New Ideas in Chess

ty Larry EvansI nt e rnat i onal G r andmast e r

U.S. ChampionThree times U.S. "Open" Champion

Canadian " Open" Champion

LondonSIR ISAAC P ITMAN & SONS, LTD.

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First published 1958

Re!finted 1960

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SIR ISAAC PIT\IAIi & SONS, L1D.

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FITITAN IIDDICAL I'UBLISHING COMPANY, LrD,39 FdRxER srRrEr, Lo\Dor.'! q,c,2

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PRINI ]jD IN CREAI BRITAINar rbe Pilfraf, Press,Ilarh

F0 (G.485)

To Clementine

Here is a book for you to

learn from when I'm not

there to lose my temper.

I

Foreword

TEE keynote of chemistry is that elements may combine to createnew entities. The chessmaster is the chemist of a dimension that isgeometrically bounded by 8 x 8. The elements with which heworks are Pawn Structure, Space, Force, and Time. The amateuris vaguely aware that these eist. but he does nor know how theyinteract. He has never learned to manipulate them properly.Masters have been of titrle help, for they are ootoriously inarriculaiewhen jt comes to explaining their own thought processes. Myproblem has been to iranslaG into priLrciples t[e triUits which ariinbred in tbe master; then to break these down into words,These principles, moreover, are so absolute that if chess is playeda thousand years from now they will still be in force. I arrived atthem by replaying all my tournament games, analyzing why Ieither won or lost, and then extracting the quintessence from eachone. What is "new" about this book is its formulation. Becauseit is basic, it is revolutionary.

A famous priaciple of conservation in physics states that mattermay be converted into energy and vice versa, but the total quantityof both together, in a closed system, remains unchanged. ThLchessboard is a closed system. Our "new ideas" would liad us tosuspect that an advantage in any one element may never be lost(assuming "perfect" play thereafter), though it may be convertedifto_other element(s) under the proper conditions. In general, thewhole process of chess technique-ai;s at con)erting the iess durqbleinto the more durable aduantage, What is meant by an "advantaee."and how to recognize it. is ihe domain of rhis book. The puielvtactical problem of how to exploit an advantage is dealt with atlength under the illusrrative examples, all takeri from actual play.

Lately there has been a spare ol works on how to win iri rlieopening, how to win in the middle game, how to win in the ending.But a game of chess js an organic whole, and so lar as I know thleonly way to wil.is to outplay your opponent. Tbis book is designedIo nerp you do Just that.

ContentsFORETI/ORD

CHESSBOARD NOTATION

Chapter One

THE EVOLUTION OF CHESSChess up to the Time of MorphyPaul Morphy and the Romantics: Open GameWilhelm Srein i rz and the Class ic is ts : Closed CameR6ti and the Hypernodems: Flank GameThe Technicians: Neo-Classical SchoolThe Eclectics

Chapter Two

PAWN STRUCTUREThe Outside Passed PawnPau n Structure Determines Strategy,Pawn MobilityPassed Pawns.Connected, Isolated and Backward Pawns .Doubled and Tripled Pau nsWeak SquaresPawn ChainsThe Bad BishopThe Queen Side Majority

Chapter Three

FORCETable of Relative Values .The General Patter:n for Converting For.ce into VictoryThe Two BishopsThe Positional SacriflceThe Temporary Sacrifice

xll

I

149

121 5t 7

22

22

25

536 16871

76'17

78799294

Chapter Four

Control of Unoccupied Squares 103A Typical Space Advantage 103How to Count Space t04Stability 104How to Test Stability 105

Chapter Five

SPACEThe CenterMobility

TIMEGambitsPins

QUIZCautionProblemsSolutions

101t02102

129130148

1891 8 9190

t92

t94

Chapter Six

The life. the fortune. and the happiness of every one of usand. more or less. of those who ire connected with us, dodepend on our knowing the rules of a game infinitely morecomplicated than chess. . . . The chessboard is the-world.lhe pieces are the phenomena of the universe, the rules ofthe game are what we call the laws of nature. The olaveron the other side is hidden from us. We know that his niavis always fair. just and patient. Bur we also know, to'ourcost, that he never overlooks a mistake or makes theslightest allowance for ignorance. To the man who playsw€ll the highest stakes are paid, with that sort of overfl&inggenerosity with which the strong show delight in strengthiAnd one who plays ill is checkmated wiftout hate, iutmthout temors€.

Thomas Henry Huxley, lggT

153153154163

1.721721751761 7 61801 8 11821 8 5

Chapter Seven

NEW APPROACH TO THE OPENINGSEvaluationIs the First Move an Advantage ?Master PracticeThe Failure of Traditional EvaluationA Self-Contained Er aluar ionThe First MoveReverse OpeningsThe Theory of Symmetrical Positions

Chapter Eight

SUMMING UPThe Stable ElementsThe Unstable Elements

BIBLIOGMPHY

INDEX OF OPPONENTS

Chessboard Notation

THrs is a book for advanced beginners and serious students. Thisexplanation is for those who play chess for enjoyment and wish toimprove, but have been scared away from chess literature by thecr),?tic symbols employed.

Chess notqtion is merely a shorthand for recording the rnoues ofagqme so thot it may be replayed at some future time. Other thanseruing as the medium for transmitting these moues to you, tlrcseabbreuiations haue no spccial 'ignifcance.

Legei.I

QR : Queen's RookQN : Queen's KnightQB : Queen's Bishope : eueenK : King

KB - King's BishopKN : King's KniglrtKR : King's Rook

P : Pawnch : Check

O-O : Castles K-sideO-O-O : Castles Q-side

This position is diagrammed after the opening move 1 P-K4 andBlack's reply 1 . . . P-K4. Note that White's K4 is Black's K5,and vice versa. The hvohen is read as "to." Thus P-K4 is read"Pawn to King Four . " In p lay ing o\cr lhe i l lust rat ions in th isbook you will probably find it helpful to reproduce the diagrammedpositions on a board. Follorv the analysis on it. If you can followthe variations "blindfolded," i.e., directly from the diagram, somuch the better.

CHAPTER ONE: The Evolution ofChess

Chess up to the Time of Morphy

Modern chess, in its infancy, abounded in swashbuckling com-binations and brilliancies. Whatever its players may have lacked,it was not imagination. The odd thing was that the leading mastersrarely were the victims of their own tactics. The majority of theeighty-five games of the sir LaBourdonnais-MacDonnell matches in1834 were not noted for their brevity. Apparently, lesser mortalsneyer thought to ask why the masters polished off their amateuropposition in short, sparkling "parties," while their own games witheach other often were of inordinate length. Masters were oossessedof a chess "daemon"-that was all theie was to it. Thev'certainlvwere thc last to disturb rhis common illusion. Their knowledee waiguarded jealously. or imparted in privare lessons for fancy feei.

What set the masters apart was their grasp of "general principles."The value of Time and the importance of Force had alwayi beenrecognized-though there were those who argued that odds of Pawnand move are an advantage because they permit Black to develop arapid attack along the open KB file!

The essential difference between the nineteenth-century outlookand that of the twentielh is rhat the modern master. when con-fronted with a choice between a relativelv transitorv advanlage inTime and a iather more permanent onj io Spu"., will gene"rallychoose Space. Having conlidence in his defensive technique, he willusually submit to a short-term evil for a long-term good. Oftenthis means accepting a difficult though tenable position in exchangetor a won endqame. if and when it can be reached.

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The early nineteenth-century players did not have very deepinsight into the real value of Time. The same piece might be moved_fivelimes in the opening, neglecting the harmonious development ofthe other oieces.

-Premature attac-ks were the rule. But the art of

defense was in such a relatively backward state that these inferiortactics prevailed. It was not that these players were obtuse-the lead-ing masters of that era would probably excel today-but, like theeleitric light, the basic principles of chess.strategy simply hadn't beeninvented. Don't think that the pioneers of rnodern chess were notsharply rebuked with "taking the fun out of the game!" Theromantics were so enraptured with aesthetics that they felt cheatedwhen good defense frustrated a brilliancy' They seerned obliviousto the satisfaction that might be derived from a fine1y played lostgame rather than from any number of wins derived through errorsof an opponent. At that time a man would probably have beenthought ;ad saying as Napier did after he had lost to Lasker atCambridge Springs in 1904, "This is the finest game I ever played!"Games in which itodgy defense prevailed were seemingly devoid ofbeauty-for what beauty was there in grubby, materialistic, defensivestrategy? If that was all there was to chess, as well take up whist.The old-timers wanted to witness games worthy of being showeredwith pieces of gold. They did not realize that if the standard ofdefenie were raised it would inevitably raise the standard of attack.

Many of the so-called "immortal games" strike us today as down-right ugly. We lose patience with the defender, who forages with hisQueen for material gain while neglecting the development of hisminor pieces. Any modern duffer could put up a better defense thanthe loser. Againi this is not meant to

-disparage the players of a

bygone era-or to minimize the beauty of their conception" (someof which have nevet been excelled)*but solely to emphasize howmuch strategy has progressed since then.

Let us consider two celebrated examples-"The Immortal Game"and "The Evergreen Partie." As with chess "problems," we hadbetter not ask just how the players got into suchcuriouspredlcaments'But if we omit the preceding moves and simply diagram each positionjust before the final combination, it then becomes a thing of beautyand ajoy to behold! Needless to add, the brilliancy is often super'fluous. In Diagram l, for instance, the prosaic 22 QxP would winiust as handilv as the text.

"THE IMMORTAL GAME"

ANDERSSEN_KIESERITZKY

Diagrum I

White to play afld $,in

..THE EVERGREEN PARTIE,'A\-DERSSEN-DUFRESNE,

BERLTN, 1852

Diagtum 2

White to play and tuin

21 QxPch!! KxQ21 NxPch22 Q-B6ch !23 B-K7 mate

K_Q1NxQ 22 B-B5 dbl. dis. ch! , .

Black's replies are all forced.2 2 . . . K - K r23 B-Q7ch K-Ql24 BxN mate

It is true that there are certain important differenc€s between thesetwo positions. However, the similarities are even more meaningful.In both, Black had moved his Queen many times before the dia-grammed position was reached. Both games are still relatively in theopening stage and in both Black is overwhelmingly ahead in material.The major generic diflerence is that in Diagram I Black's pieces areundeveloped (on their original squares), whereas in Diagram 2Black has mobilized a lormidable counterattack and actuallythreatens mate in one.

This "spiritual" similarity is no accident*nor is it an accident thatAnderssen, who was by far the best of the pre-Molphyites, was onthe winnins White side in each case.

Along cime Morphy, who toyed with Anderssenjust as Anderssenhad toyed with his contemporades. After their match in 1858, duringrvhich he was decisively trounced, Anderssen wrote: "He who playsMorphy must abandon all hope of catching him in a trap. no matterhow cunningly laid. but must assume that it is so clear to Morphythat there can be no question of a false step."

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Even this nagnanimous tribute fails to credit Morphy's revolu-tionary new principles-Andelssen himself did not fully appreciatewhy he had lost! It is noteworthy that Anderssen displays a certainpsychological uneasiness in terming his own attacks "traps" andnothing more. Morphy's attacks, on the other hand, always flowedout of the position, organically. Anderssen's were more often aninspiration of the moment. Morphy knew not only how to attack,but also when-and that is why he won.

Morphy defeated all his opponents in similar fashion, then soughtfor many years to arrange a match with Staunton, the self-proclaimedchamoion of the wor1d. but in vain.*

In an era when the dynamic young United States was sufferingfrom a cultural inferiority complex, Morphy became a sort ofnational super-ego. He was hailed by the press as the flrst Americanrepresentative to triumph directly over Old World culture.Europeans, loathe to admit that an "outlander" might possess atalisman unknown to them, flrst awakened to the fact that maybetheir masters had no "daemon" at all. Maybe there were certainprinciples which, once grasped, would enable anyone to rise in chessas far as his ability admitted. The Royal Came became a little lessroyal. It became democratic.

Paul Morphy and the Romantics: Open GameIn the late eighteenth century Andr6 Philidor, a distinguishedcomposer as well as a good chessplayer (who, by the way, ismentioned in Rousseau's Confessions), enunciated his great doctrinethat "the Pawn is the soul of chess." This implied that PawnStructure, being the most "ined" element, largely determines thecharacter of the position and also the plan appropdate to it (seeDiagram 16). In his games, more than his writings, Philidor showedhow to assault an enemy fortress by using Pawns as battering ramsbacked up by hearl picces.

. For the psychological- inded, we rccommend "The Problem of Paul Morphy"by Dr, Emest Jones, which may be found in that exccllont anthology The Chess.Reader (Greenberg Publishers. New York, J9,19.)

A

sMrrH-PHrLrDoR, LoNDoN, 1790

Diagratn 3

Black's Pspns sre battefing rctms. Notice how Black hos massedboth Rooks behind his Pqwns. ll/hite's apparentlJ impregnable Kingpositio has a weskness on KN3. It requires but q few lhtusts todemolish it entirely.

1 . . .2 Q-KAZ

P_R5

2 P-KN4, N B5ch; 3 K-Rl, NxP; and if 4 PxP, QxP; 5 RxP?,BxN rvinning a piece. Even so, 2 P-KN4 is relatively best.

2 . . .3 N-K24 QxP5 NxQ

B_82RPxP

QxQchN-B5ch

6 K-Rl RxPDespite the exchange of Queens, Black's attack rages unabated !

7 R-KNI RxNch8 KxR R-Rlch9 N-R5 RxNch

10 K-N3 N-R6 dis. chlt K-N4 R-R5 mate

This patient, closed game did not suit the temperament ofPhilidor's compatriot, LaBourdonnais, who perceived that this slow,systematic massing of Pawns was inapplicable to the opening.Instead, LaBourdonnais applied to his games the principle ofstraightforward development in the center. He combatted everydeveloped enemy unit with a force at least equal to it. He pursuedthe enemy with hand-to-hand fighting, rebuffed him in the center,then sought to establish an advanced central outpost of his own.

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LABOURDONNAIS I{ACDONNELL MATCH.

Diagrcm 4

llhite moyes. Clearly, the struggle here is for control of the center.White has qn isoleted QP. Black maintqins a stout blockade on Q4.It is necessary Jbr White to sct quickll, to deuelop some middlegame thrests, before Black succeeds in consolid.lting and reachingan ending where lhe Payn Structure will fquor him.

1 P-QR4The modern master would probably play N-K5 immediately.LaBourdonnais reasons that you have to give up something to getsomething. The text weakens White's QN4 square, yet it has anindirect bearing on the center inasmuch as the threat ofP-RS wouldforce Black to relinquish one of the defenders of his Q4 blockade.

1 . . . P _ Q R 4On 1 . . . NxB; 2 PxN, N-Q4 White may elect the simple 3 Q-Q2,orthesharp3BxN,PxB; 4Q-N3,B-K3; 5QxNP, R-Nl; 6 QxRP,emerging a Pawn ahead after 6. . . RxP.

2 N-K5White uses his QP as a pivot in maintaining an advanced centraloutDost.'

2 . . . B - K 33 B_82

Settins his sishts for the K-side3 . . .

This closes the line of White's K-Bishop. but creates a sruesomeweakness on K3, and forever removes

.the possibility 6f p-S:,

dr iv ing the Knig l r t f rom K5. J . . . B QN5. put t ing pressure onWhite's center, and occupying thc "hole" on QN5, is a reasonablealternative.

4 Q-K26

B_82

rne rnreal oI mate wlns

P N 3NxB

B-85BxRFxB

White has a winning attack. The remaining moves were: 12 . . .N-81; 13 Q-R8ch, K-82; 14 Q-R7ch, K-B3; 15 N-B4, B,Q6;16 R-K6ch, K-N4; 17 Q-R6ch, K-B4; 18 R-K5 mate.

After LaBourdonnais' death a dreary period of dry chess, withoutpower or imagination, overtook the chess world. It was PaulMorphy (1837-1884) who revitalized the Romantic tradition.Morphy never massed Pawns in the opening as Philidor had taught.Instead he pushed only one or two Pawns in order to ftee his piecesand open lines for them, even if it was necessary to sacrifice a Pawnor two in the process. Morphy recognized that Time was moreimportant than Force in the opening. His pieces invaded quickly inthe center, leaving his harassed opponent no time for methodicalPawn maneuvers. Morphy combined with his flair for the opengame a flexibility which so irked his critics that they levelled theaccusation which has since been levelled at practically every othergreat master (particularly Capablanca): the inclination to exchangeQueens in order to win a paltry Pawn and nurse ir rhrough to ricroryrn llle endsame.

These were the characteristics of the open game at which Morphyexcelled: some ofthe center Pawns have been exchaneed, the piecesconmand open lines, a central file has generally been ripped open.

The openings arising from 1 P-K4 are more likely to lead to open

7

1834 LaBourdonnais develops his Queen with a view to exerting morepressure on the center, via the K-fi1e.

4 . . . P - B sThis opens the line for the K-Bishop, which is serious. Black's lackof strategy is obvious. He should be defending instead ofattackingl

s B-Qz Q,Kl6 QR-KI

Another strong developing move, which exerts still more pressurein the center.

6 . . .7 Q-K4

White has completed his build-up.material.

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8 BxP9 QxN

1 0 Q R 611 BxP!12 NxNP

positions than I P Q4 because it is easier to force P-Q4 (after1 P-K4) than it is to force P K,l (aftcr I P-Q4). The reason for thisis that Q4 is originally protected rvhereas K4 is not. QP ganesgenerally lead to closed positions, while their KP counterparts leadto more lively play. The tendency of modern chess is away fromopen games, partly because they have been so extensively analyzed.

