Chicago School- Works of Sullivon

8/20/2019 Chicago School- Works of Sullivon

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Lesson 6

CHICAGO SCHOOL & WORKS OFLOUIS SULLIVAN


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INTRODUCTION TO CHICAGO SCHOOL The Chicago school was a style that e!elo"e as a #es$lt o% the G#eat Fi#e o% Chicago i '()'*

+e%o#e the %i#e, -$iligs we#e -$ilt o% h$ge a.o$ts o% stoe, a co$l ot -e !e#y high*

G#owig $se o% the ele!ato#, a the steel s/eleto, the -$iligs g#ew talle# a talle#* The steelst#$ct$#e also allowe wiows to -e .ae -igge#*

A#chitects we#e eco$#age to -$il highe# st#$ct$#es -eca$se o% the escalatig la "#ices Coscio$s o% the "ossi-ilities o% the ew .ate#ials a st#$ct$#es they e!elo"e -$iligs i which0

Isolate %ootig s$""o#te a s/eleto o% i#o ecase i .aso#y The#e we#e0

%i#e"#oo% %loo#s,

$.e#o$s %ast ele!ato#s a gas light

The t#aitioal .aso#y wall -eca.e c$#tais, %$ll o% glass, s$""o#te -y the .etal s/eleto The %i#st s/ysc#a"e#s we#e -o#*


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1 Chicago2s a#chitect$#e is %a.o$sth#o$gho$t the wo#l a oe style is#e%e##e to as the Chicago School*

1 The style is also /ow as Co..e#cialstyle* I the histo#y o% a#chitect$#e, theChicago School wasa school o% a#chitects acti!ei Chicago at the t$# o% the 34thcet$#y*

1 They we#e a.og the %i#st to "#o.otethe ew techologies o% steel5%#a.ecost#$ctio i co..e#cial -$iligs,

a e!elo"e a s"atial aestheticwhich co5e!ol!e with, a the ca.eto i%l$ece, "a#allel e!elo".ets i6$#o"ea 7oe#is.*

1 A 8Seco Chicago School8 late#e.e#ge i the '9:4s a '9)4swhich "ioee#e ew -$ilig

techologies a st#$ct$#alsyste.s s$ch as the t$-e5%#a.est#$ct$#e*


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1 So.e o% the istig$ishig %eat$#es o% the Chicago Schoola#e the $se o% steel5%#a.e -$iligs with .aso#y claig;$s$ally te##a cottaecte o$to!e# the st#eet*


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1 I the '9:4s, a 8Seco Chicago School8 e.e#ge %#o. the wo#/ o% L$wig 7ies !a e#Rohe a his e%%o#ts o% e$catio at the Illiois Istit$te o% Techology i Chicago*

1 Its %i#st a "$#est e="#essio was the (@45((4 La/e Sho#e D#i!e A"a#t.ets ;'9'< a thei#techological achie!e.ets*

1 This was s$""o#te a ela#ge i the '9@4s $e to the ieas o% st#$ct$#al egiee# FaBl$#Kha*

1 He it#o$ce a ew st#$ct$#al syste. o% %#a.e t$-es i s/ysc#a"e# esig a cost#$ctio*

1 The +aglaeshi egiee# FaBl$# Kha e%ie the %#a.e t$-e st#$ct$#e as 8a th#ee

i.esioal s"ace st#$ct$#e co."ose o% th#ee, %o$#, o# "ossi-ly .o#e %#a.es, -#ace %#a.es, o#shea# walls, >oie at o# ea# thei# eges to %o#. a !e#tical t$-e5li/e st#$ct$#al syste. ca"a-le o%#esistig late#al %o#ces i ay i#ectio -y catile!e#ig %#o. the %o$atio*

1 Closely s"ace ite#coecte e=te#io# col$.s %o#. the t$-e*

1 Ho#iBotal loas, %o# e=a."le wi, a#e s$""o#te -y the st#$ct$#e as a whole* A-o$t hal% thee=te#io# s$#%ace is a!aila-le %o# wiows*

1 F#a.e t$-es allow %ewe# ite#io# col$.s, a so c#eate .o#e $sa-le %loo# s"ace* Whe#e la#ge#

o"eigs li/e ga#age oo#s a#e #e$i#e, the t$-e %#a.e .$st -e ite##$"te, with t#as%e# gi#e#s$se to .aitai st#$ct$#al iteg#ity*

