Technical aspect of hrct; normal lung anatomy & hrct findings of lung disease
Chest Imaging_1.hrct shanghai_by Dr. Gerald F. Abbott
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Transcript of Chest Imaging_1.hrct shanghai_by Dr. Gerald F. Abbott
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33rdrd Seed Program / Shanghai 2015 Seed Program / Shanghai 2015
HRCT of the Lungs: HRCT of the Lungs: Anatomy Basis and Imaging PatternsAnatomy Basis and Imaging Patterns
Gerald F. Abbott MDGerald F. Abbott MD
Harvard Medical School / Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School / Massachusetts General Hospital
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High Resolution CTHigh Resolution CTHRCTHRCT
Developed in 1989Developed in 1989
Optimized for lung parenchymaOptimized for lung parenchyma
High spatial resolution algorithmHigh spatial resolution algorithm
Thin collimation (1-1.5 mm)Thin collimation (1-1.5 mm)
1989: single-slice technique1989: single-slice technique
Today: multidetector techniquesToday: multidetector techniques
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HRCTHRCT Scanning ProtocolScanning Protocol
SupineSupine
Full inspirationFull inspiration
Optional Optional
Prone (interstitial lung disease)Prone (interstitial lung disease)
Expiration (air-trapping)Expiration (air-trapping)
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InspirationInspiration ExpirationExpiration
Posterior Posterior Tracheal WallTracheal Wall
Inspiration vs ExpirationInspiration vs Expiration
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Expiration with atelectasisExpiration with atelectasis(ground-glass opacity)(ground-glass opacity)
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Ground Glass Opacity
Ground glass opacity (GGO)
Increased opacity
Does not obscure
underlying anatomy
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Ground Glass Opacity
Ground glass opacity (GGO)
Increased opacity
Does not obscure
underlying anatomy
Consolidation
Increased opacity
Does obscure underlying anatomy
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Ground Glass Opacity
Non-specific CT finding
May represent Airspace disease
(partial filling of air spaces)
or Interstitial disease
(thickening of interstitium)
NSIP
PCP pneumonia
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Sharp pleural interfacesSharp pleural interfaces
Fissures sharp or ground-glass Fissures sharp or ground-glass
HRCTHRCTNormalNormal
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Broncho-Arterial PairsBroncho-Arterial PairsNormalNormal
Diameter of Diameter of
normal normal bronchusbronchus
equal to paired equal to paired
pulmonary arterypulmonary artery
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HRCTHRCTNormalNormal
No airways visibleNo airways visible
in outer 1/3 of lungin outer 1/3 of lung
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BronchiectasisBronchiectasis3 Degrees of Severity3 Degrees of Severity
Cylindrical Cylindrical (mild)(mild)
Varicose Varicose (moderate)(moderate)
Cystic Cystic (severe)(severe)
NormalNormal
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BronchiectasisBronchiectasis Degrees of Severity Degrees of Severity
Cylindrical Varicose Cystic Cylindrical Varicose Cystic
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Interstitial Network of LungInterstitial Network of Lung
AxialAxialPeribronchovascularPeribronchovascular
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Interstitial Network of LungInterstitial Network of Lung
PeripheralPeripheralSubpleural / fissuresSubpleural / fissuresInterlobular septa Interlobular septa ((Kerley B linesKerley B lines))
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Extend along theExtend along the
Interstitial NetworkInterstitial Network
PeribronchovascularPeribronchovascular
Subpleural (includes fissures)Subpleural (includes fissures)
Interlobular septaInterlobular septa
Basis for theBasis for the
Perilymphatic PatternPerilymphatic Pattern
Pulmonary LymphaticsPulmonary Lymphatics
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Secondary Pulmonary LobulesSecondary Pulmonary Lobules
Key to HRCTKey to HRCT
Lobular Core StructuresLobular Core Structures
Pulmonary arteryPulmonary artery
Bronchiole Bronchiole
LymphaticsLymphatics
Interlobular septa Interlobular septa
Pulmonary veinsPulmonary veins
LymphaticsLymphaticsWebb et al. HRCT of the LungWebb et al. HRCT of the Lung
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Secondary Secondary Pulmonary Pulmonary LobuleLobule
AnatomyAnatomyin 3-stepsin 3-steps
3. Interstitium3. Interstitium
2. Vessels2. Vessels
1. Airways1. Airways
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Secondary Secondary Pulmonary Pulmonary LobuleLobuleAirwaysAirways
Terminal bronchioleTerminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchioleRespiratory bronchiole
Alveolar sacsAlveolar sacs
Alveolar ductAlveolar duct
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Secondary Secondary Pulmonary Pulmonary LobuleLobuleVesselsVessels
Capillary networkCapillary network
Veins and LymphaticsVeins and Lymphaticsin in interlobular septainterlobular septa Pulmonary Pulmonary
ArteryArtery
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Secondary Secondary Pulmonary Pulmonary LobuleLobule
LymphaticsLymphaticsPeribronchovascularPeribronchovascular
Interlobular septaInterlobular septa
SubpleuralSubpleural
Interlobar fissuresInterlobar fissures
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Secondary Secondary Pulmonary Pulmonary LobuleLobule3. Interstitium3. Interstitium
InterstitiumInterstitium
Loose connective tissueLoose connective tissue
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HRCTImaging Patterns
Reticular opacities
Nodular opacities
Increased lung opacity
Decreased lung opacity