Morphy was the first player who fully realized the importance ofdevclopment. He expressed this in the simple phrase, "Help yourpieces so that tbey can help you." He was often aided by theunnecessarily timid dcfensive moves of his opponents, or even bytheir unnecessarily aggressive moves as we have seen in the previousexample when Blackplayed 4. . . P-B5.

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Black mores. In this positiotl Black is tvo Pawns aheatl, and it isprobable that he cen vin t';ith proper defense. Hoveuer, he fails tounderstand the position. He should striue to keep the lines closed,forinstance by playing P-KB3 and rctt'eating the K ight to N3 ktrterIyhite's ineritable P-Bl), so as to obseroe the key square, White's K5.White must be prcDented at oll costs ft om opening lines by P 84 antlP-K5. Instead, \uith his fiext mole, Blaclc soll)es the problent Morphyha, thusfor been unable ro 'olre-nancly, hoh, lo ctps4 up diogonoisfor his two Bishops.

P_KB4?A very instructive error. This move opens (l) the K-flIe, (2) theQR2-KN8 diagonal, (3) the QR1-KR8 diagonal-which Morphyproceeds to seize with his next four moves I

16 P-B,l N-83

There is no defense against 20 PxP. If instead 19 . . . PxP; 20 RxP,Q-B3; 21 R-K8!, RxR; 22 QxQ, PxQ; 23 BxP nate.

20 PxP21 R K8!22 QxR!

Or 22 . . . PxQ; 23 BxP mate.

Q B lQxR

Q-K2

23 QxPch! QxQ24 P 86 Black Resigns

There is no satisfactory defense to P 87 dis. mate!

The twentieth-century neo-romantics, notably Tchigorin, Marshalland Spielmann, carried Morphy's lessons of the open game to thepoint of absurdity when they attempted to render Force completelysubservient to aesthetics. Marshall, in particular, lacked the abilityto discriminate between the beautiful and the possible, often over-reaching himself. The Romantics, in general, suffered from aninability to discipline their imaginations.

The Romantic style was characteristic of the man loving actionand quick success. The classical reaction was due principally to thecharacter of one who was disinterested in the glory of ready success,who strove instead for lasting values-Wilhelm Steinitz.

l(ilhelm Steinitz and the Classicists: Closed GameWilhelm Steinitz (1836-1900) was a chess philosopher who hungeredfor essences. He sought all his life for general laws and loathedexceptions. When he finally revolted against Romantic doctrines,the break was sharp and irrevocable.

Steinitz's doctrinaire snirit sousht to rule out all human weakness.l fhe lo ' t wi th a par t icu lar I ine. I re would cont inuc to r ry i t again andagain. This peculiar tropism was due to rhe belief that his failureto succeed with the line lay in his own human failure. Yet his verysuccess was due to his passionate love of chess, his faith, his tenacity,not to his "system" ! It was t)?ical of him to undertake the ungratefultask of a protracted defense for the sake of the most tdfling, butpermanent, positional advantage. He was the personification of theshort term evil versus the long tenn good. Steinitz strove rvith mightand main to impose order on the Irlational to which the Romanticswholeheartedly surrendered. He made the closed game his specialdomain because, unlike the open game, rvhich is in constant flux, theclosed position is characterized bv barricaded Pawn structures andis thus more amenable to systemaiic approach.

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17 B-B,{ch18 B-N219 QR-K1

K_R1Q_K2R,B3

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Diasrctn 5

Steinitz was the first to realize the necessitv of evaluatins apo5irion-then qcting on rhat e\aluation. This 6bjectivity forbideirim from entering a speculative combination, and then trusting toluck. It occurred to him that the master should not seek winningcombinations unless he can first prove to himself that he holds anadvantage. Thus, when his opponent went contrary to the objectivedemands of the position, Steinitz felt morally impelled to punish thecrime. Steinitz himself made no attempt to win in the early stages ofthe game, as Morphy had done, because he was convinced that thiswas possible only after his opponent had made an error and notbefore. So he sought out of the openings minute advantages whichgradually added up to one big winning combination. In an age whereplaying ro win from the very stafl was considered the only honorablecourse, such a doctrine was assured of a scornful reception. Notsurprisingly. all his victories were in fact begrudged.

In 1866 Steinitz wrested the world title from Anderssen, whopromptly conceded that Steinitz was eyen better than Morphy.Yet so bitter was the enmity against Steinitz's style of play that evenafter be had held the world championship for twenty years, a self-appoirted committee of three amateurs claimed that "Morphy

could have given Steinitz Pawn and move." And a noted critic oncewrote that Steinitz's two match victolies over Zukertort wereattributable to the fact that "Zukertort was not yet Zukertort in1872" (the date of their first championship match), "and was nolonger Zukertort in 1886" (the date of their second match).

Steinitz held the world title from 1866 until 1894. Durins thisperiod he was so anxious to vanquish rhose who scorned his "syitem"

that his style became provocative. Steinitz often invited prematureattacks. He made the most unusual moves in order to provoke hisadversaries inro playing for a win and thus o!erreaching rhemselveswhen the position did not really justify such an attempt. Quitecharacteristically, Steinitz once wrote, "l vin by an unsound com-binalion, howercr showy, flls me )ith artistic horror." A winningcombination, he was the first to perceive, is possible only after oneside has erred. Make no errors, therefore, and one should neverlose!

White moves. White is (t Pav,n ahead, but not man! plq)ers todalwoulcl core to defend his position. White's Kitlg is exposed in thecenter and has forfeited the right to castle. (Steinitz t'as so famous formoting his King in the opening that lhe maneuuer came to be knownas the "Steinitzian King.") In fact, if it were Black's moue, 1 . . .KR-KI would regain the Pavn vith a v:inning attack. Moreouer,White is far behind in deoelopment.

I N-Kl !This curious move, which seems to take a vital piece out of play, isin reality the only defense. It prepares 2 P-Q3, bolstering the KPand releasing the Q-Bishop. Also, the Knight can later return intoplay with N-83, gaining a tempo by the attack on the Queen.

1 . . . N - Q N 5The idea is to prevent 2 P-Q3 because of NxBP! 3 NxN, QxPch,etc. However, this is no more than a trap, and Black would havebeen better advised to reconcile himself to the loss of the Pawn bycont inu ing wi th the posi t ional 1 . . .KR-KI .

2 P-QR3 KR-KIThe point of Black's little combination. The retreat of the Knightto 83 would be pointless.

3 PxN NxP4 Q-B5ch !

This is the refutation. Of course not 4 NxN?, RxNch winning theQueen.

4 . . .5 NxN

K-NIRxNch

6 K-QlWhite was able to withstand the ensuing attack, and eventually hereached the endgame where his material advantage proved decisive.

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The real question is, why should a posilion which looks so hope-less at first glance contain so many hidden resources? The mainreason is that White's Pawn Structure has no organic weaknesses.Bhck hrs a t ransi tory ad\antage in T ime (super ior de\e lopment) .but this requires the utmost irgenuity to sustain. Meanwhile, Whitecould not be prevented from consolidating in one move with IN Kl! Thus Steinitz's theories approached Philidor's in that herecognized in the elements of Pawn Structure and Force thoseadvantages which endure to the end. Steinitz's principal contributionto technique lay in his ability to conven Time and Space inro rhesemore durable elements.

Steinitz's theories bore upon something much bigger than chess-namely, life itself, struggle, reason-mirrored in sirty-four squares.His theories could be further elaborated in two directions: ohilo-sophically or practically. Emanuel Lasker followed the firsi lead("1 who vanquished Steinitz must see to it that his great achievement,his theories, should find justice, and I must avenge the wrongs hesuffered"). Siegbert Tarrasch took the second lead.

The mantle ofclassicism thus fell upon Dr. Siegbert Tarrasch, whoboth enriched and impoverished Steinitz's teachings by selecting onlythe portion which appealed to his own temperament. (For example,Tarrasch preferred mobility plus a weakness to consticted positionsnithout ueaknesses.) Today these teachings are the slock in tradeof every player from Grandmaster to Grandpatzer: occupy thecenter, fortify it, seek mobility and minute advantages, play with aplan. Tarrasch elaborated al1 this with a clarity and simplicity thatremain masterly to this day. Even today, in the pictures whichhave been passed down to us, one can sense the arrogance of thisstifiy posed Cerman docror. That his dogmalism should irk rheyounger generation is not surpdsing.

And that there should be a leaction aeainst this starchv oedanticismwas inevitable. It remained only for the-younger masteis io express itopenlv after World War I.

Rbti and the Hypermoderns: Flank GameThe hypermoderns were thoroughgoing iconoclasts, and today itseems no accident that they rose to prominence after a World Warwhich ravaged all established values and conventions. They attackedtheir classical heritage on the grounds that no two chess positionsare ever quite identical, that the so-called "rules" and "generalprinciples" rcsult in "aulomaticchess" w hen applied indiscrimioately.

The two schools immediately came into conflict on a crucialmatter: the c€nter. Occupation, argued the classicists, was imperative.

12

Control, countercd the hypermoderns, was the real necessity.Accordingly, they sought openings which allowed their opponents afree hand in the center, only to cripple it later with deft blows fromthe flanks. Their insouciance was remarkable. Brever once beganannolating a game by giving I P-K4 a question mari<. accompan-iedby the comment that "White's game is in irs last throes!" Why?Well, he argued, I P-K4 does not actually develop a piece (it merelyprepares development by opening lines); furthermore, White hascommitted himself irretrievably in the center by creating a target.There must be a way to attack this target, even lo prouoke Wbrteinto advancing and providing more targets. Alekhine's Defensefitted this prescription: 1P-K4, N-KB3; 2 P-K5, N-Q4; 3 P-QB4,N-N3; 4 P-Q4, Black's Knight has been driven from pillar to post,but White has made no developing moves in tbe meantime-on thecontrary, he has occupied the center to his own detriment. White hasbeen transformed into a flat-footed opponent squaring away withhis leet planted firmly in the center of the ring, while Black bobs andweaves and jabs from all directions to his heart's content. Atpresent, White is thought to maintain a slight advantage in Spaceand Time which offsets his weakness in Pawn Structure. The BlackKnight on QN3 is misplaced, and serves no function other thanprovoking White's central flurry.

Is White's center stroflg or weah? This "chase variation', putsthe soundness of the defense to irs most severe test: 4 . . . P-Q3;5 P-84 (the "Four Pawns Attack"), PxP ; 6 BPXP, N-83 ; 7 B-K3(timing is important. Not 7 N-B3, B-N5 with severe pressure onthe center), B-B4; 8 N-QB3, P-K3; 9 N-B3, Q-Q2; 10 B-K2,O-O-O; 1t O-O and White's center is still intact, serving itsoriginal function by cramping Black's game. StiJl. many maitersdrstrus[ this adranced ccnter. and the modern tendency is to omitP-Q84 and develop a piece in'reld: viz.. I P-K4, N-K83; 2 P-Ks,N-QI; S P-QA, P_Q3; 4 N_K83, B-N5; 5 B_K2.

1 3

i'/ffi"tvft.% %" & %"&' %

% %

t f f i,,,,ffi7t

%frvt

Diagrum 7

Since the opening is a struggle for domination of the center, thehypermoderns sought a system which put direct pressure on it fromthe flank without flxins the central Pawns too soon. The naturalopening move in such i system is I N-KB3 which, moreover, doesnot commit the first player.

The moves of the hypermoderns were not always new, though theprinciples behind them were. "The Opening of the future," asTaftakower dubbed the Rdti-Zukertort opening in 1924, had beenplayed as far back as 1804 by Napoleon Bonaparte!

The principles of the "chess cubists" were put to their mostgrueling test at the N.Y. International Tournament in 1924. Thefollowing, from the game R6ti-Yates, is a quite typical hypermodernposition.

Diagf tn I

Black mores. Black's Pauns occvpy the center. Meanwhile, lVhiteexerts pressure on them by hauing placed his Queen on d mosl bizaftesquare, The game continued:

worst of the classical heritage. There was, of course, an historicalreason for tbeir sweeping exaggeration. Classical theory was soentrenched by the time they appeared on the scene that the hyper-moderns were forced to overstate their case in order to be heard,By bending the stick to one side, they helped to place it in themiddle. Their imperishable message is to keep our eyes open, toavoid routine, and to approach each position with an open mind.

The Technicians : Neo-Classical SchoolThe technicians are what the word implies: they "play like a bookin the opening, like a magician in the mid-game, and like a machinein the ending." Like Steinitz, they rarely try to force the game or gocontrary to the objective demands of the position. As a generalrule, in closed games, Space is more important than Time. This lendsitself to positions where patience and endless maneuvering are theorder of the day. Ir is really remarkable what the good techniciancan do once he is given the most minute advantage. Exploitingweak squares and accumflating invisible advantages are matters ofsecond nature. They have absorbed all the knowledge of the past,and apply to it unparalleled technique. Their emphasis is on howto win a won game rather than on how to get one.

Becaqse ofthe slowjockeying for position so characteristic of theirgames, the technicians are continually reproached with being dulland colorless. The average player is not equipped with the patienceor the ability to appreciate this subtle brand of chess in which all theaction seems to take place beneath the surface. Nothing "happens,"

no slam-bang attacks, no flim-flam-yet somehow the techniciansemerge triumphant. At Carlsbad, 1929, Rubinstein extracted a winfrom such a "hopelessly drawn" Rook and Pawn ending that theeditors of the tournament book united in the assertion that had thishappened three hundred years ago Rubinstein would have beenburned at the stake for being in league with evil spirits!

The great technicians-past and present-include such illustriousnames as Rubinstein, Capablanca, Reshevsky, Smyslov, and Flohr.They make few errors and lose few games. When they are beaten,it is usually in a manner which reflects credit on their opponents. Itgoes without saying that they are hard to beat. The way to pick outthe technicians in scanning the cross-table ofa tournament is to lookfor those players with the-greatest number ofdraws. The technicianis generally content to draw with players of his own class, whilebeating the weaker players with monotonous regularity. One seldomhears of an "upset." At the Kemeri Tournament in 1937 Flohr tiedfor first place with a score of 12-5 which comprised 7 wins and 10

1 5

1

To protect the threatened KP.2 KR_BI

N(1)-Q2

P_KR3It soon becomes obvious that White has to regroup his piecesbecause, having reached his maximum, he has nowhere else to go.Black already has too much momentum in the center; White mustconstantly guard against P-K5.

Eventually it became obvious that the hypermoderns allowedtheir opponents too much leeway in the center. The great contri-bution of the hypermodern school is in pointing out that on manyoccasions an advantage in Space is incompatible with an advantagein Pawn Structure. The school fell into disreDute because it failedto discriminate as it destroyed. It negated th; best along with the

14

% %i"'ffi i.,.& .,,ffi %%t",ffia%

% %%^%ft%a - ; ( - $ . ? A aA ,HII:?I A

draws-all the more remarkable because these draws were againstthe very next ten players in the standing!

Asked whether he expected to win the U.S. Western Tournamentin 1933, Reshevsky replied, "Who is there to beat me?" Nobody didbeat him-but he didn't win the tournament. Too many draws. InMeet lhe Maslers, Euwe writes: "Reshevsky often wins with Black;there arise lively positions in which his tactical preparedness countsfor a lot." This is an apt observation. Technicians prefer counter-attack to attack, baring their claws only when provoked. Theyprefer their opponents to take the initiative. The reason they drawwith each other so frequently is that neither side is willing totake risks. Perhaps this style is not held in high esteem becausethe general public senses a basic lack of courage.

Economy"No second chance!" is the battle-crv ofthe technicians. Economv-the execution of a given end jn a hinimum number of moves*is their trade mark. They are masters of the finesse, the interpolation.Nothing escapes them*not the slightest transposition.

KRAMER-BISCUIER. ROSEN\VALD TOURNEY. NIW YONT. 1955_56

Diasrum 9

Blacb mores. Black must force llhite to relinquish the blockafu onK3. and the slightest transposition of moues can lose him the preciousinitisti)e. The tr(usition from this to the next diagram is accomplishedby Bisguier without the batting of an eyelash!

1 . . . R - B 7 c h !Accurate! Not I . . .QxQ; 2 BxQ, R-B7ch; 3 R-Q2, RxRch(or . . . B-B4ch; 4 K-Kl!); 4 BxR, B-B4ch; 5 B-K3-andWhite maintains the blockade.

2 R-Q23 BxR

Again more accurate than 3 . . . QxQ; 4 BxQ, B-B4ch; 5 B-K3.The point is 4 B-K3 now loses to QxQ.

QxQP_84K_K2P-K4K_Q3B-85

Or if l0 P-N3, B-R3 and White's K-Bishop is locked out of play.1 0 . . .11 PxB12 B-Kl13 B-B214 KxB

BxBK_Q4P_K5BxB

K_Q5

% % % r% % % " ' k

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Diagram 10

Position aJter 14 . . . K-Q'

IVhite rcsigns, He is defenseless against . . P-K6ch. (FinallyBlack has won the Ditql K6 square.) The trro passed Pawns ereenough to make Columbus soty he discouered America.

The EclecticsThe eclectics have inherited the Romantic tradition, derived fromMorphy, and they have fortited it with a century ofchess technique.They are primarily tacticians-alert to every possibility, courageous,original, sharp. While the technician steers for positions which arenearly always under his control (preferably where he can keep thedraw in haid;. tbe raclician surienders himsef ro complicaiions.