S6COND CHICAGO SCHOOL


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1 The %i#st -$ilig to a""ly the t$-e5%#a.ecost#$ctio was the DeWitt5Chest$t

A"a#t.et +$ilig which Kha esige awas co."lete i Chicago -y '9@*

1 This lai the %o$atios %o# the t$-e st#$ct$#eso% .ay othe# late# s/ysc#a"e#s, icl$ig hisow Eoh Hacoc/ Cete# a Willis Towe#,a ca -ee see i the cost#$ctio o% theWo#l T#ae Cete#, et#oas Towe#s, Ei 7ao+$ilig, a .ost othe# s$"e#tall s/ysc#a"e#ssice the '9@4s*

S6COND CHICAGO SCHOOL


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So.e o% the .o#e %a.o$s Chicago School -$iligsicl$e01 A$ito#i$. +$ilig

1S$lli!a Cete# 1Reliace +$ilig

1Gage G#o$" +$iligs

1Chicago +$ilig

1+#oo/s +$ilig

1Fishe# +$ilig1Heywo#th +$ilig

1Leite# I +$ilig

1Leite# II +$ilig

17a#$ette +$ilig

17oaoc/ -$ilig17ota$/ +$ilig

1Roo/e#y +$ilig

1Waiw#ight +$ilig


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SOURC6S OF TH6 STL6 The Lo$isiaa5-o# a#chitect He#y Ho-so Richa#so* Altho$gh he was t#aie at the

cole es +ea$=5A#ts i a#is, Richa#so #e>ecte the cole2s ict$. that the G#ee/ aRo.a classical style was the $lti.ate staa# o% esig* Istea, his ieal was the #$ggeRo.aes$e o% the So$th o% F#ace*

The seco so$#ce o% style %o# the a#chitects o% the Fi#st Chicago School e#i!e %#o. the!e#y at$#e o% the .ate#ial they so wholehea#tely ao"te0 steel*

The Chicago ce#taily cot#i-$te .$ch to Illiois a#chitect$#e, -$t ha#ly ayoe /ows

a-o$t the g#eat ieas a st#og "e#soalities o% 1 Da/.a# Ale#,1 Lo$is S$lli!a,1 Daiel +$#ha.1 Eoh Root,1 Willia. Hola-i# ,

1 7a#ti Roche,1 Willia. Le +a#o Eeey*


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LOUIS SULLIVANLo$is S$lli!a5 was -o# i '(@*S$lli!a tho$ght that a#chitect$#e sho$l e!e# -e st$ie as ase#ies o% styles, -eca$se styles i ot eal with -$iligsJ .ai esig a cost#$ctio*

A A.e#ica a#chitect -ase i Chicago a a .e.-e# o% Chicago school*

S$lli!a was the .ai a#chitect o% this style

S$lli!a "#o!ie his -$ilig with a %i#. !is$al -ase, t#eate the ite#.eiate o%%ice %loo#s asa $it, a c#owe the whole with a -ol co#ice

The eco#ati!e o#a.etatio e!ise -y S$lli!a a $se o so.e o% his o%%ice -$iligs is-ase o %lo#al .oti%s -$t o#gaiBe i a .ae# closely #ese.-lig the I#ish ite#lace o% theea#ly 7ile Ages

S$lli!a esige with the "#ici"les o% #ecocilig the wo#l o% at$#e with sciece atechology

His -$iligs we#e etaile with l$sh, yet taste%$lly s$-$e o#gaic o#a.etatio*

His atte."t to -alace o#a.etatio ito the whole o% -$ilig esig is"i#e a gee#atio

o% A.e#ica a 6$#o"ea a#chitects? the iea that o#a.etatio -e iteg#al to the -$iligitsel%, #athe# tha .e#ely a""lie*

He c#eate a "e#soal style that ha %ew i.itato#s o# %ollowe#s S$lli!a is oe o% the %ewh$.a -eigs to who. F#a/ Lloy W#ight "$-licly ac/owlege a e-t o% i%l$ece i hisca#ee#*

He a#g$e that the -$ilig st#$ct$#e sho$l e="#ess its %$ctio a coie the %a.o$s"h#ase %o#. %ollows %$ctio which -eca.e cet#al the.e* He .eto#e F#a/ Lyo W#ight*


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Lo$is H* S$lli!a was "#o-a-ly the .ost i."o#tat A.e#ica a#chitect o% the '9th cet$#y a isstill cosie#e the Fathe# o% the S/ysc#a"e#*