Cystic lung lesions
Honeycombing
Abnormal airways
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HRCTHRCTDistribution of Lung DiseaseDistribution of Lung Disease
Upper / Mid / Lower zonesUpper / Mid / Lower zones
Central / PeripheralCentral / Peripheral
Diffuse / PatchyDiffuse / Patchy
Relationship to Secondary Pulmonary LobuleRelationship to Secondary Pulmonary Lobule
(Centrilobular, Perilobular)(Centrilobular, Perilobular)
Relationship to lymphatic pathwaysRelationship to lymphatic pathways
(Perilymphatic)(Perilymphatic)
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Core region of Core region of
Secondary Pulmonary LobuleSecondary Pulmonary Lobule
Pulmonary artery, bronchiole, lymphaticsPulmonary artery, bronchiole, lymphatics
HRCT: HRCT: In center of SPLIn center of SPL
5-10 mm from pleural surface5-10 mm from pleural surface
Not related to interlobular septaNot related to interlobular septa
CentrilobularCentrilobularDefinedDefined
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Centrilobular Nodules
Evenly spaced
5-10mm from
pleural surface
Soft-tissue
Ground-glass
Tree-in-bud
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Centrilobular Nodules
Evenly spaced
5-10mm from
pleural surface
Soft-tissue
Ground-glass
Tree-in-bud
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Centrilobular Nodules
Evenly spaced
5-10mm from
pleural surface
Soft-tissue
Ground-glass
Tree-in-bud
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Tree-in-Bud OpacitiesTree-in-Bud Opacities
Resembles budding treeResembles budding tree
Small airway diseaseSmall airway disease
(cellular bronchiolitis)(cellular bronchiolitis)
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Centrilobular Nodules
Tuberculosis (tree-in-bud)
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis(ground-glass nodules)
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Perilymphatic Nodules
Distribution:Distribution:
PeribronchovascularPeribronchovascular
SubpleuralSubpleural
(including fissures)(including fissures)
Interlobular septaInterlobular septa
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Sarcoidosis
Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
Perilymphatic Nodules
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Perilymphatic / Septal Pattern
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Perilymphatic / Septal Pattern
Pulmonary edema
Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
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Random Nodules
Randomly distributed
Not related to SPL
Abut fissures, septa, vessels
Lower zone predominance
Hematogenous spread
DDx:
Miliary infection (TB, fungal)
Metastases (hematogenous)
Septic emboli
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Random NodulesMetastases
Abut fissures,
septa, vessels
Lower zone
predominance
Hematogenous
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Random NodulesDisseminated Fungal Infection
Abut fissures,
septa, vessels
Lower zone
predominance
Hematogenous
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Nodules: Random Distribution
Metastases
Miliary tuberculosis
Hematogenous pattern
of spread to the lungs
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Reticular Pattern
Steel Wool
Irregular intersecting lines
Interlobular / Intralobular
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary Fibrosis
UIP
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Advanced UIP Coarse reticular Loss of volume
Early UIP Fine / medium
reticular opacities
Baseline 3 years later
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HoneycombingEnd-stage fibrosis
Cystic air spaces 3mm to 3cmCystic air spaces 3mm to 3cm
Thick, clearly defined wallsThick, clearly defined walls
Multi-tieredMulti-tiered
Peripheral, subpleuralPeripheral, subpleural
End-stage lung / Advanced fibrosisEnd-stage lung / Advanced fibrosis
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Cystic Pattern
Thin walled
Thick walled
Single tier
Multi-tiered
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Cystic Pattern
Thin walled
Thick walled
Single tier
Multi-tiered
DDx:Centrilobular
Emphysema=
imperceptible walls
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Cystic Pattern
Lymphangioleio-myomatosis LAM
Centrilobular emphysema
Honeycombing
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Honeycombing Associated Findings of Fibrosis
Reticulation(interlobular/ intralobular)
Traction Bronchiectasis
Honeycombing(subpleural;
multi-tiered)
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Mosaic Attenuation (Inspiration) Air trapping (Expiration)
Patchwork / ”geographic”
Regions of differing attenuation
Follow outlines of lobules
Inspiratory CT images
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Mosaic Attenuation (Inspiration) Air trapping (Expiration)
Patchwork / ”geographic”
Regions of differing attenuation
Follow outlines of lobules
Inspiratory CT images
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Constrictive bronchiolitis
Patchy interstitial disease
Occlusive vascular disease
Mosaic AttenuationMosaic AttenuationDifferential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis
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54-year old woman trapped in a house fire
Inspiration: mosaic attenuation
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Constrictive Bronchiolitis from smoke inhalation
Concentric rings of fibrosis around small airways
Expiration: air-trapping
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33rdrd Seed Program / Shanghai 2015 Seed Program / Shanghai 2015
HRCT of the Lungs: HRCT of the Lungs: Anatomy Basis and Imaging PatternsAnatomy Basis and Imaging Patterns
Gerald F. Abbott MDGerald F. Abbott MD
Harvard Medical School / Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School / Massachusetts General Hospital