1 7

4 K_N25 BxQ6 B-B6ch7 R-Ql8 B-Q29 B-R4

t0 B-N3

RxRchB-B4ch

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l 6

While the technician strives for closed positions, the tactician strivesfor open games where everything hangs by a hair. The technicianaims for the endgame (because he prefers positions which respondto technique rather than to imagination). The tactician concentrateson opening theory, always seeking new ways to introduce a sharpand early battle. The difference is primarily one of temperament.

In 1951, after drawing a world title match with Botvinnik, Bron-stein admitted that he threw away several very critical endgames.It seems he lost patience with these relatively "dull" positions!

If one word could summarize the present renaissance of Sovietchess, it uould be "dynamism." (One wonders to what extent thevalues of a culture are reflected in its chess.) The leading exponentsof the eclectic school have derived mainly from that geographicalregion: Alekhine, Bronstein, Keres, Geller, and to some extent,B6tvinnik, whose sryle resembles Emanuel Lasker's. It goes withoutsaying that the distinction between the classical and eclectic schoolsis not always self-evident, inasmuch as a tactician may often findhimself playing positional chess, and vice versa. Keres' style, forinstance, has undergone a marked drift toward neo-classicism.

The eclectics dislike symmetrical positions because of their drawingtendencies. They seek at all times double-edged moves which intro-duce imbalance, thereby stamping a definite character on the game.The following illustration is quite typical.

BISGIJIER-EVANS, ROSEN'WALD TOURNAMENT, NEW YORK, 1955_56

Diagrcm l I

Blacle mores. Black's QBP is attacked. The insipid 1 . . . PxPmeets this threat, but after 2 PxP llhite will haue freed his Q-Bishopand the game will assunte e drawish character because of thebalqnced Pawn Structure. Blqck must seek a ttay to mqintain thetension if he wsnts to produce winning chances. This he can do with1 . . . P-85; 2 B-82, R-Kl. Now Black has ueated a Q+idemajority; the Pawn Structure is imbalanced. (Black has 3 Pawns to

l 8

2 on the Q+ifu, and it is always easier to force a possed Pawn inthe endgame with 3 against 2 than vith 5 against 4.) The consequentstruggle will be ouer llhite's attempt to force P*K4 v,hile Blacli triesto restrain this (the rcason for 2 . . . R-Kl) and mobilize his ovno-side mojority in the meantime. Black's chances qre better becauseWhite's pieces are nlomentaril! entangled. The ganre, howeuer, waseuentually drawn.

Sharpness"Sharpness" is a combination of alertness and precision. It ischaracterized by the relenrless search lor hidden iesources and adisdain for the "obvious" move. Even if there are a thousand goodreasons for rejecring a given move, the tacrician is always ready toconsider it, and he often gains an advantage in this totally unexpectedway. The_position.that follows is incredibly complicated, everythingis suspended in mid-air, Black's Rook is en prise, yet the master-magician, Alekhine, pulls all the strings. One slip by Black andWhite will have time to consolidate. Alekhine finds one stroke afteranother, each morp powerful than the last, so that his harassedopponent is given no breathing space.

RETr-ALEKHTNE, BADEN-BADEN. 1925

Diagrum 12Black motes.

1 . . . N - B 6 !Black counterattacks-ignoring his attacked Rook.

? QxPForced. 2 Q-B4 is met by P-QN4 and the Queen must relinquishIts guard of the KP.

QxQNxPch

.,

3 NxQ4 K-R2

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1 0

4 K-B1, NxPch; 5 PxN, BxN leaves Black a Parvn ahead with awinning position. Now White seems safe, for if 4 . . . NxR;5 PxR holds everything. How can Black sustain his initiative?

Diastam 13

Position olter 4 K-R2

N-Ks ! |4 . . .A marvellous stroke-and the only move to maintain the initiative.Even without Queens on the board the battle rages fiercely.

5 R_84Rdti finds the very best defense. Not 5 PxR, NxR (7) and if 6 NxN,NxR winning the exchange.

5 . , . N x B P !And not 5. . . NxR; 6 NxN, or 5. . . BxN; 6 RrN (4)! TheDrosaic text seems to end all the fireworks. The win of a Pawn isnot in itself sufficient to win, but Black still has a winning mid-gameattack.

The remaining moves were: 6 B-N2, B-K3; 7 R(Bzl)-B2, N-N5ch;8 K-R3 (not 8 K-Rl, R-R8ch), N-K4 dis. ch; 9 K-R2, RxN;l0 RxN, N-Nsch; 11 K-R3, N-K6 dis. ct; 12 K-R2, I\xR; 13 BxR,N-Q5! I/ftite nesigns. For if norv 14 R-K3. NxBch; 15 RxN,B-Q4 wins a piece.

RossoLrMo-EvANs. HAsrINcs. 1948-49

Diagrun 14

White ,rtorcs, He has a sh{rrp intelpolation. An unimaginati,eplayer, intent on repairi g Force, might play I QxP, which giaesBlack time for P-Q3, assuring him offree and easy deuelopment. IJ'White is to sustain his initiatiue, he must frst see to it that Blackdoes not get his pieces out. Hence the interpolation-

I ,P-K5 !!A sharp move which virtually wins by force. Black's game is nowextremely difficult. If 1 . . .P-Q3; 2 P-QN4 (to divert the Bishopfrqm a defensive diagonal: QR.6-KB1), B N3; 3 B-KN5 leads toa strong attack. Still, this is Black's best practical chance. Thedefense chosen il the game leads to a massacre,

1 . . . P - K R 3Black loses more Time, in order to prevent B-KN5. Now Wlrite'sQ-Bishop heads for an even more devastatiag diagonal. Of coursen o t 1 . . N x P ; 2 N x N , Q x N ; 3 R - K l .

B_N3P_QR4

2 P-QN43 P-QR44 B_R3

Already Black is without an adequate defbnse. If 4. . .PxP;5 PxP, NxNP; 6 Q-N3, B-B4; 7 N-B3 and it is impossible forBlack to get his pieces out. The threat is BxN follorved by N-Q5.I f 7 . . . P - Q B 3 ; 8 N - K 4 w i n s m a t e r i a l .

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20 2 l

CHAPTER tWo: Pawn Structuro

In some primers, with good reason, endgames are taught first-though the novice rarely is made to comprehend why. "Pawn

endings are to chess what putting is to golf," observed Purdy.More than this-Pawn Structure is to chess what cell structure is tolife. After a handful of moves the chessmaster already is evaluatinghis posi t ion in lerms of h i r endgame prospecrs. Shoi ld he p lay r6simplify and exchange pieces? Should he play for an attack instead?Let's digress a bit-it's really germane-to see how this rvorks.

The Outside Passed PawnConsider the basic principle of many King and Pawn endgames-"when there are no outside passed Pawns, every effort must be madeto create one." If the Pawn Structure is balanced, of course, this isquite impossible. That is why, for cxample, if each side has slrPawns, masters generaliy will make some attempt in the very openingto force 3 against 2 on the Q's side (see "Q's Side Majority"), and3 against 4 on the K-side-rather than a straight 3 against 3 on eachwing. The reason is that it is technically easier to create an outsidepassed Parvn with 3 against 2 than with 4 againsr 3.

A

7t ,'t ",&7t ttz

2 7 t 7 t7t pt 7t

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BREYER-NYHOL]\1, BADE\.BADEN. 1914

Diasru 115

White sins, He has {tn outside possed Pawn.

Here the forces are so reduced and the material so even that one istempted perfunctorily to dismiss the position as a draw. If anything,Black seems to have the more active King. However, the presence ofWhite's tiny QBP-the outside passed Pawn is the decisive factor.The principle involved is that Black must rush his King headlong infront of White's QBP in order to block its queening path, whereupon,at the proper moment, White will pitch or sacrifice this Pawn and (inthe process) march his King to the remaining Black Pawns on the K'swing and remove them all.

Black to move, the game proceeded: 1 . . . P-R4; 2 F-R4'P - K 4 ; 3 P - B 3 c h , K - K 5 ( 3 . . . K 8 5 ; 4 K - B 2 , K - Q 4 ; 5 K Q 3eventually forces Black to give ground); 4 K-K2, P N3; 5 K-Q2(note how White marks time while Black exhausts his remainingPawn moves, rvhereupon his King rvill have to gire rvay), K 85(Black is trying despcrately to dissolle l:,is K-side Pawns beforereturning rvith his King to the Q's rviru, so thtt when White marcheshis King to the K-side thelc will be no Patvns for him to gobble.This defense fails due to lack of Time); 6 K Q3, F-N4; 7 PxP'KxP; 8 K-K4, K-B3; 9 K Qsl (not the hasty 9 P-B4?, K-K3;10 P-B5, P-R5; 11 P-B6, K-Q3; 12 P-B7-the pitch-KxP;13 KxP, K-Q2; 14 K 85, P-R6!; 15 PxP, K-K2-drar'-the RPcannot win when the opposing I(ng gets in front of it), K 84;10 P-B4, and norv if P-K5; 11 K-Q41, K-85; 12 P-85, P-K6;13 K-Q3, K-K4; 14 KxP, K-Q,l; 15 K-8.1, KxP; 16 K-N5, K-Q4;17 KxP-White uins.

,l

13

P a u- n S tructure D et e rmine s St rat e gyArmed with this previous examplc, we are now in a position toconsider the exchange variation of ths Ruy Lopez after sevenstandard noves: 1 P-K4, P-K4; 2 N-KB3, N-QB3; 3 B-N5,P-QR3; 4 BxN, QPxB; 5 P-Qzl, PxP; 6 QxP, QxQ; 7 NxQ.

Diagtutn 16

White has a winning Parun structure but-. This positionconlqins nqn.v busic principlcs and many exceptions. For tie nonccle_t_.us content ourselDes with the Jbllowing obseruations: (a) in efeaIlhite is a Patrn ahead on the K-side (Black's .loubled OBp'i'sreuorrhless: his 4 Q-sirie Partns arc h,lJ in check by tlhids J. Tosarisfy 16uv5!:lf remorc all rhc pieces fron the biard ond rry rocreate a Queen with one of the Black patvns); (b) as a result of hissuperior Paun Srructurc White har a 1orrr4 \'in in rhe endgane;therefore, (c) each exchange brings him closer to aictory.

This, then, is White's strategy-to swap pieces at each and everyoppodumty. The fly ir the ointment is that chess is a game ofcoo0 ic t -dynamic . nor s ta i i c . B lack has compensat ion in o rher .elements_(the 2 Bishops). "Before the ending the gods have placedthe middle game,"' said Tarrasch, to explairjust Juch positions asthese, rvhere one side has a winning advantage in the ending f iecan.et)e.r get /o tt. zught now the important thing to note is thesimilarity. irt prin:iple. of this dirgr.am ro rhe previous onc. To cloth is . .menta l l y sweep a l l rhc p iece i o f l the board ercepr rbe K ings .rr wll l tooti hkc thls-

Diagmn l7

White wins by creating a passed Paen on the K-Side. Thereis no point in outlining the solutiotl here- It nny require 20-perhaps 30 noues but th.tt is a problent ol endgone technique, The-winning

process consirts of crcati g q possetl Patn on the K-slle.Note only that if the Blqck P.oNn vtere on Q3, instead of QB3,the game woukl be q theoretical draw.

Pawn Mobility'?Pawn mobility" refers to the Pawn's relative power to advance. Inour discussion of the outside passed Parvn we saw that its greatporver lay in its ability to advance, unimpeded by enemy Pawns.We are thus in a position to draw our first tentative conclusion:Pawns that arc free to adt:ance cre healthier than Pah)fis that arcunable to do so. The point vrhere every Pawn has equal mobilityexists in the original structure.

Diagrun 18

The idesl Pa )n structure

t""&. 7rr,.ft7tt7:t 7t

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This is ideal becausc neither side has any weakness, and all thePawns are ready to oiler fraternal support to each other. TheHypermoderns wcre the first to understard the real value of thisoriginal Pawn Structure, but the)/ went to extrenes in trying to keepit intact. Certain Pawns the central ooes oreferablv-must beadr rnced. courareous ly . in o rder (o rc l t l r c f i cc , .q ou t and esrab l i s l tbeachheads. The remaining Parvns should stand duty as reserves.But renf;mber-reserves can bc called upon only once in every game.So use them splrinely, and not at all i f possible.

Every time a Pawn is advanced it loses some of its mobility. Itcrosses that metaphysical boundary which divides essence ttombeing. The original Parvn Structure is healthy because it possessesabsolute mobil ity, absolute fle:.ibil i ty, absolute potential.

Semi-mobile Pawns arc ffec 1.o advance, but only relatively: assoon as they advance, they lose their mobility. Tltus if P-K5, P-Q4locks the lbrmation. And if I P-Q5, P-K4. While after I P-Q5,PxP; 2 PxP, neither Parvn is free to advance any further.

% 7 t %%

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Diasrum 21

Immobile Psens

A Pawn is itxtttobile when it is physically unable to advance. Forpractical purposes Parvns may also be considered immobile rvherethey are free to advance, but where to do so would cause their losswithout any corresponding compensation. A backward Parvn on anopen lile is a good example.

Diogtont 19

Mobile Pawns

Mobile Pawns are the most desirable formation. White's centerParvns are free to advance without being hindered by enemy Pawnson the same file. They can be stopped only by a blockade withenemy pleces.

Diasrun 20

Semi-mobile Pdwns

7t 1t ':/t'/rt 7:1 ''/1,,2

/r:/t lt 7t'/n ,&fr'//t/t 7,/t'",/////Z "/t "/,t

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Try to mobilize center Pawns

EVANS-KASHDAN, u.s. opEN cr+.lrproNssrp, 195 I

Play for the "steamrollert t

EvANs-r-ARsEN, u.s. oPEN cnAMPIoNsHP, 1949

White mortes. Despite h!?ermoderndognn, occupation of the centermore often than not also mealns con-trol-especially y)hen the centerPautts qre mobile.IYhite must play to force P,K4euen though this vould venken hisQP. It is the only t'ay to open linesfor his Q-Bishop and to free his gqme.Note the elqborete measure eachside has taken for and against P-K4.Ca White plq! it !"et?

Black moves. The "steamroller"

consists of ttto or more connectedPawns in tlle center which qre sohighly mobile that one or the orher isconstantly threataning !o oduance.like molten laua.The best defense is to try and prouokeone or the other Pawn to adoance, sothat a line of defense (or a blockade)can be established.

1 P - K 42 PxP3 Q-Q34 P-R31s QxQ6 PxB7 P_N5

PxPB_KN5

N.K3

QxPch !NxQ

N_87B-B4ch

8 K_819 N-Q3

IO B-84tl K-K212 K-Q213 K-K2

1 . . .2 B_N53 P-Qs4 BxN5'R-K36 R-N3ch

N*K41N_83

Q_K4PxB

N_K2K_R1

7 Q-B38 Q-Rs:9 R,R3

10 R-8211 Q-R6!'

P_84R.KNl

Q_N2P_B5

N.KN5B_N3

QR_Q1N-Qsch'�N-N6chN-Q5ch

Draw

I Safer is 4 B K3. reinforcing the cenrer ancl rhrearening P-R3.2 I I . . . Nr,QR: 12 RrN- lavors Whire-lwo pieces- are nearlvalways betrer than a Rook (see "Force"). There is no uay for Whirito avert the perpetual check \\ithout material loss. If, for instance,14 K-Bl, N-B7; 15 QR-QI, N(5)-K6ch; 16 K,K2, NxB wins forBlack. On 14 K-Ql, N-N6 White wili be in trouble if he plavsan;thing but K- 82: therefore. he acceprs lhe draw afrer N-Qsch.

1 In order to reach 83 and thus force the Pawn to advance to Q5.The alternative, P-KR3, would prevent White's next move, butcreate a weakness. Black tries to force White to play P-Q5 so thathe can set up a blockade on the dark squales (K4 and Q3).White's steamroller, reinforced by the two Bishops, is already tooformidable, however.2 Leading to a won endgame because of Black's indefensible KBP.This is a verv instructive examDle of Pawn Structure converted intoattack, then re-converted at tire proper moment back into PawnStructure. Black loses rhis endgami due ro bis hopeless PawnStructure,

The remain iog moves were: I I . . . B-Bl ; 12 QrQch. RrQl 13QR-83. N-N3: 14 R-Q2. P-Bl i 15 R1J)-82. B-Q2: l6 N-K2.!-BO; tz RxP, N-R5; 18 R-KB2, QR-KNI; 19 N-N3, P-KR4;20 RxP, R-N4; 21 P-K5, RxP; 22 R-R6ch, K-N2; 23 R-R7ch,!-Bt; Z+ RxB, R-K8ch; 25 K-82, RrB; 26 R-QB7, R-N5;27 P-Q6, R-B5ch; 28 K-K3, N-N3 ; 29 P-Q7, R-N6ch; 30 K-K2,Black Resisns.

29

)

r a r t i%t% 'ffi

%t7za%7t '"..& "ffi

Diasru 22

a _ a i t r' t , g a "*!**D*^,u% %H%ft"l,ffi

Diagtum 23

28

Majorities must be mobilized

EvANS-RossoLrNro, HoLLywooD opDN, 1954 EVANS-SANDRIN,

Semi-mobile center Parvns

u,s. CHAMPToNSHIP, 19'+8

Black moues. White threatensP-QN3, settitlg up a blockade onQB4. If Black pernits this, hisQ-side majorit)l ttill be stopped cold.Somelrcw, Black tnust actiuate hisseemingll, inunobile QBP.Note Black's Q-side majority (3 to2), v,hereas White is uirtually aPaun dovn becouse of his doabledKing Pawns.