S$lli!a was -o# i +osto i '(@ a, at age '@, attee the %leglig A#chitect$#e School at7*I*T* At age '(, a%te# wo#/ig $e# a#chitects F#a/ F$#ess i hilael"hia a Willia.Le+a#o Eeey i Chicago, he st$ie at the 6cole es +ea$=5A#ts i a#is %o# a-o$t si= .oths,

%ollowe -y a t#i" to Italy, whe#e he was "a#tic$la#ly i."#esse -y the Sistie Cha"el* S$lli!a the#et$#e to the Uite States a settle i Chicago* A%te# wo#/ig %o# a %ew yea#s at Da/.a# Ale#Js %i#. as chie% #a%ts.a a esige#, they %o#.e the %i#. o% Ale# a S$lli!a i 7ay'((* S$lli!a was the "#i.a#y esig "a#te# a Ale# was the egiee#* Ale# a S$lli!aJs-$iligs, icl$ig the A$ito#i$. a Stoc/ 6=chage +$iligs i Chicago, the Waiw#ight+$ilig i St* Lo$is, a the G$a#aty +$ilig, we#e at the leaig ege o% A.e#ica a#chitect$#ea s/ysc#a"e# esig*

The G$a#aty +$ilig was S$lli!a a Ale#Js last colla-o#atio? Ale# with#ew %#o. the %i#. asthe -$ilig was $e# cost#$ctio* S$lli!a ic#easigly t$#e his "#actice %#o. s/ysc#a"e#s tos.alle# -$iligs i s.all tows* His ca#ee# eclie, a S$lli!a ie i o-sc$#ity a "o!e#ty iChicago i '93:*


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CHARACT6RISTICS +ol geo.et#ic %acaes "ie#ce with eithe# a#che o# litel5ty"e o"eigs*

The wall s$#%ace highlighte with e=tesi!e low5#elie% sc$l"t$#al o#a.etatio i te##a cotta*

+$iligs o%te to""e with ee" "#o>ectig ea!es a %lat #oo%s* The .$lti5sto#y o%%ice co."le= highly #egi.ete ito s"eci%ic Boes o# g#o$ sto#y, ite#.eiate %loo#s, a the

attic o# #oo%*

The ite#.eiate %loo#s a#e a##age i !e#tical -as*

La#ge a#che wiow

Deco#ati!e te##a cotta "ael

Deco#ati!e -a

Ve#tical st#i"s o% wiows

ilaste#5li/e .$llios

#o>ectig ea!es ;the $e# "a#t o% a slo"ig #oo% o!e#hagig a wall<

Highly eco#ate %#ieBe*

6#iche %oliate #icea$ ;a o#a.etal .oti% o% sc#olls o% %oliage, $s$ally !ie<

o#thole wiows

Deco#ate te##a cotta s"a#els Ca"ital o% "ilaste# st#i"s

G$illoche ;a "atte# o% ite#lacig -as %o#.ig a "lait a $se as a e#ich.et o a .o$lig< e#ich.et

Foliate a liea# e#ich.ets alog >a.-s o# et#y


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6MA7L6S GUARANT +UILDING;RUD6NTIAL +UILDING


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WAINWRIGHT BUILDING The Waiw#ight +$ilig ;also /ow asthe Waiw#ight State O%%ice +$ilig< is a'45sto#y #e -#ic/ o%%ice -$ilig at )49Chest$t St#eet i owtow St* Lo$is,7isso$#i*

The Waiw#ight +$ilig is a.og the %i#sts/ysc#a"e#s i the wo#l* It was esige-y Da/.a# Ale# a Lo$is S$lli!a ithe alaBBo style a -$ilt -etwee '(94a '(9'*

It was a.e %o# local -#ewe#, -$iligcot#acto#, a %iacie# 6llis Waiw#ight*

The -$ilig, liste as a la.a#/ -othlocally a atioally, is esc#i-e as 8ahighly i%l$etial "#ototy"e o% the .oe#o%%ice -$ilig8 -y the Natioal Registe# o%Histo#ic laces*

A#chitect F#a/ Lloy W#ight calle theWaiw#ight +$ilig 8the !e#y %i#st h$.a

e="#essio o% a tall steel o%%ice5-$iligas A#chitect$#e*


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WAINWRIGHT BUILDING Acco#ig to the esig the %i#st %loo# o% the-$ilig was itee %o# st#eet accessi-lesho"s with seco %loo# %ille with easilyaccessi-le "$-lic o%%ices*

