

    Clean energy is more efficient and profitable

    Makes dirty energy inefficient and costly

    Creates a new cleanereconomy

    Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 7

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    The Need for CarbonNegative

    Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 8

    Carbon Neutral is notenough Neutralizing emissions will not

    prevent further increases inatmospheric CO2

    Even the most aggressive

    efficiency improvements andrenewables adoption are unlikelyto keep CO2 concentration at thegenerally agreed 450ppmnecessary to avoid catastrophicclimate risk

    Carbon Negative is thesolution Air capture enables direct and

    rapid reduction of CO2concentrations

    It allows for the capture of evenmore CO2 than we are loadinginto the atmosphere or that theearths systems can absorb

    AC technology directlyreduces carbon

    concentration in the air,making carbon negative

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    How to Implement theSolution?

    Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 9

    Air capturetechnology

    has the potential to make energy productioncarbon negative

    Addresses the climate change challengeinthe most effective, direct, and safe

    manner

    Accelerates the commercialization ofrenewables and spurs globaldevelopment

    Can produce carbon-based assets, such asalgae-based biofuel, creating sustainable

    revenue opportunities

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    Unique Advantages of AirCapture

    Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 10

    Carbon NegativeSolutionsEnables an energy orindustrial plant to captureeven more CO2 than isemitted providing a carbonnegative solutionFlexible IntegrationLegacy power plants, newfossil, nuclear, renewableplants, industrial plants anywhere heat is available

    Scalable DesignModular designs can beadapted for different sizedapplications

    Low-Cost PPowered by low-cost,

    widely-available processheatAllows operating andcapital cost efficiencies

    Provides measurable advantagesover other forms of carboncapture - stationery or otherwiseSAFER than Geo- enginering

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    Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 11

    Lower operating costs Lower capital costs Less disruptivecan be easily

    retrofitted into existing plantinfrastructure

    Can be flexibly located with

    access to low-temperature heatsource - avoids need for costlypipelining or highconcentrations of CO2

    Moves beyond carbon neutral tocarbon ne ative

    Air capture has considerable cost andproprietary advantages overconventional CCS including:

    Air Capture Competes Wellwith CCS

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    Air Capture vs. OtherMethods

    Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 12

    Technology / method Upfront cost Ongoing

    costs

    Scalability Negative

    externalities

    Other

    Global Thermostat Low Low Highly scalable;flexible application

    Minimal Could provide additional revenue to

    accelerate the transition to

    renewable energy

    Clean coal* High Medium Limited to newpower plants

    Environmental

    impact of coal

    mining

    Does nothing to offset CO2

    from

    non-coal sources

    Other point source capture* Medium High Limited to pointsources

    Minimal Does not offset CO2 from mobile

    sources; impurities in flue gas

    degrade sorbent

    Ocean iron fertilization Low Low Highly scalable Extreme: Alterationof key biological

    systems

    Does not address the root cause of

    climate change

    Atmospheric seeding* Low Low Highly scalable Extreme: Potentialalteration of global

    water cycle

    Significant unknowns; does notaddress the root cause of climate

    change; can be exploited by

    individual nations to pursue their

    own agendas

    Global Thermostat has significant advantages in cost,

    scalability and risk

    *Not carbonnegative

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    Air Capture Solution

    Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 13

    Three-Step Process ProducesConcentrated CO2 StreamStep 1

    Air InputStep 2

    CO2Capture

    Step 3CO2

    Regeneration

    OtherApplication

    s

    Compression

    Transport &Injection

    Subsequent steps are generally shared by allCO2 capture methods

    Key totechnology

    iscogeneratio

    n using lowtemperature processheat tocapture

    CO2

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    Three-Step ProcessOverview

    Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 14

    Step 1Air Input

    Step 2CO2

    Capture

    Step 3CO2

    Regeneration Efficiently moveslarge quantities of

    air to overcome lowconcentration ofCO2

    The air stream isexposed to anamine-based

    sorbent designedto be spread overan appropriatesurface area

    Carbon binds tosorbent

    DOE Sorbentsproven effective byDOE and GeorgiaTech

    Immobilizedamines on poroussubstrate reduceheat requirementscompared to liquidsystems

    Carbon-rich sorbentis heated with low-

    temperatureprocess heat (100C)

    Carbon is flushedaway orregenerated to be

    stored or used inmultiplecommercialapplicationsAir Capture technology utilizes proven

    technical components with most equipment

    off-the-shelf

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    Applications & Markets forCaptured CO2

    Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 15

    *EOR and Algae-based biofuelsrepresent most

    significantopportunities for

    commercialapplications of CO2captured using

    GTs technology

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    Enhanced Oil Recovery inthe U.S.

    Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 16

    According to the U.S. Department of Energy:

    Significant volumes of oil remaining in known U.S. oil fieldscould be produced by injection of CO2

    2005 oil production from CO2 EOR was approximately 86billion barrels

    A total of 1,673 fields identified as candidates for CO2 EOR

    accounting for 146 billion barrels

    The potential U.S.market for CO2 EORis ~20 billion metric

    tons of CO2, a market

    size of $800 billionGTs air capture technology is an economical CO2source which can be flexibly located to reduce

    pipelining costs often a considerablebarrier for EOR

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    Algae-Based Biofuels)

    Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 17

    Advanced biofuels are critical to building a cleaner, moresustainable transportation system in the U.S.. Energy Secretary

    Steven Chu, December 2009

    Algae Growth : Sunlight+CO2+WaterThe natural process of photosynthesisAs algae grows, they accumulate fats andbio-oils, similar in structure to traditionalcrude oil,.

    As algae are harvested, oils are extractedand used to create fuel products

    CO2 capturedcan enhance

    algae

    production by5X

    Closes the carbon CycleProducing carbon negativebiofuelsDoes not compete with food

    Using waste water producesdrinkable water

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    Project Development with Algae

    Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 18

    Desalination

    CO2

    Wast

    ewater

    AlgaeProductio

    n

    Dewatering

    FuelProductio

    n

    Fuels,Electricit

    y &Biochar

    TreatedWastewa

    ter

    Drinking

    Water

    Produces carbon negative transportation fuels(diesel, jet, etc)

    Treats municipal wastewater and producesdrinking waterGenerates green electricity and biochar fertilizers

    Fully-integrated biorefinery

    This unique combination of technologies provides criticalmunicipal services while producing energy in an embodiment

    that is

    SolarEnergy

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    Air Capture in the News

    Global Thermostat Company Confidential March 2010, Page 19

    "Increasingly it looks like air capture will be needed. Efforts to limit CO2

    emissions will need to be strengthened massively if they are to keepconcentrations from reaching dangerous levels, so there may be little choicebut to remove some of the CO2 already in the air or cool the planet in otherways. -Nicola Jones, Nature News, April 30, 2009

    "One possibility, Dr. Roger Pielke Jr. of the Univ. of Colorado says, would be toremove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the future. He calculates that it

    could cost about the same, in the long run, as making drastic cuts in emissionstoday, and could be cheaper if the technology improves. It could also be a loteasier sell to the public." -John Tierney, New York Times, February 24, 2009

    "Most importantly, air capture embodies the essential causeeffect relations -the basic go - of the climate change problem, by acting directly to reduce CO2

    concentrations, independent of the complexities of the global energy system.-Daniel Sarewitz and Richard Nelson, Nature, December 25, 2008

    "[Eisenberger and Chichilnisky] estimate that they could remove about fivepounds of carbon dioxide per kilowatt-hour of electricity produced. (A coal plantemits about two pounds when it makes that much electricity.) 'If you want tosolve the global warming problem, you cant do that by staying even,' Dr.

    Eisenberger said. -Matthew L. Wald, New York Times, March 26, 2008

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    Graciela Chichilnisky

    Director, Columbia Consortium forRisk Management

    Professor of Economics and

    StatisticsColumbia University, New York(212) 678-1148

    Email: [email protected]

    Website: www.chichilnisky.com

    Global Thermostat Company Confidential March 2010, Page 20

    mailto:[email protected]://www.chichilnisky.com/http://www.chichilnisky.com/mailto:[email protected]