BLACK

llhite rtotes. White's KP seeilts tobe inmobile because its aduanceaplarcntll loses a Pabn without anlcanlPensaUon.The real blockader i.g Blaclc's Pabnon Q3. In ordu to wobilize. Whitemust demolish this blockade. Thishe cqn Jo ohi g Io q lqctical possi-bility. How ?

1 . . P-85! 2 QxQr NxQ'

1 No better is 2 RxP ?, QxQ; 3 PxQ, RxR. Black's timing isimportant . He could not f i rs t p lay I . . . QxQ: 2 Pr ,Q. P--85because of 3 RxRP.'�White is lost. His doubled K-Parvns are worthless, and Black hasa bind. It is only a question of time before he invades on the Q-fiIe.White's QR is tied to the defense of the QRP; his other pieces arefatalJy ensnared.

Perhaps White's hopelessness can be mole fully appreciated if wefollow the game for awhile: 3 K-Bl, P R4; ,1 P-K4, R-Q5;5 K K2, P-N3; 6 B-Q2, B-B4; 7 B-K3, R,Q2; 8 BxB, RrB;9 P-KN3, R-Bl; l0 R-Ql, QR-QI; 11 P-R3, RxR; 12 NxR,R-Q6; t3 N K3, R-Q5; 14 N-82, R-Q6; 15 N,K3, R-N6;16 R-R2, K-Bl; 17 P-N4, P-R5; 18 P 85, P-N4; 19 K-Qz.K-Kl; 20 K-K2, K-Q2; 21 R-Rl (or White can rvait for strangu,Iat ion) . R\Pch. u i th rn easy u in for Black.

1 P - K 5 ! l

1 There is nothing better. Ifinstead I . . . NrKP; 2 B-N6 wins theQueen! Or if I . . . NxQP White has several good moves, of whichprobably 2 P-K6 is the best. Finally, if I . . . N-Kl; 2 P-K6 rvinsmaterial. Wllen Pawns are semi-mobile, as in this case, one mustbe alert to the tactical implications.2 White wins the exchange, owing to the double threat of P-Q6 andBxR. An altemative to the text is 2 P-Q6, QxP; 3 BxP.

It is extraordinary horv quickly Black falls apart once it is possiblefor White to rnobilize his KP. This often happens to cramPedpositions as soon as the lines are opened.

PxPr 2 B R7!:

'tt"*

7t7tA

N At %.,,,&

t&"e.',Ea

7'

%'/z

Diagran 21

"

,2JI'w

61Hvf,fr,,.2A Ag A'.2ItA A ,

t"'Z7Zt

,t:<,ra,&

Diastam 25

30 3 t

7i., '%//i

% '/t//t

llz 7t7/t

: '/t7' 7/.,2

/l)ft7t v,/.::7t

7/t 7tDktgram:6

Passed Pawns Passed Pawns must be pushed!

EVANS-R, BYRNE, WERTIIIIM MEMORIAL, NEW YORK, 1951

White has a psssed QP. I passedPawn has no enem! Pqv)ns eitherdirectly in front, or adjqcent to it.It may be either a source of srrengthor a soutce of weakncss. dependingupon its mobility. In the endgame itacquires pover because its queeningpath must be blocked by the opposingKing, Ieauing its own King free forother d ty vork (.a.9 in diagrant 15).

White has q protected passedQP. The protected passed Pawn lsalways a strong formation. It has allthe desirable qttributes of the passedPawn, and is, in addition, self-sufrcient. The only way to attqck itis to undermine its base (in this case,the Pav:n on K4).

White has s potential psssedQP. A Pavn rr potentially passedvhen the enem! Pawn on an qdjacent

fle can be cleared awav by a sinpleexchange. In this case llhite coultlhaue an actual passed QP by thesimple process oJ playing 1 P-Q5,P x P ; 2 P x P .

White mores. The passed Pawn canbe a mighty veapon euen in the middlegame if it is not blockaded and if it isbacked up by major ?ieces. In short,a passed Pawn which is also mobileconstitutes d tangible aduantage be-cause when it is pushed far enough,the enemy will haue to sauifce apiece in otder to preuent it fromqueening. (See also diagram 32.)

l QxQ2 P-Q6!r

RxQR_K1

3 P-Q7 R-Ql4 R-87 Blacle Resignsz

t With the powerful threat of P-Q7. Nimzovitch indulged in a

Quaint "pathetic fallacy" rvhen he attributed the onward movement

of a passed Pawn to its "lust to expand."2 Black must lose at least a Bishop, with more to follow. If 4 . . .B-K5; 5 R-B8 forces a nerv Queen. And, ofcourse,4. . . R-Nlis met by 5 RxB, IL\R; 6 P-Q8:Qch.

ti t

% "ffifrTlz,I

Diagrun 28

% 'ffi,ft'w% %

%% r f f i

Diagrcm 29

turKot% "',%ftVlzr,

7 t %% 7 2

Diasrum 27

Clear the path for passed Pawns. Demolish blockades.

cHAMProNsHrP, 1950Black mopes. l|/e haue alreaclydete ifle(l that the strcngth o.[ spassed Pav'n depends upon its mobiliq'.Ilere Blqck's QBP apparentll isinntobile betause of Ilhite's stounchblockale ou Q Bl. LxchanqingKnights vill do no good becauseBlqck hqs no other piece which canexert pressure on that square, lfhitethreqtens 7 NxN, BxNch; 2 K-Q2!So it is obuious that Blqck must usehis precious moue to solue the problemby combinatiue meqns.

5 B-N216 K-Q27 R R 48 R-R15

White rcsigns. He is in " Zugzwang."*

I Wrat else ? The Rook cannot remain on the rank.2 Forced. Not 2 K-Q2?, NxPch and the Pawn queens next.3 3 NxP: 4 B-R3. P N5: 5 B-N2. P B81Q1ch: 6 BxQ, N;rB;7 R-QN8, N-Q6; A P-84 gives White drawing chances.a K-Q2 is refuted by N-B4!!-a beautiful final point.5 Or if8 RxP, P-B8(Q)ch; 9 KxQ, N-R7ch winning the Rook.

* "Zrg:rrarg" means the unpleasan! obl igal ion ro move.

-

Create protected passed Pawns

HOWARD-EVANSj MARSHALL CHESS CLUB CHAMPIOT''SHIP' I9iI9-50

Bloch mottes, Thi.s position repre-se ts o theorctical balance: White'sBishop and Knight tall! 70 unitsugainst Rook afid tv'o Pqvns-.rlso7O.(See "Toble of Relatiue Yalues" .)Black's Patin Structure is bad. His

QP's are doubled and his RP isattqcked. He tnust Jind some wa)) tounparall:ze his Pqtxs.

BLACK

1 . . .2 RxRl3 K_K3'4 B_R3

R-QRI!NxNchN-Q6!3

P_N5

NxBN_Q8N_86K_R3

1 . . .2 PxPe3 K-Q24 B_N6

l Black cannot stop to defend. This is the only rvay to sustain theinitiative. Ifinstead I . . . K-85; 2 BxP, K-86; 3I(-Ql, followedby N-K2ch.2 Disaglceably forced. Now 2 KxP is met by R-B6ch, winning theKnight. Black norv has a protected passed QNP.3 Having won material, the rest is easy for Black.

P Q6ch!1 5 K-82

P_N6 6 N_KzK-N5 7 KxQP-N7 8 N_83

K_R6P-N8(Q)ch !

R_QN2RxBchs

EVANS-BISCUILRJ U,S. OPEN

Diagrun 30

% % % E %% " t h %"&, ',&'i"'/t %

f t T , T f t %% % % ' f f i -

%^"ng%

Diagrunt 3 l

35

Mobilize potential passed Pawns

ErrwE-EVANs, WERTHEIM MEMORIAL, NEw yoRK, 1951

Blach moves, Black has a serru-mobile Q-side Pawn mass coupledwithcontrol of the open QR.file. His QBPis potentiqll! passed. The problen i:to force a passed Pawn in such ama ner that it will be decisiue. Thereare seueral yrals to accom?lish this.Note that Black's extraordinaryPawn mobility more than compensates

for the Pawn which he is behind.Here is a case where Pawn Structureoutweighs a disadvantage in Force.

Connected. isolated and backward Pawns

Diasrum 33

Connected Pawns

Connected Pawns are a strong formation because they are in aposition to provide mutual defense. Connected Pawns may be eithermobile or immobile, depending upon the array of the enemy unitsopposing them. Pawns on adjacent files which are in a position todefend each other, when advanced, are connected.

1 . . .2 P-Qs'3 B-Q44 N-B6ch

P-N61 5 PxBNxP 6 K-B4PxP 7 B-K5BxI\

N_N5K-823N_87'

I The immediate 1 . . . P-B6 is also good. but the text is a triflesharper. I lLis order of mores gains Ti6e because White musr sropto defend his QRP.2A desperate bid to free his pieces. If instead 2 P-QR3, P-B6!;3 PxP, N-85; 4 B-B4, RxP follorved by P-N7.3 Safer than 6 . . . N-B7; 7 R-Nlch. Now White has no gooddefense against N-B7. 7 R-KNI is met by P-R8(Q).a Black wins. This is a good example of converting Pawn Structureirto Force.

% % %% % %

% % %% % %

%ft%ft%% % %

Diagtum 34

Disconnected or isoloted Psgns

Isolated Pawns ("isolanis") are generally weak because they pro-vide an immobile target and are susceptible to blockade. Theymust be defended with pieces, which is highly uneconomical.Isolated Pawns may be passed or not, again depending upon theplacement of the opposing units. The distinguishing characteristicof an isolated Pawn is that there is zo Pavrn of the same color oneither adjacent fle behind it.

37

I

% % 7 r ,% %

% ../4 %%ft%

%ft7t %% %

%

%

%

vzt"'1vtt"t&.%

%

A--F-

i %%

%.,,,,&ftrz

',,,,'ffi

,rr.,ffi.

E

Diagtum 32

36

7t%,raz

7t,r/z%

% ,.,&% 'rft

% % t% %

% %

Diasran 35

% %r"'&-t%

,,r,& % %

%fr'&- %%fr'&, %% %fr%

% %ft%% % % ^

White's QP is artificially iso-lated. A Pah'n rs artificially isolatedwhen the Pawn (or Pawns) next to itca not imme.liatelv spring to itsdefense. It dlJfers from sn isolatedPqn- in that it does hq,^e Pawns oneither, or both, adjacent fles.

Blach's QP is bachwatd. llegenerally thittk of a Paun as hadngbeconte isolated vl,hen it hqs adt)ancedtoo far beyond the ken of the otherPawns. Howeuer, there is also thecase of the Pqwn tvhich is isolatedbeccuse it has nol adaanced farenough. This ue term the back\\ardPawn. -ly'ole thqt it meets all thequalif corion: oJ an inlatrd Partn in-asmuch as it has no Pawn of thesame color on an adjacent f i le inback of it.

Black's QP is bachwatd on aflopefl file. I backward Pawn on anopen file is an euen more glaringweakness than d simple isolatedPavn becawe the enemy forces nowhaue access to it oia the open fle.The nwin dilference is this: while thebackv'ard Pavtn is physically unableto qdtqnce, the bqckvqrd Pawn on anopen fle is .free to do so, but at thecost of its life.

BxN 6 K-RlRxP 7 KR-K4

Blockade isolated Parvns

BouLAClrANrs (crrncr)-rv,tNs (u,:;.e..), orv;rrPrcs, DUBRovNTK, 1950

White moyes. Att isolutetl Pavnis veak Jor tiro reasons: (.1) it cantotbe clefended b.t' qnother Par ; (2) itconnot control the squqre dircctl! in

.front of it and on lhis squarc it ctrnbe blockqded. Once an "isokuti" hasbeen anaesthetized by neans of ablockade, it thrors all the other

lieces on the cleJbnsii:e.

BLACK

1 Q-Q3'2 QxB3 R_Kl

. 4 P-835 R_84

R_Q7'N-Q,l

B-B4ch

8 R_819 B-Q3

10 P-N4

B-873R-Q1N K 6

Q-N4Q_R5Diagratn 36

Diagram 37

% %t"/''ffi.% "'.& %

% " ' m %%ft"'nfr%

% %^"'/2,.,,rffi. % %ft

White Resigns

t This loses the QP \yithout a ilght. Relatively bettel is 1 B 84 whichmomentarily saves the QP and drarvs som: of the poison by forcingBlack to part with his beautifully ccntralized Bishop. Afler I . . .BxB; 2 RxB, R-Q3 tbllorved by QR Ql and N-B4 White's isolatedQP is still subject to fierce pressure" though it is possible that withperfect defense White can still draw. But that is all he can do-defend. This is the drawback of Dossessins an immobile isolatedPawn. Incidentrllv. I N-Q7 *ould rrot C-o. or.ing to th!' rcply.Q-N4, winning a piece.2 Black has a powerful initiative in addition to his nlaterialadvantage. It is amazing how quickly White's gane disintegrates.3 White is weak on his black squares. Notice horv Black invades onthis weak souare comolex.

)

Ditsrn r i3

38 39

Try to keep isolated Pawns mobile

EvANs-BrscurER, TRIANGULAR MATCH, NEw YORK, 1955

Try to repair isolated Pawns

EvANs-poscHrL, u.s. cHAMproNSHrp, 1948

Black moves. We haue seen theconsequences of a blockaded, isolatedPawn in the preuious example. Anisolani is strong under two cotlditions:(1) if it exetts a cromping infuenceon enem! deoelopmmts; Q) tf it canbe liquidated at will. Both of theseconditions are fulflled it this position.

lyhite mottes . The principle oJrepairing weaknesses holds true forTime and Space as well qs PawnStructure. White hqd been seeking avq) throughout this game to eliminatehis laggard KP. This gaue rise to analert combination based on the mo-mentary pin of Black's 8P. What is it ?

1 . . .2 PxP3 N-N5'

P-Q51NxP

NxBch

BxB

Q_N3

1 P _ K 5 :2 NxN3 RxRch

NxPlBxN

QxR

4 QxN5 QxB

4 BxB P-84?5 Q-KB4 ! Blach Resignf

Dtawns

l There is actually no rush to dissolve the isolani so soon. White isin no position to institute a blockade on his Q4 (as, for instance, ifhis Knighr were on Q4 instead of QB3) so Black should take ad-vantage of the lull to develop with 1 . . . B-K3. As long as Black'sQP is liquid (can safely advance ro Q5) it should be left where it isto cramp White as lonq as possibie.2 Active'defense is calteid fo;. Already Black's picces are climbing allover the center. If 3 B-Q3, B-N5 is hard to meet.3 Black has a slight edge (Bishop and Knight vs. two Knights), butthis is very shght indeed. The balanced Pawn Structure assures adraw. Since neither side expects the other to make any mistakes, andsince White has lost his theoretical opening advantage of the firstmove, there is nothing more to play for.

l This loses a piece. I . , . P-B4 also fails to 2 Q-N6, PxP; 3RrN!, RxR; 4 N-Q6ch, etc. Relatively best is I . . . R-Ql; 2PxP, NxP, though 3 R-K3 gives White an advantage in Space, andeventually in Pawn Structure, after 3 . . . Q-83; 4 BxN, PxB; 5N-N6ch, K-Nl; 6 N*Q5.2 Black had relied on this move, thinking it would regain the piece.3 White now wins a piece. This is a case where, as so very oftenhappens, tactics supplement strategy. White's long-range strategywas to get rid of his isolated KP. Tactics presented him with theDroDer moment to do so.

.l

i% %t"'mt%h% "ffi v;,

%r'N %' " f f i % %'ffi. ,ffi 'ffi.

.,,r,N %Nffi,ft

Diasram 39

t7fr 'ffi6:".&% '/&. %t,r/h % %t'w %fr% %"ffi %F."N.,,rffi,

% %t

Diagtun 10

40 4 l

File up on targets

EvANs-srErNERJ lsr MATCH GAME, 1952

White mopes. Black's isolated QRPis a "targef' in the direct Jiring line ofan open QRJila. In the endganrc lhisrcry QRP vould be decisiue! (Takeall the pieces of the board except theK i t l g : 1 . . . P - Q R ! w i n s . ) B e J o r ethe ending, ltoveuer, the gods hateplaced the ntitltlle gane. And lrereWhite's tllqjor pieces qre in an ide(tl

lositiotl to exploit the target.

BLACK

Maintain access to backward Pawns

r{bsHEVsKy-D. BYRNE, RosENwALD TouRNEy, NEw yoRK, 1954-55

llhite moves. If a backward Pawnis on a closed fle, then it is relatiuel!dfficult to gain qccess to it. Whenthis sqnle Pawn is exposed on arL open

fle, it is altogether another mqtter.Black has just captured a lYhiteKnight on Q5. White now has theo?tion of recqpturing y,ith either thePawn or the Queen. llhich choiceis strutegicqlll correct ?