The highe# %loo#s we#e %o# hoey co.-o%%ice while the to" %loo# was %o# wate# ta/a -$ilig .achie#y*

+ase o st#$ct$#e o% a classical col$.e."hasiBig the height o% the -$ilig*

The -ase cotaie #etail sto#es that #e$i#ela#ge glaBe o"eigs*

The o#a.et .ae the s$""o#tig "ie#sloo/ li/e "illa#s*

A-o!e it was se.i "$-lic at$#e o% o%%ices$" a sigle %light o% stai#s a#e e="#esse as-#oa wiows i the c$#tai wall*

The -$ilig wiows a ho#iBotals we#e

iset slightly -ehi the col$.s a "ie#sas a "a#t o% !e#tical aesthetics to c#eate a"#o$ a soa#ig thig*

A"a#t %#o. the slee# -#ic/ "ie#s the olysoli o% the wall s$#%ace a#e s"a#el "aels-etwee the wiow*

They ha!e #ich eco#ati!e "atte#s i low

#elie% !a#yig i esig a scale with eachsto#y*


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PLAN


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SECTION


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Cosie#e %i#st s/y c#a""e# to %o#go o#.al o#a.etatio $se os/ysc#a"e#s at theta "oit o% ti.e


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ORNAMENTATION The ornamentation or the !"i#$in% in"$es a'i$e rie(e !e#o' the $ee) &orni&e *'hi&h e+)ressesthe orma#i(e$ ,et nat"ra#isti& &e#er,-#ea o#ia%e

t,)i&a# o S"##i.an*

De&orate$ s)an$re#s !et'een the 'in$o's on the$i/erent 0oors an$ an e#a!orate $oor s"rro"n$ atthe main entran&e

The !"i#$in% in"$es em!e##ishments o terra&otta a !"i#$in% materia# that 'as %ainin% )o)"#arit,

at the time o &onstr"&tion1


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GURRANT2 BUILDING 1 The G$a#aty +$ilig, which is ow callethe #$etial +$ilig, was esige-y Lo$is S$lli!a a Da/.a# Ale#, a-$ilt i +$%%alo, New o#/

1 S$lli!a2s esig %o# the -$ilig was-ase o his -elie% that 8%o#. %ollows%$ctio*

1 The G$a#aty +$ilig, which o"ee i'(9@, is #ecogiBe as oe o% S$lli!aJsa is a o$tstaig e=a."le o% hisio!atios*

1 While si.ila# to his '(94 Waiw#ight+$ilig, which co.-ies .aso#y withte##a cotta %o# o#a.et, the G$a#aty+$ilig .a/es o#a.et the %oc$sth#o$gh the $se o% te##a cotta to co!e# two%$ll e=te#io# s$#%aces*

1 The "ie#s -etwee the wiows %o#.st#og !e#tical lies that #aw the eye

$"wa# to the o.iat co#ice*1 His o#a.etatio %o# the G$a#aty wasis"i#e -y %lowe#s, see"os, a, at theto" o% the -$ilig, the s"#eaig -#acheso% a t#ee*


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V6RTICAL I6RS +6TW66NWINDOWS

G$a#aty was is"i#e -y %lowe#s, see"os, a,at the to" o% the -$ilig, the s"#eaig -#aches

o% a t#ee*

Whil th t i /i % th G t


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PLAN

While the e=te#io# s/i o% the G$a#atye="#esses a ew %o#. %o# the steel s/ysc#a"e#,its "la iicates those ha# #ealities o% %$ctioecessa#y to cost#$ct s$ch a -$ilig a tosell it*

The -$ilig is essetially a U5sha"e "lastac/e $"o a #ectag$la# soli*

The ite#stitial s"aces -etwee wigs o% the Uc#eate o""o#t$ities to it#o$ce s/ylights to thelo--y -elow, a to co!e# the ceiligs withstaie glass*

The "la cotaie a sigle !e#tical ci#c$latioco#e with %o$# ele!ato#s, a .ail slot, astai#case* No %i#e5stai# was "#o!ie o#ecessa#y*

The ite#al "o#tio o% the U %aces so$th so asto collect light %o# the ite#io# #ecesses o% the-$ilig5 light -eig a ecessa#y co..oity toatt#act goo teats*