BLACK

1N-K512 NxN3 B_Kl'

N,K5BxN

KR_B1

I PxN?r2 P_K4

4 B-Q33 N-835 QxPl

N_K2 3 P_83P-B4 4 Q-Q3

P_KN4O_O'

l Very logical. Since Black's Knight defends QR2, White seeks todislodge it. Now if 1 . . . NxN; 2 PxN, N-K5; 3 B-Q4 wins theQRP. (There is no need to play QxP immediately; better to pre-serve the two Bishoos first.)2 White retains the- two Bishops-Black is still saddled with theproblen of how to defend his QRP. 3 QxP is a playable alternative,but White prefers first to tie his opponent into knots. Black nowsacrifices his RP to obtah counterplay. 2 . . . R-Rl looks nonetoo palatable.3 Threatening 5 RxB, RxR; 6 BxN.a The rest is a matter of technique. Wiiite is a Pawn ahead.

I This is a srrategical error because it closes the Q-fiIe. After 1 QxN!the question is whether Black can enforce P-Q4 in order to dissolvehis backrvard QP. If not, he is positionally lost.

After 1 QxN, N-K2; 2 Q Q2, P Qa; 3 BxN!, ItrB (forced-3 . . . QxB; 4 PxP wins a clear Pawn for White); 4 QR-QI, P-Q5(4 . . . PxF; 5 Q-N4ch rvins Black's Queen); 5 PxP, PxP; 6 KR-KIwith a winning attack.

Passive defense is even worse: e.g., I QxN, B-B1; 2 QR-QI,B-K2; 3 R-Q2 (pile on targetsl), O-O; 4 KR-QI, Q-82; 5 N-83,threatening N-K4, with a crushing bind.2 White has no time to proflt from control of the open QB filebecause Black's K-side play must be counteracted. The game soonended in a draw.

'#:tt 'ff i7tz/&a

7&

Diagrun 4I

t1&/tt

7/t%

Diagrun 42

42

-t

When possible, block access to backward Pawns

JACOBS-EVANS, u.s. opEN cnAMptoNsHp, 1955

When possible, repair backward Pawns

Backward Pawns provide natural targets and restdct freedom ofmovement. It stands to reason they should be dissolved (or"repaired") at every opportunity by rny available means -racricalor otherwise. In the three positions that follow Black utilizes themove to repair his Pawn Structure

FINKELSTEIN-EVANS.

MARSHALL cl{Ess CLUB cnellProNsutr, 1946-47

, Diastan 4,1

C o r r e c t i s L . . . P - 8 4

Black takes advantage of the pin on the Bishop to advance hisbackward QBP. Moreover, this gains a tempo-White must delaycastling owing to the threat of P-B5. Black has also opened abeautiful diagonal for his Q-Bishop (QRl-KR8).

Note that the tempting developing move 1 . . B-K3 does notsolve the problem of the backward QBP after Wfute retreats withhis Queen to B2. Then P-84 could be met with the simple PxP.

Blsck moues. Ilhen defending witha backward Pawn, your strategy shouldbe to force lour opponent to closehis access to it. Often tqctics protidethe remedl.Black has a gloring vteakness on Q3.If he can force ,Yhite to ?lq/ N-Q5,so that, in the subsequent exchange,White y,ill harc to recq?ture rNith oneof his Pawns rather then the Queen,then Black will haue closed the Q-fleand thus hate solued his problem.

1 , . .

2 B_N33 N_Kl'

N_N3!B-N51R_81

5 BxN BxB6 N-Q53 NxN7 KPXN B-Q24

4 Q-Q3 B-K3

1A little finesse before returning to K3 with the Bishop. The threatof BxN develops a piece rvith gain of time.2 To prevent the doublinq of the KB Pawns after BxN.3 Fir;ly forced-it is thJ only way to defend the BP.a Compare this position with the original one. Black has achievedhis primary purpose: he las converted his QP into a bastion ofstrength. White has been forced to close the Q-file, and in theprocess Black has acquired the two Bishops. White has the badBishop. Finally, Black threaiens to expand tvith P-KB4. Whitemust now fight for the draw and, in fact, finally succumbed in anotherdozen moves.

' '/zi'zh&t"'*tt"'/z ,,fl "ffi 7.2

% "'& ""..&'2^7tfr%

"ffi, %a%",.& W 'l&fr

Diastan 13

% "ffi-i:".&t%t% "ffi. i%

% % %

45

.l

i n a^,fa ,

r ? u u ,

itili|!i:,!'6ittiS:t'iib:!,li';fl :Lfl :.:",yj[:,:fi ,#Ij|,i::ffiil

2 B-Ql' whcreupon either PxP .' p-qi"ii",,,i.l

ROSS--EVANS, N.Y. METROPOLITAN LFAC l l r , 1949

Diasran 15

Correct is I P_Q4

GOLDWATER-EVANSJr'TARSHALL cHtss CLUB cHAMpIoNsHrp, 194g_49

Diagtam 16

Conect is 1 , P_K4

;"ifn*l$;;-,*I;;f-.'1,,Fffi :Doubled and Tripled pawns

_^Here there,is,not so much need. for haste as in the previous two

i""."':[q?.f:.iffil.it,J,-;illi,::,*,r;*lit**llprevent P-K4. However, p_K4 miri"Hrrr"fff JTjk"i'ff ili',i'".,rifl i::1$i,ii:t*i?jl46

Diagtum 47

' Doubled pawns

Doubled pawn.s should be avoided because they cannot bemobilized. They frequently offerr hey pror ide r "- "p;; ;l;'; ;;an' ll'lo'.",.1',f l'

*' i o n in asm u ch a s

. Diagram,l8

Ttipled parrns

, r J'l'# ?:fi :t;';i'; i!;,ili'l p^ossi bre Pa w n form a r io n. ,^ i rh

lml*,ti j":d';":i::T'iiJT,#IJ:-ll'J";i,['.*'P;il

t t a t ra t g .f ,

u;^a ?; E'42

%

47

Immobile doubled Pawns

ADAMS-EVANS. u.s. cHAI{proNSHlp. 1948

Double-edged doubled PawnsHoRolvITz-EvANs, wERTlrErM MEMoRTAL, Nsw yom, l95l

llhite moves, Illrcn doubled Pqv,nsare "there to stttf"-bev,are! AII toooJien one of thetn can be picked of if

))our oplonent simply focuses Tieceson it. In this position Vy'hite nerelynlaneuoers his Knights to Q4 and K3.Eaen Blqck's two Bishops are of noquail.Notice hoy, Black vould haue a goodgame if only his Payln were on KN2insteed of KB4.

Black mopes. Black has a genuineproblem: whether to double White'sQBP's by NxN or by BxN. Eachmoue has its peculiar drawbacks qndaduantages. llthich would you choose--and why ?

BLACK

r NrQ42 N.K3

P-QB31o-o

1 . , .2 PxN3 N-Q44 R-Ql5 N_N56 B-QR3

NxNlB-K2

P_Q3'Q_82"QTNlR_Q1

7 Q-Q318 P_859 P-QM

10 N-8311 N-R412 QR-NI

N-K1P_Q4

P-QR3P-Q55Q_82

R-NI6

3 0-o-o, B-B44 N(3)xPB

2 N-N5, K-Q2 (forced); 3l Equally hopeless is I . . . P-B4;O-O-O. and the Din is fatal to Black.2 Adding insult to injury! The Pawn will not run away*White cancapture it at his leisure-so he prefers to strengthen his positionfirst bv castlins.o , , - . : ,' Whrte has won a Pawn. I he rest is a matter of tecblique,

l lnstead Black can give up the rwo Bishops-probably a wisercourse-with I . . . BxN; 2 PxB, Q-R4; 3 B-N2-but it is notclear how Black can make headway against the doubled Pawns. Ifnow 3 . . . N-Q3; 4 N-Q2, Q-B4; 5 Q-Q3-White holds everythingand threatens to repulse the invader.

The next move loses a vital tempo. It gives White a Time-Spaceadvantage to offset his bad Pawn Structure. How this confliit isresolved in the game is hteresting.'� 3 . . . P-Q4 would be a good move-but inconsistent-since itwould undo all Black's labors by allowing White to dissolve hisdoubled Pawns.3 A necessary evil. Black must submit to contortions because he iscramped. He would like first to play 4 . . . P-QR3, but 5 P-B5,P-Q4; 6 P-B6, P-QN4; but 7 P-QR4, opens all the lines.a More accurate is 7 P-B5, PxP (disagreeably forced; not 7 . .P-Q4; 8 P-B6!, BxB; 9 P-B7, winniag the Queen!); 8 RxRch,BrR; 9 BxP, threatening the devastating B-Q6. In view of thispossibility, it seems Black would have been better advised to selectBxN as his first move. But these things are not always easy toforesee over-the-board.5 Black fights to see that Write's Pawns stay doubled!6 Finally Black is out of danger, Now Q-B2 is threatened.

49

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Diaqratn 50

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Diasram 49

48

/

EVANS J. CROSS, U.S. OPEN

Diagrum 5I

t"t&%

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Capfure toward the center

cHAr,rProNSHrP, 1953

White moues. Often douhled Pawns.te ineuitable, a|t in thls tqriotio oJthe Sicilian DeJbnse: I P-K4,P-QB1: 2 .v -K43. V KB3: 3P K5.N Q1; 4 N-83, NxN. The problentis vthether llhite should recqpturetrith ltis QP or his NP. In the .frcti stance, he vt ould free his Q-Bishop.O/fhand, that v'ould seen mostdesirqble.Yet 5 NPxN is correct. Cqn lousee whl ?

Immobile tripled Pawns

olYrrrPrcs, 1952

Blqtb moyes. The reason tripledPawns are bad, especially in the end-gante, is that the! cannot be ntobilized.This is a drustic case. Bleck N qPawn ahead, but it matters not, Inef,ect the tri?led Pattns count as one-and Black is in reality a Pav,n dovtn!

5 NPxNr6 PxP ep.

P-Q4 7 P-Q4

QxP 8 PxPjPxP2 1 . . .

2 PxP3 K*86

' Forced. l t thrsstalemated.

4 K-Q63 KxP5 K-K6 Block Resignsa

P-B5IP_84P_B3,:

l Despite the temptation to choose the line which offers more rapiddevelopment (5 QPxN), White must first consider his long-rangeprospects in Pawn Structure. Right norv, it is true, Time is moreimportant than anything else. But after Black catches up in Timeall that he has to do is exchange his QP for White's KP in such amanner that his 3 Q-side Parvns will hold White's 4 Q-side Parvns atbay. The reasoning here is similat to Diagram 16, only in this caseWhite does not obtain the trvo Bishoos as corr]Densation.'B lack should be morc re luct rn l to exchrngc-he should p iay tokeep White's Pawns doubled. After 7 . . . P K3 however; 8 B-R3exerts annoying pressure on Black's normal development.3 White has undoubled his Palvns and retains the initiative.

Pawn could not advance, Black would be

2 Again forced. Not3. . . K R2; 4 K-B7.3 Black rvas hoping for stalemare-but in vain after 4 K-N6.4 White eats the Parvns at his leisure. A likelv continuation mishtl r a r c b e e n : 5 . . . 1 ( - 8 2 : 6 K \ P { 4 r . K - Q 2 : 7 K x P . K K t ; - 8K-N5, etc.

SMYSLOV-EVANS, HELSINKI

t

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Diagmn 52

50 5 l

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Exchanges increase one's advantage inPawn Structure

sMysLov-BorvrNNIK, 7rH MATC'T CAME, 1954

Weak squares

Diogrcm 54

A tuhite squore seakness

The sins of the rveak piayer are revealed in his Pawn Structure.A "weak square complex" is a series of similar colored squares

which can never again be defended by Pawns because the Pawns (orPawn) which normally defend them have already advanced. Remem-ber-Pawns cannot retreat! This is the reason that unnecessary orprolific Pawn movcs earJy in the game are ill-adr ised. Incidentally.a weak square complex is even weaker rvhen the Bishop that wouldnormally nurse it has been exchanged.

A "hole" is a square rvhich can never again be defended by aPawn. In the above diagram, Q3 and K4 are both holes for white.

"Ilteak sEures" are characterized by a sense of emptiness, Theyneed not be any particular co7or. Ivhen Pay,ns are placed on black,the x,hite squares are weak; when placed on white, the dark squaresare veak,

Whgnever a Paryn advances, a fresh weakness is incurred.Naturally, this does not mean that Pawn moves should altogetherbe avoided. But it means that they should be made sparingly,either to free the pieces or with some other definite objective in mind.

Black mores, White is a Pawnaheqd; albeit ftipled, it exerts con'sirlerable pressure on Black's game-While's immediate threat is N-N3-Blqck utilizes a wittj simPlifcationwhich Jrees his game, exchanges

Queens, and also leaues his Kirlg in itsstrongly centralized position for theending.

1 . . .2 QxP

N-KN5 3 KxQ

Q-Q8ch 4 K-KlNxPchNxQ'

l Black's sfateg/ has borne fruit in a hurry ! Instead of exertingpressure, the tripled Pawns have suddenly been converted inlopositive endgamC weaknesses. though Whire has compensation forLjs shatt.t.d"Pa*n Structure in thJtwo Bishops. Th- cbances arenow roughly equal. The endgame ran an interesting course andWhite, in fact, finally won.

Just as each reduction of Force favors the side with superiorForce, it also favors the side with the superior Pawn Stlucture.Pawn Structure becomes more impoftant as the endgame nearsbecause it is durable rather than transient in nature (like Time)'

%v2

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Diagram 53

52 53

7t7t7t

7/ifr"',&t/,/:

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.dvoid needless lyeaknesses

EvANs KRAUSS, OFIHAND GATIF. \Ew yoRK, 1945

Black moues. This ntessage canneter be repeated too often. IJ thebeginnar does not knort vhat to do,lrc generall ptrshes the nearcst pieceof woctd ancl. since the Paw s are nostnu rcraLls, this unlucky selection qlltoo often Jalls on them.Ilhite hqs just played a horriblemoue-P-KN3. ll/hy is this bad-and y,hct noue u'ould hat)e beenbetter ?

Diasran 55

Wesk " LuJt" snd sttotrg " LLrJt"

In making "Luft," one is generally confronted with the choice ofpushing either the RP or the NP. (If you are unfamiliar with "Luft,"

consult Diagram 120). The RP is advisable because it does notcreate any holes.

In the above diagram Black's fomration involves two holes (athis QR3 and QB3). White has created no holes. The slight weaken-ing of the KN3 square is offset by the prcsence of the KBP.

Diasrum 56

The correct mor,e would have been B-Q3, devek:ping a piece andpreparing to castle. Irstead, White has irreparably weakened hiswhite squares by prcparing to place his Bishop u'irere it can serve nogood function: KN2. The Iiancl]etto is not good liere because theBishop would have no scope. In the words of Nimzovitch, it would"bite oir granite." The "granite" refers to Black's solid Pawn mass:Q4, K3, QB3. The K's fianclictto is a sood formation in these closeopenings only if there is a possibility that iines rvill be opened for itin the ensu ing ac t ion . P icces shou ld be dere loped in acr i re no tpassive positions.

54

,>-�

55

OccuPY holes

EVANS-JOYNER. u.s. l'.JNIoR cI.IAMpto\sHIP, 1949

Exploit holes

FRANK-EVAr.\S, fI.S. OPIIN CHAM?IONS IP, I9,lE

White ,noves. Block has a gapitghole on his Qts3. If it vere his moue,he could partiqll,l repair it vith. . . P QB1. On pr inc ip le l lh f teought to ocq?l this hole \rithlN-86.Here, by accident, this moue elsohdppens to witr b1, Jbrce.

Blach mor)es. White has tv,o gapingholes: KR4 and KB4. Black ilriadj,occupies one vith the Rook. Theproblem is to occup! the other- SoBlack must aslc himself what piecehe vqtts thcre, The lo:r problem ithow to get it there.T h e ( n s w e r l s 1 . , , N - B l !whv ?

BLACK

I N-862 BxB

Q-83' 3 BxPl

QxB 4 B-B33KR_K1'

BLACK

R_R1RxR

QxQNxPa

1 . . .2 R-QRI3 B_B1'4 R-Q35 BxP

N BITN_N3R_863

Q'B2,RxBP

6 Q-K37 R,QB18 QxR9 BxQ

1f f l . . .BxN; 2 BxB, PxB; 3 QxB wins at least a Pawn wi thoutallowing Black any counterplay.2Not3. . QxB?; 4 N-K7ch.3 White has won a Parvn and the rest is technique. If now 4 . . .BxN; 5 BxB, QR-QI ; 6 P-K4, etc. t The idea is to swinq tbe Knighr ro N3 and lhence ro KB5.2 The hapless Bishop-cannot d6 ereryrh ing at once: Now Wfute can

invade on the hole which has just been created on QB3.3 Here. again, Black follows the principle of occupying holes.a Black has won a Pawn lvith an easy victory

^tb fi ow. parvn

Structure has finally been converted into superior Force. Notice thathere. as so ofren. ir is the rheurc. the threot. of a qireo plan tharforces the win eren rhough rhar ptan may ncver liteially be carried9ut. lle need to prevent Black's Knight from reaching his KB4forced White to leavc his other rveakness (on QB3) unguirded.

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Diaqrun 57

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Diasmh 58

56 57

-a

Force entrY to rveak squares

rvLxs (u.s.L.;-rrsrrN (rne.lcE), DUtsRov\lK oLYMPlcs, 1950

Invade weak squares

EVANS-BISGUIER, ^\EW YORK STATE CHATI?IONSHIP, 1949

BLACK WHITE

Wllite moves, By all strndardsBlack':; Q3 is ct rtc(rlc squore; i,e.,tl1€re is no Pnvn tthich cttn guard it-tlhat tl.hite tust do is to utilize the

pin on the I(P in order to brins hisKnight f'ont its pqssita positio otlKN3 ta e 1ctirc ane at Q6. This is q

tood exattple of cottrcrtitlg Tine into-\yace (macle possible by an opponent'sveak square complex).

BLAC}'

White nrcues. Black's adrantogesare mdniftld: his King is qctioe, hispieces are centrriized, snd ll/hite hasweak squares on Q3 and K3. (Notethe ch.trqcterislic "emptiness" aroundtltese squarcs.)The problent for Black is how topenetrqte on the K-fle. This is soluedinstructil)el! in the game.

BLACK WIIITE

1 N _ 8 52 P-K5r

Q_QB2PxP

1 B x B l2 KR-KI3 RxR4 R-Qi5 F-N36 R-QNI

NxBN_87RxR

R_K7'N_K6N-85

7 N-Q48 RxR9 NxP

10 P-QB411 N-Q4

RxPNxR

N*Q8K_83

K_K43

3 PxP N-Q44 N-Q6,

I The weakness of a square must often be evaluated in terms of whatattacking pieces can Practically be brought to bear on it. _ Thisadvance seiures White control of his Q6. It does cede Black thesquare Q4 for his ts:.night (every advance creates a new weakness),bit this is no time to be niggardly! In chess, as in advertising, itpa ls to g i re r l i t t lc in ordcr to get a lo t . B lack 's l (n ig l r tcan J l \ \aysbe'd is lodgeC by thc s impie crpcdicn i o [ BrN taf ter i t p .ets to Q4).whereas White's Kniglrt on Q6 stands like a house.'This final position is the culmination of a spatial combination.Wbitc has thc initiative and Black is clamped. Note that if Blaclthad had a sound Parvn Structure to begin with (Pawn on KB2instead of on KB3) thele }rortld have been no way for White roexploit the hole on Q6.

The remaining movcs \vere: 4 . . . R-K2; 5 N-Q4' P-QR3;6 B-N3, P-B4; 7 NxKP, NxN; 8 NxB, N{4) 85; 9 N-Q6 (home

asain!), K-Rl; 10 P N3, N-N3; 11 Q-K4, R-KB1; 12 P-B4,N-es; t: B-Q5, Q Q2; 14 QR-K1, N-N4; 15 N-B7ch, R(l)xN;16 BxR, Q-Q5ch; 17 QxQ, NxQ; 18 P-K6, R-B2; 19 BxN'Black Resigns.

1 The King and Pawn ending would be drarvn i/White could only getto it. Exchanges would help White but he can't exchange enoughpieces. Black needs only a Rook and a Knight in order to carry outa successful invasion. If White's Pawn were on KB2 and QB2(instead of KB3 and QB3), he would be all right.' Finally penetrating ! The Knight is immune because of mate on thelast rnnk. White now makes "Lufr" for his Kins. but this involvesthe creat.ion of nerr weaknesses.3 Black has a lvinning position-he penetrates on White's rveak blacksquares. This is more than a gratuitous assertion, as lvill be seenfrom the instructive course of tbe game: 12 N-N3, P-QN3; 13K-Nl, P-B4; 14 K-Bl, N-K6ch; 15 I(-K2, NxP (that old blackmagic final1y hits pay dirt!); 16 K-Q3, K-Q,t; 17 P-B4, P-QN4;18 P-N4, P-N5; 19 N 81, P QR4; 20 N-K2, P-R5; 21 N-N3,P*R6; 22 N-K2, N-Q3; 23 N Bl, N-K5; 2.1 K-K3, P-85;25 P-R4, N-B4; 26 N-K2, N-K5; 27 N-81, N-86; 28 P-R5,NxP; 29 NxN, P-N6; 30 N-B3ch, K-K3; 3l P-B5ch, K*82;32 K-Q4, P-R7; 33 KxP, P-N8(Q); White Resigns.

59

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Diastan 59

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Diagrctl 60

58

Every Pawn advance creates a fresh weakness

KAUFMAN-EVANS, u.s. opEN cHAMploNsHIp, 1955

Pawn chains

White moves. This concept is sohighly theoretical that it is cot|lfortingro fnJ an cxatnTle in Tractical playeuen if one does happen to be on thewrong end of it!Black has just playd P-KR3,"puttit1gthe question" to the Bishop. White'sreplv comes q,s a rude shock!

l:.,.

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Dioetatn 62

A healthy Pawn chainA heahhy Pax'n chain is one which has its base either on or as nearto its original square as possible. In the diagram, the base of White'sPawn at K5 is on QN2. Pawn chains, to be undermined, must beattacked at their base. Hence it stands to reason that the furtherthis base is removed from enemy forces the harder it is to get at.

l BxP ! PxB

l This move gives White his piece back without a fight. However,there is no way to keep the extra piece.

The alternatives are no better: e.9.,

L 1. . .B-Q3; 2QxKRP,R-Kl ; 3 RxRch, NxR( i f 3 . . .QxR;4QxN); 4 B-R7ch, K-Rl; 5B-N6dis. ch, K-Nl; 6 Q-R7ch,K-Bl ; TQxPmate.

I L 1 . . . B - K 3 ; 2 Q x K R P , R - K 1 ; 3 R - K 3 a n d w i n s .I I I . 1 . . . R-K1; 2 QxKRP, B-B1; 3 RxR and rv ins. ( I f 3 . . . QxR;

4 QxN. And on 3 . . NxR comes 'l Q R7, mate.)IV. I . . . N-K5; 2 NxN, PxN; 3 QxKP rvith the double threat of

Q-R7 mate and/or QxB.

The game actually continued with 3 QxB, QxQi 4 RxQ, and Whitewon a Pawn. Though Black succeeded in drawing the endgame, heshould have lost.

2 Q-K3 K-N21

Ir

fr f

fr7t % "ru-ft

Diasrcm 63

A diseased Pawn chsin

This Pawn position is sliglrtly diseased. Note that the pawn onK5 has only two links (Q4 and QB3) compared. to three links in thcprevlous olagram.

A "chain" is thus a series of connected Pawns which have reacheda point at which the one furthest advanced is oreanicallv linked to theone wh ich is leas t rd ranced. Paun cha ins are as s i ronq as the i rweakesr l ink.

Even when a Pawn chain is healthy, it involves a weak squareggmplex In both diagrams White is weak on his white squares-(e3,K4, Q5).

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Dias rum 61

60 6 l

,/

Avoid diseased Pawn chains

Mtsr-GARINI-EVANS, U.S. CHAMPIONSHIP, 195 1

Challenge adyanced Pawn bases

White ,nores, Diseased PawnStructures are characterized bYadtanced bases and lack of mobility.Etel1 oplosite colorecl Bishops do nothelp llhite. White's Pawns ate so faradi'enced thqt tltey can be hod for themere pickinq. Co trsst them withBlack;s heaithy K-side Pattns vrhichhaue a sound base on KB2.

Black moves. It has alreacly beenditeu in(d that o P,tin cl,oirt i:sitotlgest v,lrcn its base stands on theori,qirul setontl ran!;, Eath ti;le thisl,a,e i.s aJr,tnce,t, the ,lu,'t isv'eaketed. It is eL,en good sttategysometit es to b(iit tlrc center fontqt(ls.Black hqs just pial,ecl P-QN3, pro-roking Whitc's rc71.v P Q'14. hot -vith one strolte-Block can reducetrlhite's Q-side Pavtl Structurc to qshanbles, Hotr ?

BLACK 1 . . .2 B-Q213 BxP4 BxN

PxPBxB

Q_82KR_B12

1 K-KII

2 B-Q43 B_834 K-Q15 K_Bl6 K-Qz

KxPK_K5'K_K6

B-N5chK_K5B-K?

7 K_818 K-Qz9 K-BI

10 K-Q2lt K-8112 B-Q4

B-N53B_K3B_N6B.B7K_85

K-N61

P-QR4! s R-KlPxNP 6 BxPN-R3 7 Pxts

BxB 8 Q-B2

l Whi te is in "Zugzuane." merning the unPlessant obl isat ion. tomove. I f I B K3, K Nrr : 2 K KI KxP: 3 K-B2. K-N5 \ ' i ' rsOr, even simpler, after I B K3 is B-K5 and White must lose his BPdue to "Zugzwang."2 Triangulaiion. 2 . . . K-N6 would only be met by B B2ch.3 There-is no rush. Black prefers to strengthen his position beforesoins after the RP.i Bla-ck now has an easy win. A)l that he has to do is advance his RP'

1 White has no satisfactory reply:L If2 P-N5, PxPl 3 PxP, BxP rvins a Pawn.

II. If 2 PxNP, PxP wins a Pawn.III. If2 P-QR3. PxNP wins a Parvn because ofthe pin on the R-fiIe.Nore thar i f B lac\ d id noL phy | . . . P QR4 imrnediare ly . r l renWhite would have had time for B-N2 so as to meer P QR4 withP-QR3.2 White's Q-side structure is shattered. White is saddled with a weakisolated Parvn under constant fire.

lf,

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Diastam 65

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Diasrc,|64

63

Strike Pawn chains at their base

aDAMS-EVANS, NEw yoRK N{ETRopoLrrAN LEAcuE, 1951

Try to weaken strong bases

EVANS-DAKE, u,s. opEN cHAr'rproNsHrp, 1955

Blach moues, The base of llhite'sPawn on K5 is the Pqv,n on KB4.Black mtrst.fnd sone v,qy to strikeat the base.It's as simple as pricking a bqlloonv,ith a pin-eL-erything explodes.

White moues, Blctck's pasitionseems uery sound. Upon closerexonlination, hoveuer, ve see th{tt thedark squares on his K-side (KR3,KB3) are v'eak. All Bldt'k's pieces,tnorcoter, are clwtered on the Q-wing. Thus this seetns like o pro-pitious moment to storn Blqck's

fortress. ht order to do this ,Yhitemust in)ade at KN6. Before he canircade, the base Puwrt (at KB2) mustbe undennined.

1 . . .2 P-8523 PxP4 P,KR4

6 PxP7 R R 6

N_N3N-Q4O_OB

P-N4!1 5 0-O-O

QxPPxP

1P-B512 P*K63 PxPch4 N-K5ch3

N(3)-Q2'N_81KxP

K_N2

5 N N 46 B-Q4ch7 R-K14

N(4)-Q2K-B2

B-B4 8 RxKP QxRBlach Resignsa

I Black literally smashes up his own K-side in order to d€stroyWhite's Pawn chain. Is it worth it? It is a question of evaluation.In the endgame, of course, such a move would be played only afterthe most extreme deliberation. But this is not the endgame. It is themiddle-game. Black reckons that his influence in the center is moreimportar.t right non than Pawn Structure.2 The best chance. 2 PxP, QxP gives Black a beautifully centralizedgame while all White's pieces remain cluttered in an awkward quasi-blockade. Incidentally, 2 O-O O is out of the question because ofPxP; 3 BxP, P K6 winning the exchange.3 This looks anti-positional, but Black sees a quick win. This is nolonger a question of strategy-but of tactics. Ordinarily one shouldnever castle into such an exposed position.a After 9 NxQ, BxBch; 10 K-Nl, RxN; 1l Q-any, R-QB1 White'sQueen is no match for the minor p iece. .

Notice how quickly White's game fell apart as soon as his centercollapsed.

64

1 With the devastatins threat of P-K6.2 An attempt to bring the Knight which is out-of-play to the aid ofthe embattled monarch. It is extraordinary that Black is alreadywithout any satisfactory defense. If 1 . . . R-Ql; 2 RxRch, BxR;3 P-K6!, PxKP; 4 PxNP leaves Black's Pawn Structure a shambles.1 . . . PxP; 2 QxP, N K3 (to prevent R-Q4); 3 N-K4 leads to a\ inn ing at t rck asainst B luck 's exposed Kint .I l t is incredib le how quick ly Blac l 's po ' i r ion fa l ls aparr now thar h i5base Pawn has been destroyed.a There is now no good defense against N-R6ch follorved by P-86.Note that in the original diagram even if Black's Pawn were on KN2,White would still have a strons attack with P-B5. Had Black's PawnStructure been intact, it would have merely been hardcr to makeheadway.

t7tv?t

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Diasran 66

t7;

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Diagruln 67

65

Expose enemy bases

EvANs-ADAr'ls, Loc cABrN CHESS CLUB CHAMPIoNSHP, 1950

2 White must continue sharply. 2 Q-Kl would be net by p-B4!returning the Pawn under favorable cir.cumstances: e.e., 3 pxp,P-83l and a l l is wel l again- Black has mrnaged ro c lose the KB-01e.2 BxRP, instead of the text, would be met handily by P 85.3 Black counte l l t tacks-ra lhel than maint l in thc io le of passivedefender. The principle behind his play is that an attack on tlie wingis best met by a reaction in thc center.a Thematic. White must never play PxP, but capture in such amanner that he keeps the KB-file open.6 Note that both sides now have exposed bases: White's Pawn onQ3 and Black 's Pawn on K82. Black is Iost becruse Whire cornesfirst in the element of Time. The remainder of thc game sirorvs why.6 12 . . . R-Q8ch; 13 K-B2, R QTch; 14 K B3,-RxQNP gains'atempo but puts White's King in a more favorable position. StiI, itmight have been preferable. Time is now more important than any-thing else. It is essential to get the passed Parvns moving!? Black caurot stop for 14 RXQRP because the Whjte Pawns are toofast after 15 P-N5. The important thing is mobility, not material.Black must try to mobilize his Q-side Parvns as quickly as possible.He cannot stop to defend himself or feast on Pawns.3Too slow, but there is hardly anything better. 15 . . . RxKP;16 R-N6, P-B;l; 17 P-R5 also wins for White.e Npt the tempting 16 . . . P-B5 because of 17 R-B6ch followed byRxBP.10 A really beautiful and instructive game-more or less forced fromthe original diagram. Write convefted Time (the fact that it wasoriginally his move) into better Pawn Structure, at the cost of Forcc(1 P-B6l). His better Pawn Structure, however, was later re-con-verted into superior Force when Black rvas forced to sacriice hisRook.to prevent the RP from queening. A game of chess is anorsanlc wnole.

BLACK

white ffio|es. White's clwin ex-tenels from QB2 to KB5. If it wereBlaclr's moae, L P-85 vouldunderntine tltc rntire clruiu by *ilringthe base from 82 to Q3 after theconsequent exchange of Pawns. IfWhite takes time to mote his Queenout of the pin (to pretent P-85), thenBlack vould harc time for P-KB3,consolidating his chain from KN2 toK4.

I]LACK

r P-ts6 !i2 N,N3!'3 QR-QI4 PxP5 Q K B 26 Bx-N!'r7 QxQ8 NxP9 RxNi

10 RxBI'1l RxR12 R-8613 RxP14 P-N4 !

PxFP-8513

PxPN Q 5

P-IiB,l

QxliRxQNxli

r{R-Q1IixQP

RxRR-Q76

RxPR_K7T

15 P KIT416 P-R517 R-R7ch18 P,R619 R-R820 P-R72t K,Bz22 R-Q8ch23 P-R8(Q)24 RxR25 K-I(z26 R-R827 RxP28 R-QB7

P-B48K_Q2'K_Q3P-85

RxKPRxPchR-R5K_84RxQ

K_Q5K_86P,t{4P_N5

Black Reignsro

l This Pawn is used as a battering ram in order to force Black todouble his Pawns, tirus exposing the base of the KP on an open file(at KB3). The sacrifice of a Parvn is oniy temporary, and the volun-tary opening of the KN file on White's castled King is not dangerousbecause there is no way Black can make use of it for an attack.This game is instructive because it emphasizes the long-term im-portance of destroying Pawn chains, even at the short-term cost ofa Pawn.

66

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Diasldn 68

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The bad Bishop HALPER EVANS, MARSHALL crrBss CLUB cHAvpror{sHrp. 19,18-49

Diagrcm 69

white has the bad Bishop; Black has the good Bishop

From the diagram it is immediately apparent that a good Bishopcommands mobility and open lines, whereas a bad Bishop is hemmedin by its own Pawns, thus serving a purely defensive role. There isno theology in chess. When a Bishop is bad it is not wicked, justuseless. It is generally good policy to place Pawns on a coloropposi te that of t l te Bishop. as Black has done in the d iagram. Whent[ia is impossib]e. tr) to get rid of the Bisbop. Parvn Structureintimately affects the working value of the pieces. The Bishopswork best on an open board. Conversely, with two Knights againsttwo Bishops, one would attempt to lock the Pawn formation.Knights are superior to Bishops in closed positions because they canIeap over obstaclcs and barricade..

Note one other thing in the diagram: White has no piece withwhich to attack Black's Pawn on QN4, whereas his Bishop is tieddown to the defense of his own QNP.

Diagram 70

White hss the Eood Rnight; Black htts the bad Bishop

White has a stranglehold on the dark squares. His Knightirradiates sunshine. Contrast this with Black's sour Bishop which"bites on granite." Black has no counterplay. He is helpless againstthe threatened R-QR3 follorved by RxP and the eventual advanceofthe QRP. A drastic example of paralysis-known in chessjargonas a "bind." Rather tltan wait for the coffin to arrive, Black resignedin.this position.

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68 69

The good Knight against the bad Bishop

CHAIIPIONSHIP, 1956

White moves. Black wil1s. Illlit?'sBishop seems to command oPen lifies,

,,et it has nothing to strike at

lyhite's Pavtls, nloreouer, arc on thesame color as his BishoP. White has

no piece vith which to defend his

white squares qnd thus cannot prercntBlack'fron imading and doublingRooks on the 2nd ranit-Contrast Blqck's beautifullY cen-trnli:eJ Knight t irh l/hite's in'effectual Bishop. This is not quite soiut-qnd-drted is the preuious example.