S$lli!a s"a#e othig to acco."lish this e%o#0 I o#e# to ic#ease the a.o$t o% light to

the ite#io#, the stai#well a the light slit %acigthe ie# co$#tya# we#e lie with white glaBete##a5cotta that was .o#e costly tha o#.altiles*

The %i#st a seco %loo#s a#e $ite -oths"atially a !is$ally th#o$gh aitioalstai#cases a the itetio o% #etail occ$"atio*


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PLAN 7echaical syste.s we#e #elegate to

the -ase.et, icl$ig the .oto#s %o#the ele!ato#s, -oile#s, a elect#icalya.os*

6t#aces we#e "#o!ie o -oth Ch$#cha ea#l St#eets* A cocie#ge es/o%%e#e se#!ices to teats a g$estsicl$ig .ail eli!e#y*

A-o!e the -ase o% the -$ilig we#e ase#ies o% o%%ice %loo#s o% ietical "lawe#e "lace*

These %loo#s %eat$#e "#i!ate la!ato#ies i

#eco%ig$#a-le o%%ice s"aces* The halls we#e e%ie -y woo a

glass "a#titio walls, itee to gi!e theite#io# a -#ight a cl$- li/e %eelig*

The ele!ato#s a stai#cases we#eeclose ot -y walls, -$t .etal cages"e#.ittig so$the# light to "eet#ate

th#o$gh the ci#c$lato#y syste.s a itothe hallways*

The oly e=ce"tio to the #ise o% o%%iceswas the se!eth %loo# with la!ato#ies aa -a#-e#sho", a the to" %loo# with a USWeathe# Se#!ice +$#ea$ o%%ice as"aces %o# -$ilig atteats*


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He a Ale# i!ie the -$ilig ito%o$# Boes* The -ase.et was the.echaical a $tility a#ea* Sice thisle!el was -elow g#o$, it i otshow o the %ace o% the -$ilig* Thee=t Boe was the g#o$5%loo# Boe

which was the "$-lic a#eas %o# st#eet5%acig sho"s, "$-lic et#aces alo--ies* The thi# Boe was the o%%ice%loo#s with ietical o%%ice cellscl$ste#e a#o$ the cet#al ele!ato#sha%ts* The %ial Boe was thete#.iatig Boe, cosistig o%ele!ato# e$i".et, $tilities a a %ew

o%%ices* The s$""o#tig steel st#$ct$#e o% the

-$ilig was e.-ellishe with te##acotta-loc/s* Di%%e#et styles o% -loc/elieate the th#ee !isi-le Boes o%the -$ilig* S$lli!a was $ote assayig, 8It .$st -e e!e#y ich a "#o$a soa#ig thig, #isig i shee#e=$ltatio that %#o. -otto. to to" it isa $it witho$t a sigle issetig lie*


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ORNAMENT The .ost #e.a#/a-le "#o-le. %o# those wishig to

cast S$lli!a e=cl$si!ely i the ca." o% "#oto5.oe#ist esige#s is his stea%ast a a#oitisistece to o#a.et his -$iligs*

O#a.et is oe o% the .ost e%iig cha#acte#isticso% the G$a#aty as The eti#e %aae o% this-$ilig is clothe i o#a.et, li/e hie#ogly"hs othe col$.s a walls o% te."les i aciet 6gy"t*S$lli!aJs o#a.et is $.ista/a-ly o#igial, -$t it isot witho$t "#eceets i the cote."o#a#y t#aitioo% the 6glish A#ts a C#a%ts .o!e.et*

The G$a#aty, %o# all its e!ocati!e gee#ale="#essio o% tectoics is e$ally as e!ocati!e at thescale o% its .o$la# te##acotta co."oets* He#ethe -alace o% ite#est -etwee the ii!i$als athe g#o$" to which they -elog is "#eca#io$s, athe shee# $.-e# o% co."ositioal ele.ets .a/esit i%%ic$lt to atte to the ii!i$ally*

It is i%%ic$lt to ete#.ie whethe# the o#a.etse#!es to #ei%o#ce the -$ilig o# the -$ilig#ei%o#ces the o#a.et* The e="e#ietial e%%ect o%so .$ch "atte# a #e"etiti!e esig isho.ogeeity i tesio with the e="#essio o%ii!i$al co."oets* #eachig o$twa# o!e# thest#eet -elow