WHITE BLACK

RxF 3 K-N2 RxPs

R-N6ch

1 White is desperate. The threat was 1� . R-KR7 follorved by

R(1)-K7. White tries to bring this Rook into play at the cost of a

Pawn. 1 R-Ql holds out longer.2 To prevent 2. . . R(1)-K7.3 Blaik's two extra Pawns assure him of an easy wln'passive role played by White's Bishop throughout theactlon.

Blsck has s potential outside passed paun, The e-sidemajority, characterized by an unbalanced Parvn Structure, generallyleads to a sharp glme because the themes are so forcibly outlined.wl]ite must try to use his "qualitatiye majority" in the center (withP-K4 and P-Q5-this would be known as the "inside passed Parvn"in the endgame), whereas Black must try to cash in on his distantmajority. The Q-side majority is an endgame advantage because itprcmiscs a potential outside passed Parvn. Of course, this is trueonly rvhen both sides have castled K-side, which is usually the case.Bl rc l , 's K i r rg holds Whire 's K-( ide major i ry at bay. uhereur Whire 'sKing must scurry to the Q-side to prevent the passed Pawn frornqueening. (See Diagram 15 for the principle involved.)

The Queen side majority

GOMPERT-EVANS,MARSI{ALL CI{ESS CLUB JUNIOR

BLACK

1 R-Q31

2 R-Q2'

Note tlieprecedirg

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Di 'grun 71

70 7 l

/

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6

Diagrum 73

Cash in on a Q-side majoritv

EvANs-poMAR, u.s. opEN cHAMproNsHrp, 1954

Mobilize a Q-side majorityEVANS-KALME, HoLLywooD orEN, 1954

White moues. Ilhite has a Q-sidenajorit! (2 asainst I otl the Queettside). Black has the inside passedPavn (the QBP).llhite's problem is to denolish theblockade and to mobilize his potentialpassed Pawtr.

BLACK WHITE

Wltite moves. For the momentWhite is qppare tly stynied on theQ-wing. 1 P-N5 seems to lose aPawn. Not so- Tactics prot;ide theanswer. Notice how, in the sequence,Black's proud, protected QP hecomestransfonned i,tto a scraggly "isoleni."

1 P-N6 !12 P_R73 R-QN24 RxNP5 R-N7ch

PxP2R_QR1

P-853P_86K_Q3

K_B4P_87P_84PxP

I P-N5 !r2 P-8633 PxP4 QxBs Q-N26 B-R65

7 BxR

PxP2

Q'Q1BxNaNxP

N_B2P_83

QxB

6 R-R6ch7 K_K38 K-Q249 NPxF

10 R-N85

8 R_Kl K_82e Q-N7 Q-Q3

10 RxBl QxR11 BxP QxB12 QxR N-K313 P_87 N_N414 Q-K8ch Black Resigns1 A temporary sacriice of a Pawn in order to get the RP rnoving.

2 Forced. 2 . . . P-85 loses to 3 P-N7, R-QNI; 4 RxP, followedby R-88.s A desperate attempt to achieve some counterplay.a Notice how easily White's King stops this Pawn, whereas Black'sKing cannot cross to the scene of action.5 White wins a full Rook.

l The blockade at QB3 must be demolished !2 No better is 1 . . . BxN; 2 QxB, PxP; 3 B-R6, winning theexchange.t Equally good is 2 PxP, and if NxP; 3 P-B6. However, Black hasthe resource 2 . . . BxN. This, too, can be met by 3 P-B6, BxB;4 PxQ, BxQ; 5 PxR(Q), RxQ; 6 RxB, winning the exchange. Thetextis more accurate because it narrows dotvn Black's oossible reolies.a Otheru ise Wl te 's Pa\rn mars \aould soon become derastat ins,5 White wins the exchange. It is amazing how quickly Black's gamenow falls anart.

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72 73

The minoritY attack

EVA^-S-OPSAHL' DUBROVNIK OLYII?ICS. 1950

tit7/t7.tT1

t

BLACK

t t t tBlach moves, The consequences ofpct'u'jitlitlg (1tl oppottc!tt's Q-sidemeiori1) to nohilize l".Ire alrcditheco rc alparcnt. Here l/hite hastaken a(tit)e t|ieasures lo immobilizeBlctck's nujorit.t' b.v ;nou!ur(ttittg .l"ni orit! dttttcl.," i.e., his tvo Q's i , l c Pat n ' l :a t , l ' , ,n t t " . l d r l 'o t tc r ingrarq , . T l ,e 11 , 1 a iu t , ' f t l t i s \ / r { i ( tL l sto cotllert Bloclr's potentiol strc gthifi to'n'eakness insteqd.

6 R_N?7 N R 7I N-B8ch9 NxP6

10 RxN?11 R-QB712 R QBE13 K-N314 P-R415 R-KR816 P-BSch17 RxPch18 R*R819 R_KN820 K-Nz

P_83K_K35K_82KxN

x{ 84R_Qts8

K_N3R-87K_B4K_N3KxP

K_N38K-B4R_88

R_QR8

26 K-N327 R-R428 tr{-B4ch29 R N4ch30 K-R431 R-N732 P-R633 R,N33 4 R R 335 R-B3ch!1036 R-N3ch37 KxR38 K-N439 K-84

K-N4K_8.1K_N4K-8,1'�R-R1R-R1R-R8

R-R8chR_KN8

K_N3RxRKxP

K.N3K_N2

BLACK

7

2 PxP

RPxPB-R,6

3 P_N34 PxP

Qr{-KrPxP

40 K_85 K_8241 P-B3 Blacb ResiSnsrr

BLACK

19 moves later. White mores,Black now has a backu'ard QBP.Nineteen fioues later, after some ofthe ?ieces had been exchanged, thegatne continued ftom this position.

BLACK

1 Black's Knight is tied to the defense of the neurotic QBP. White.now wins a Pirvn by a curious Knight's tour.2 Always forced. Not 3 . . . K-Q3??; 4 R-Q7 mate.3 Completing the amazing arc !a No better is 5 . . . K-B3; 6 P-B3 ! followed by the steamroller-P,K4-5.6 Not 7. .P-84?; 8 N-B8 and the threat of mate on Q7 will coslBlack dearly.6 Finally the pin pays dividends.? Now that Whitc has won a Pawn the rest is a matter of technique.The remaining moves are extren-lely irstructive, and they are givenhere in their entireiy for those who are interested in perfecting theirRook and Parvn endingsI White's ertra, doubled Pawn has been converted into an extra,plssed Parvn.b 29. . Kr ,P loses to 30 R-R4ch, K-N4; l l RxR. KxR; 32 K-N4.K-N3: 33 K-84. This haPPens 1ater.10 Not 35 P-R7, R-N5ch-Black gcts a perpetual check!11 White has the opposition and tlis is decisive. If 41 . . . K-K2;42 K-N6, K-K3;-43 P-8,1, P-84 (or 43 . . . K-K2; 44 P-B5);44 K-N5, winning a Pawn. The same is true if Black moves hisKing to the other side: 41 . . K-N2; 42 K-K6, K-N3; 43 P-B4,

75

1 N-B5chr2 N-Q7ch3 N-B8ch4 N-R7ch5 N-N5chB

K_83K_K3K_B3'K-K3

K_Q3'

P_R5R_N3R_R3K_83R,R1

R_R2R_R2K_N4R_R3K_84

2l22

2425

t;,2H,.,1:l:',./',t",/.t

Diacrun 75

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Dias nt 76

/

The following table erpresses lhe imporrancc of rhe pieces inre la t ion to each o ther w i th one un i t laken as the smal les t measure o fstrength:

TABLE oF RELATIVE VALUES

Pieces Relatile VeluesPawnKnightBishopRook

Queen

l unit3| units3] units5 units

10 units

CHAPTER THREE: FOTCE

Force is the fist of the chessboard. And in a purely physicalstruggle, the stronser is bound to win. So it is rvith chess: "when

right opposes light, force decides"-or night makes right! Ifvictory is the goal of the game, then the accumulation of force is thechief means to that end. Of all the elements force is the mostimportant and in itself comes closest to being the most decisive.Generally a big advantage in the other elements culminates in, ormust first be converted into Force, before it becomes sumcient towin. Reuben Fine expressed this with the quip, "I would rather havea Pawn than a finger!"

The basic principle of Force is that material superioit! is decisiuevhen all other things are equal.* In fact, atest of one's technical skillis how easily one can convert Force into victory. (Technique can beacquired only by constant practice and study of master games. Thisbook takes technique for granted, and no attempt is made to teach ithere.)

In practice, of course, "other things" generally are not "equal."

There ale always little obstacles to be surmounted, it seems, just whenthings are brightest. One side may be a Pawn aheadin an endgame,yet not win because of opposite colored Bishops-or stalemate.In a garnbit, one side may be a Knight ahead yet decisively behind inTime and Space. It then becomes a matter ofweighing an advantagein one clement against a disadvantage in another, of balancing, ofcompensating. This is essentially a problem in evaluation (seeChapter 7).

* Of course there are exceptions-such as two Knights being unable to effeclmare against a lone King.

76

Another way _of expressing it is in terms ofmoney: the pawn isworth 10 cents, Knights and Bishops 35 cents apiece,-the Rooks fiftycents, and the Queen one dollar. The King has no fixed value. Iithe open ing . where i t muqt f ind s l re l te r and rake no ac t ive par t io theproceedings. it is worth abour tweniv cents. ln the endgame, how_ever. where it may.wander ft-ecl). generally r\ irhout any fiar of mate.n Decomes a \atuabie attackrng prece and is worth about forty centS.

Ine tmpor tan l rh lngs ro remember i s tha l lh is tab le exDressesabst racr re la r ionsh ips under so-ca i led . . idea l ' . cond i r ions , und rhurthe va lue o fp ieces changes as pos i t ions change. Somet imes a \ae l l -p laced Ko igh t may be uor rh more rhan a Rook, whcreas a pawn onthc seventh rank wh ich cannot be s topped f rom queen ing is obv ious lvworth infinilely more than the same paun uncier ordfiary circum'_stances.

Superior force confers the same advantage as starting a Dokergame with more chips. You can keep crouding yout. near_"bunkruoropponenr uirh bigger bets on each hind.

The smallest unit of force is the pawn. In the following position"other things are equal"-so superior Force wins !

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Diasrcn 77

77

White i'ins ethoever moves, The vin is elementary. White musl

only be careful that he does ot lermit Black's King.to get in lronrof

-the Pavn. T'hus, if 1 . . . K-Q4; 2 K-85'! (not 2 P-K4ch.

k-K3-draw), K-Q3; 3 P-K4' K-K2; 4 K-K5, K Q2 (Black's King

cannot stqt- in front of tlrc Pattn becquse l4/hha IPs the oppositlonBlactc's Kitg is'forced'to one side or the other-he hasfree v'ill to

the extent that lrc can choase lis orvn ntetlnci o.f dring); 5 I{-86'K-Kl; 6 K K6!, K-Ql; 7 K-87, K Q2; 8 P-K5 and rhe Pavtt

is chaperoned in to lhe quecttitls square, Of course, if B"hite has the

fi$t moce. it is tnuch.sitnpler because P-K4 v'ould v'in imnediatel-

The General Paltern.for Converting Force intoVictorY

Once having won material, the general pattern is to keep exchangingoieces and iteerinq for the endgame. We have seen that even theiowly Pawn acquiie' Herctrlean properties in the ending

Diasrun 78

lVhite uins by etchanging cr.ll the pieces. llhite wins eosillafer I RxR, RxR; 2 RxR, KxR; 3 K-Kl-Jblloved by centalizingix King and aduancing the QkP. Contersel!, if it vere Black'smoue insteqd, his best chance to dravv would consist in pteseruing otIeqst one Roolc after l. ' ' RxR; 2 RxR' R-QRI.

The Two Bishops

In theory a Knight is equal to a Bishop (they each tally 3| units inthc table of relative values). ln practice a Bishop is preferable to aKnigirt (especially in opcn positions and the endgame rvhere it canswcep the bcard). Trvo Bishops against t$o Knights constitutc anadvantage in Space ra-ther than Forcc-and tvoe unto him whoexchanges Bishop for Knight without just causc I Thc Knight has amore limited ransc than the Bishop. For rhis reason Bisirops rvorkingin unison lain in strength as rhe endg;rne approaches. Theretbre,if you find yourself with Bishop and Knigbt against two Bishops,make an attempt to exchange one of your opponent's Bishops. Theexception is rvhen the Pawn Structure is so locked that the Bishopshave become a liability because their range has been seriousiyimpaired. It is. however, much easier to open a game at will thanto close it. The plal'er with the two Bishops always stands ready toprofit from the consequent opening of lines.

E i I i

78 79

Play to "win" the two BishoPs

EVANS-FINE, SLXTANGULAR MASTTRS" NEW YORK, 1951

Two Bishops against two Knights

BrscurER-KASHDAN, HoLLywooD opEN, 1954

Black noves. The two Bishopsconstitute a powerful h,eqPon butthey qre not inherited; an actfue efortrttust be nqclc to "v)in" then in theniddle game.If u Knight is also tvorth 3tt units, onemay vell be justifed in demanding toknov why all this fuss about the "two

Bishops." The tt'uth is, a. Bishop isactuqll.r rorth obout 3f; unirs this isb,hat a ce tur! of chess theory hastaught usl

BLACK

White mor)es. Two Bishops workingin unison sweep the board tphen thelines are open, The winning processconsists oJ (l) hemming in the enemlKnights with Pawns, (2) \iing themdotyn to the defense of a weakness,(3) making inroads vyith the King,(4) liquidating pieces at a fauorablentomenr. This ideal formula arisetmore frequentu than one wouldimagine. This is a good case in point.

BLACK WHITE

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Diagrcn 80

1 , . .

2 Q-822

N-85!1NxB

3 NxN4 B-Q23

Q_R4QxP'

5 BxN6 BxP7 K_81

r P-QN42 PxPl3 B*R4s4 K_K4

I Driving Black'sprocess.

PxPN_K3'

N(3)-814K_Q3U

Knight back and

NxBP-B4cho

P_R38 B-Q47

completing the hemming in

l Also good is 1 . . . N(4fN5; 2 QxQ, RxQ; 3 P-QR3, NxP!;4 QN-Q2 (if 4 PxN, N-N6 regains the piece most favorably), N-B3.In this variation Black retains only a slight advantage. The textnot only recaptures the Pawn-but wins the two Bishops in theDrocess.t Not 2 qxq, NxPch; 3 K*Rl, RxQ and White must lose at leasta Pawn owing to the double threat ofNxB or NxP. (4 B-K3 leavesthe QNP hanging.)3 White should not attempt to hold onto the Pawn with 4 B K3,B-B4; 5 Q-Bl, QR-Bl-Black regains the Pawn and his piecesspring into dynamic play.a Black regains the Pawn with the better game. Play continued:5 QxQ, NxQ; 6 B-B3, P-K4 (exchanging would lose the twoBishops): 7 B-N4, P-N3; 8 N-83 and White managed to equalize.

2 OnZ. . . N-R3; 3 B-B3 followed by K-Q4, also squeezes Blackto death.3 Threatening 4 BxN. Notice that Black's Knight is tied down to thedefense on the weak QNP.a The erc l ranse does not hc lp Black. E.g. . 3 . . . NxB: 4 K-rN,N-B3; 5 P-B5, PxP; 6 KxP-the outside, passed QNp is decisive.5 To prevent K-Q5 and K-B6.6 Equally hopeless is 6 . . . NxB; 7 P-B5ch, K-B3; 8 PxN, Kxp;9 K-K5 and Black's K-side Pawns become easv Drev.? The Black Plun. mu,L fall. Whire has c'onreited his spatialadvantage into Force.

80 S t

Two Bishops against Bishop and Knight

CHAMPToNSHIP, 1952

Black moves. As a team tlrc lwoBishops are porserful because, bltcirtue of tl'Leir sveep and rqrge, tlrc.tlore capable of controlli g both tvhiteantl dark squares qt the sane ti 1(.lfhite's weak Q-side Pawns haueoduanced to the point where thel' hquadificult.y protectittg eqch other. WhileBlack's K-Bishop ties Ilhite to thedefense of his KRP, ltis comradeharusses the other wing,

EVANS LARSEN, U.S. OPEN

The two Bishops or Time?

CHAMPToNSHTP, 1949

White ffioues. Granted thqr yoBishops are an qdaqntqge in thenviotit! of positions-just how ntuchis it vorth going out of one's way tovin then? Lt it \torth neglect ojdeuelopnent and loss of Tinte ?Abuiously, the ansv'er depends on thegiuen positiotts, As a general rule,Tifi1e is morc important in openpositions, vhereas one can nloreeosily aford to dela.y deoelopment inclosed positions.

BLACK

1 . . .2 P_N33 N-Q3,4 KxB

1 Two Bishops work in better harmony than Bishop and Knight.Note how Black's Bishop on K4 keeps a weather eye on both

wings, whereas White's Bishop is lifeless and the Knight limited inscope.? Threatening 4 N-B5ch.3 Black exchinges only because he sees the Possibility of a forced win.a White must lose a piece after P-R7.