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Uli/e the Waiw#ight -$ilig,whe#e o#a.et is .o#e i#ectly"atte#e o histo#ical %o#.s awhe#e s"a#els a#e sel%i%%e#etiate, the G$a#aty isal.ost -#$tal i the hie#a#chical

t#eat.et o% a e="#essiowithi its te##acotta #elie%* S$chco%o#.ig t#eat.et is at oswith the s$""osely e.oc#aticat$#alis. S$lli!a clai.s %o# theesig* 6s"ecially ea# the -ase,o#a.etal "atte#s #e%lect thes"a a coectio o%

$e#lyig steel .e.-e#s* As theco."oets #ise, a #igi "atte#is %ollowe, sto#y $"o sto#y $tilthe co#ice whe#e the "atte#e="loes ito a $.-#ageo$stagle o% lea!es a !ies,eca"s$latig the wiows a

The o#a.et tells the sa.e

sto#y as the theo#y which c#eateit0 -otto., .ile, to"5 light steels/eleto withi* The .o$latigo#a.et o% the G$a#aty alsoiicates the e!ol$tio o% the.ei$. %o# S$lli!a as a a#tist*


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His iitial e="lo#atios we#e is"i#ei#ectly -y cote."o#a#y wo#/ ahisto#ical "#eceet* 6!et$ally hiscotact with Ale# a wo#/ i!ol!igthe egiee#s aesthetic le to .o#est#$ct$#ally e="#essi!e %o#.s, a

e!et$ally to a a#t oly his ow, %lo#ia o#gaic** His s/etch %o# a col$.ca"ital at the G$a#aty la-ele %iisiicates the le!el o% e!elo".etwith which his #a%ts.e -ega wo#/*

While cotaiig so.e s"eci%ici%o#.atio, the s/etch iicates .o#ea "aite#ly co."ositio tha a esig

oc$.et* C$#io$sly, the "#ocess o%esig $se -y S$lli!a to c#eate s$chio!atio was "#ecisely that which"#e!ete hi. %#o. e!ol!ig hiscoce"tio o% "la a sectio toso.ethig his .oe# s$ccesso#swo$l e="lo#e* I e.-#acig theF#ech theo#ies o% "la a es$isse,

S$lli!a #e.aie %i#.ly wee to histi.e a "lace*

+y isistig $"o the "#ee.iece o%"la, he co$l ha#ly ha!e -eg$ toi.agie -$iligs with the s"atialco."le=ity o% a W#ight o# a LeCo#-$sie#*


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COMPARISON WITH THE WAINWRIGHTBUILDING

Com)arisons 'ith the 3rm4s 3rst ma5or s"&&ess in ta## !"i#$in%s* the Wain'ri%ht areinstr"&ti.e insoar as the re3nements o the G"arant, are more e.i$ent1

A#tho"%h this !"i#$in% is &onsi$ere$ !, &riti&s to !e the t'in7 o the Wain'ri%ht

B"i#$in%* the e#e%an&e o the "n$er#,in% stee#-rame &onstr"&tion !ehin$ the re$terra-&otta ti#es is more a))arent here than in the Wain'ri%ht17

Un#i8e its )re$e&essor* the entiret, o street a&a$es on the G"arant, are shro"$e$

'ith the same materia#- re$ terra&otta1

Gone are the hea., &orner )iers o the Wain'ri%ht an$ in their )#a&e a &onstantrh,thm o e9"a# !a,s e&hoin% the stee# rame "n$erneath1

The t'o $o share man, traits: Sim)#i&it, o orm* ri&hness o $etai#1

Re$ &o#or not &haste 'hite o renaissan&e t,)i&a# !"i#$in%s &hara&teri(es !oth

!"i#$in%s1

The site or the G"arant, !"i#$in% is sma##er than the Wain'ri%ht* ,et &a##e$ or an

e9"i.a#ent n"m!er o o;&es* res"#tin% in an a$$itiona# three stories1 The G"arant, B"i#$in% is a ra$i&a# $e)art"re ho'e.er rom the masonr, )rotot,)e1

The Wain'ri%ht !"i#$in% ma, air#, !e sai$ to ha.e re.o#"tioni(e$ the emer%ent

orm o the s8,s&ra)er* 'ith rami3&ations e#t or the ne+t h"n$re$ ,ears1 TheG"arant, B"i#$in% is a re3nement an$ )ere&tion o the orm 'hi&h the Wain'ri%ht

o"n$* an$ its trans3%"ration into a s)irit o $esi%n1

Chicago School- Works of Sullivon

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