B_K4 5 K_K4B,B71 6 P_N4

BxNch3 7 PxPP_N5 8 White Resigns4

tr N-851 R-Kl 3 0-OP-R6P_N6BxP

2 NxBch QxN 4 P-QN4P_84

P_85'

t Here the speciic problem is rvhether White should castle or movean already developed piece (N-85) in order to exchange it for aBishop.

The order ol White's moves is more than academic. If I O-O,R-Kl; 2 N-85, B-KBl-Black saves his Bishop! Black's Bishop.errcs a ra luable funcLion by guarr l i rg t l :e dark iqualcs. S ince thepositior is suficiently closed, White can afford to move his Knight athird time in order to "win" the Bishop. The course of the gane, infact, justified this strategy. For later developments see Diagram 23.2If instcad 4. . . PxNP; 5 PxP, QxNP?; 6 N N5! threateningN-B7 and/or B-Rl, and B-K7 winning the Queen. Black has nowestablished a protecled, passed QBP-ordinarily a strong formation.However, White's two Bishops, plus the possibiLity of mobilizing hiscentral majority by P-B3 and P-K4, give him a decided advantage.

IIL'RGER-EVANS, U.S. OPEN

Diagrunt 8I

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v & % " f f i :7tt"/'Z "/t

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Diagrum 82

82 83

Force or Time?

KATZ-EVANS, NEw yoRK srATE cHAMproNsHrp, 1949

Always snatch material-if you can do it and live !

BrscurER-sIrrRwIN, RosENwALD ToURNEY, NEw YORK, 1955

White mows. Manl positions posea real dilemma: repair Force and loseTime, or re?air Time and lose Force ?There is no blanket answer. Thegeneral rule is that Force is moreimportatlt than Time and should begiuen preference in the absence of anyot her tit a I consi deratiotrs.

Blsck moves. Scarcnging formateial r'.'hile neglecting derelopmenlis a t)tpical begin er's.fqult.l4thite hasjusr playetl N-Q 83, oferinghis QNP. Black can ignore the " gift"by continuing his delelopment v,iththe placid B-K2-or he can face thechallenge by plungi g his Queen out'of-play. He takes the Plunge andliaes to tell the talc!

l NxP12 K-Bl3 N-B3

B-N5ch

Q'Q4B_N2

4 P-QR35 P_R3

B_84o-o,

1 . . .2 N_N53 P-834 N-Q2s

QxP'Q-N5chQ-n+'

P-QR314

5 N_B46 N-Q6ch7 BxQ

QxN!5BxNPxB6

l Here the problem is whether White should castle or play NxP.In the first case he seems to lose a Pawn; in the second, he regains itbut loses Time.

White fears that if he castles, Black can hold on to his QP by B*84,hence he decides to repair Force even though it means he will haveto move his King in the sequence. However, White, in this particularcase, can have his cake and eat it too. He can go ahead and castle:e.g., I O-O, B-B4; 2 R-Bl, B-N3; 3 B-K5, O-O; 4 NxQP, €tc.(4. . . BxN; 5 BxB, QxB?; 6 BxPch wins the Queen.)

Incidentally, it should be noted that Black cannot neet the textwith I . . . QxN because of2 BxPch, winning the Queen.'�Black has a splendid aggressive lineup against White's haplessKins.

1 In chess lore there is a standing taboo against capture of the enemy

QNP at the cost of development. As he made his move Sherwinsiid. "Whv should I labor under antediluvian prejudices?" Bisguier

. merely sniiled enigmatically. The test for snatching a .dangerousPawn i: whether you see a \\ ay lo get away with it. even if.it meansundergoing an arduous defense before your advantage rn t'orcebegins to manifest itself.2 Notice how Black returns his Queen quickly into play and uses itto Drevent the threatened N-B7ch.3 t'hreatening N-B4 followed by N-Q6ch. Black seems to be in reartrouble.a A magnificent conception-as will be seen' There is an alternatedefensei 4. . .P-Q4; 5 N-N3, Q-N3; 6 B-KB4, N-R3; 7 PxP,BxP; 8 NxB, QxN; 9 B-Q6-Black is a Pawn ahead but White hasadequate compensation inasmuch as Black will have enonnousdifficultv in castlins.5 The point. Not-5 . . . Q-Q1; 6 N(5)-Q6ch, -BxN;-J NxBch'K-K2i 8 PxP regaining the Pawn and leaving Black's King hope-lesslv exoosed in the center of the board.6 Time to take reckoning. Black has three pieces for the Queen-a tally of 105 units to 100-in the table of relative values' Once Blackconsolidated, he won easilY.

8 5

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84

The best way to refute a sacrifice is to accept it!

EVANs-sussMAN, NEw yoRK lnETRopoLrrAN LEAGUE, 1950 EVANS-HANAUER, u.s, cHAMpIoNsHIp, 1951

White moues, If a sacrifce is un-sound, then naturul\) it must beaccepted. If it is sound, tlrcre is littleelse to do about it.Black has afonniclable attack. l|/hitecan capture either the Knight or theBishop, neither of which loolrs any tooappetizing in uiew of his exposeclK-position- But he must capture-beJbre Black's attack reaches ouer-whelming proportions.

White moves. Force can generallybe used to win more Force! HereWhite has an extra Pawn. Blackcannot qford exchanges. Yet theconstant threat to exchange permitslYhile to gain Time and make furtherinroads. W'e like to think of thisprocess as the "sword of Damocles."

l PxBl2 K_N23 N_N34 RxN's Q-83

1 Not i PxN,Q-N6 mate.

NxPchQ-N5ch

NxPchBxR

R KTch?3

BxP!; 2 I(rB,

QxNchQ-R6chQ-Q6chR_K1??4

4 QxR,

1R-Kl12 R-K5 !3 R-tsSch4 B_N8F5 R_866 B_84

'7 R-B4

R_82P.QR3?

K_Q1P_QN3

R_N2K_Q2N_R.2

8 B_K39 R-KR4|4

10 R-KN4!11 K-R412 R-N6ch13 RxQNP6

N-83P_R3

N-R4ch5K_B3K_Q4

6 QxR7 K*818 Q-N29 K_Nl

10 QxP mate

Q-R7ch; 3 K-83, RxN;

'� This is no time to be sreedv !3 Berrer is 5. . . QxQch[ i f 5 . ' . . e-N4: 6 R-KBt hotds ereryrh ins) ;6 KxQ. leading to an endgame wirh two pieces against Rook a-ndtwo Pawns, rvhich, however, is still in White's favor because of hispowerful, passed QP. The text loses by force for Black.4 This monstrous blunder is explicable only by the fact that Black hadto complete the requisite number of moves before the time-control.It is quite hopeless for him in an)/ event.

l Threatening to invade on K7. Watch how this Rook graduallymakes inroads via the threat to exchange. White wants to exchanseall rhe pieces. or Rool for Rook-noi Bishop for Knighr as rhinBlack might have good drawing chances in the Rook and Pawnending. Hence White abstains from the obvious 1 P-QR4, rvhichwould only drive the Knight to a good defensive post at QB2.White has no intention of exchanging Bishop for Knight just yet!2 Not 2 . . . N-B2; 3 R-QB5 which exchanges al1 the pieces andleaves White with an easily won King and Pawn ending.3 A study in technique ! White threatens P-QR4 (the Bishop takesthe retreat at R2 away from the Knight). This threat to exchangeforces Black to weaken his Pawn Structure still further.a Provoking further Pawn weaknesses.5 Or if 10 .-. . K-Kl; 1l R-N6.0 Winning a second Pawn, and the game came tumbling after.

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8 6 87

Force can be converted into Space

L\ A\s-srEt\l R, 3rd vercH cA\,tt. 1952 EVANS-LYMAN, HOLLYWOOD OPEN, 1954

White moues. There is a sa.ling thatthe hadest thing in chess is to vin av'on game. Here Whitc is an exchongeaheqd but Black cloninates Space.The key to the defense is the principlethat qn adoantage in Force auto-motically carries an adraurage inTine because each exchonge beneftsthe stronger sfule. The threat toexchange means a gain of tempo.Black menaces a draw. If it were hism o u e , l . . . R - K 7 ; 2 Q - 8 1 , R - K 6trould force a repetition.

White moees. Simplifcation is aaaluable deJbnsiue resource. llhendefunding, each exchange eqses thetask of the defender because itmeans one less attackifig piece tov,orr.y about.White is qn exchonge ahead, butBlqck's terrible Knights threaten toride roughshod ouer hin1. The immedi-a te th res t i s 1 . . . N \QBP. IYh i te ,nloreoter, is weak on the light squoresand his Bishop has no scope. I RxNloses to Q-N8ch; 2 K-82, QxRch.CIe ar Iy, for ceful tactics are called for.

BLACK WHITE

1R-Rs !2 R-B4 !

I 1 . . . QxR; 2 QxR would completely ease Whire's defensive task.Black's only chance is to try and keep the garre complicated. Thepoint of W-hite's defense is that Blaci<'s QLieen has bien forced torelcase the K-fi|e. consequen[]y R-K7 is no Jonger rhreatened.z Again Whi te has ur i l ized the rhreat to erchange- lh is r ime to gx inSpace and to drive Black's Queen still furtber out of play. Noticehow Whi te is sLr iv ing to coord inate h is Rooks.3 White has broughi his Rook into play ancl eased the immediatethreat to draw. The rest, though difficult, is a matter of technique.White's passed QRP is the de.-cisive factor. Wirhcut it the gimewould be drawn.

Here are the remaining moves: 3 . . . K-R2; 4 B-K4, K-R3;5 BxB, PxB; 6 Q-86, N-N2; 7 R-87, Q-R7ch; 8 K-R3, Q-K3ch;9 QxQ, NxQ; l0 R-84, R-K7; 1l P-N4, R-K6ch; 12 K-N2,P-R5; 13 P-N5ch, K-R4; 14 R(5)-N4, P-R6ch; 15 K-R2, KxP;16 R-R4, K-B4t 17 RxP, R-K7ch; 18 K-Nl, P-N4; 19 R-R3,P-N5; 20 P-R5 (finally it srarts ro move), N-N4; 21 P-R6, N-B6ch;22 K-81, R-KR7; 23 P-R7, R-R8ch; 24 K-F.2, Black Resigns.

BLACK

Q-B6'Q-R6'

3 R-N531P-8512 RxN!3

RxFr 3 Q-B8chRxR 4 R-B2ch

K_82K-K24

Because he is aheadPawn to ease the

1 This clearance sacrifice gives the Bishop scope.in material, White can afford to sacrilice thispressure.2 After I . . . Qx?; 2 QxQ, RxQ; 3 B-Q4 Black's attack has beenstopped (because the Queens are off the boatd) and White's advan-tage in Force looms decisive (3 . . . NxB; 4 RrN, NxP; 5 R-QB2).3 The point. Black no longer has tbe retort Q-NSch because hehas been forced to block this diagonal by capturing the BP with theRook.a White has a ferocious attack even though he has returned theexchange and is a Pawn down to boot. 5 QxP should not now beplayed because of R-Q8ch. In tbe game White continued with 1Q-B8ch. Actually, the winning move is 5 P-KR4! making "Luft"

for the King and threatening B-N5ch. In any event White alwayshas a draw in hand by perpetual check.

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8 8 89

When ahead in tr'orce, open lines

BERLTNER-EVANS, u.s. opEN cHAMproNsHrp, 1950

Thc best defense is attack

SANTASIERE-EVANS, u.s. cr{AMproNsHip, 1948

Blsck moyes. If the general pottern

for conrertitlg su?erior Force intodctorj is to exchange pieces, itJbllo*,sthat the opening of lines fauors theplaver who is ahead.IIere, Force seems to be equal, How-eL^er, this is only a miroge. Uponcloser examination it qppears thatWhite's K-Bishop on KRI is hemmediu and out-oJ-play. Hcttce. it remqinsmerely for Black to rip open tlteQ-side lines. Note how quicklyIY hite's game disintegrates.

Black moves. Black is a piece aheartbut his pieces are undeueloped and hisKing has already beex forced to moueand thus lws forj-eited the priuilege ofcastling. White thrcatens to rip openthe KB fle in order to get at Black'sexposed King.Shoukl Blqck be tightfsted or liberal?The principle inolted in defending islo rclurn some Pafns in ordcr to bringpieces into PI(r,. Extra material is nogood unless it can be used !

WHITE BLACKBLACKBLACK

1 , , .2 Q-tsz3 P-R34 RPxP5 KR_816 RxR7 R-Rl8 R_R39 Q-B3

10 RxR11 Q-R312 BxQ

P_N3IP_R4!PxNPB_R3

B_QN4

QxRQ N 2

R_QR1B_83

QxRQxQ

NPxF

13 NtrxP14 N-N11 5 K K I16 K-Q217 B,N41 8 N R 319 K-Kl20 N_NI21 BxB22 N-Q223 B 83124 NxP

K-B.zK_I(1K_Q1K_B2K_N2B Q lK_R3B_R.4KxB

r\-1\ f,

FxBN_B3'

1 . . .2 QxQP3 Q-N54 PxP5 BxP6 K_Rl

Q R2!rR_Q1N_K2'

PxPR-Nlch

R_Q4'

7 QxP8 N-Q29 QR-BI

10 R_KNI11 RxR

Q-n7nQxBPQ-R6

RxRch

QxKP5

r Desperation. This Bishop is useless anyvay.2 Black wins easily with his extra piece. Note horv logically Blackripped open the Q-side and then penctrated via the open lines whichne created.

r Black must be repulsed ! There is no time for tightfisted moves like1 . . . R - Q l ; 2 Q - N 6 c h , K - B l ; 3 B - R 3 ! , R - Q 3 ( n o t 3 . . . Q x B ;4 Q-B7 mate); 4 PxP. I . . . PxP would only help White byopening the KB file for him.2 Black must bring his pieces out. He should not even stop to worryabout defending his QNP.3 This Rook-which does nothing in the original diagram-comesstrongly into play.a Always aggressive ! Now Black actually threatens his own mate inone move. Compare this with the diagrarn and observe horv Blackhas seized the initiative in retum for three Pawns. Now he getseverything back with dividends.5 White's attack has been completely repulsed, Black is still a pieceahead, White's King is exposed. Black won shortly.

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90 9 l

The Positional Sacrifce

The consequences of a positional sacrifice are supposed to unfoldgradually, as in a Greek drama. The outcome is not always im-mediatcly apparent and often thc only tangible return is pressure.Sometines the motives of a positional sacriflce are so unclear thatone is tcmpted to wonder whether it is intentional. At Carlsbad,1907, Cohn was awarded the brilliancy prize against Tchigorin for a"beautiful combination starting from an extraordinary deep Pawnsacrificc." But Cohn admitted after the game that he had notintended to sacrihcc the Parvn-he had lost it, after which he hadbeen forced to play energetically to compensate for his materialdisadvantage!

An example of a "pure" positional sacrifice which, incidentally,has a strange genesis, occurs in the follorving variation of theSicilian Defense:

BLACK

This position saw the light ofday at the International Toulnamentin Sweden, 1955, when three Argentinians met three R.ussians (byaccident, in tbe same round) and sprung it as a prepared variation.The three Argentinians continued witb 10 . . , KN-Q2 and lost withdispatch after 11 NxP!!, PxN; 12 Q-RSch, K-Bl; 13 B-N5!!(13 . . . PxB loses to 14 O-Och, B 83; 15 P-K51, PxP; 16 N-K4.)Geller-Panno continued: 13 . . . N-K4; 14 B-N3l!, BxP; 15O Och, K K2; 16 BxN, Q-N3ch; 17 K-Rl, QPxB; 18 Q-B7ch,K-Q3; 19 QR-Qlch, with a winning attack.

After this triple massacre, the Argentinians (Najdorf, Pilnick,Panno) took the vadation back to the workshop and came up witht h e n e w m o v e : I 0 . . . P x P ; l l B x N P , Q N - Q 2 - a p o s i t i o n a lsacrifice in the fincst :cnse of the uord because Black seems to hrregiven up a Pawn and smashed his K-side wirhout any compensation.

Diasmm 92

Position olter 11 . . . QN Q2

Black does have considerable compensation for the Pawn. First.he has a h ighiy compact Pa\ \n mass- in the cenrer . Second. he hasgained the square K4 for his pieces. Third, he controls all the openlines on the K-side (he will, ofcourse, castle Q-side). Fourth, Whitehas many weak squares. Whether this is sufficient for the Pawn,onlv tournament Dractice can decide.

The only criteribn for a positional sacrifice is that it be intentional.The rest is a matter of judgment. Unlike the ten.rporary sacrifice,whose aim is well-defined, the positional sacrifice has no clear-cutpurpose. The result lies in the lap of the gods.

I P_K42 N_KB33 P-Q44 NxP5 N-QB3

P-QB4 6P-Q3 7

PxP 8

P_K3B-K2P-R3

P_KN4 !?

B KN5P_B4

Q_83B R 4l{-KB3

P_QR3 10 PxP

Diagran 9l

Position oJter 10 PeP

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92 93

The Temporary Sauifice

In contradistinction to the positional sacrifice, the temporary one hasan immediate and tangible end. In his excellent book, The Art ofSacrifce in Cless, Rudolph Spielmann points out that there are twokinds o[ temporary tactical sacrifices: (1) the sacrifice for gain,(2) the mating sacrifice.

(1) The sacrifice for gain

BLACK WHITE

(2) The mating sacrifice

BLACK

1 P_K42 N,KB33 B 8 44 N_B3

P K 4P_Q3

P_KR3?N_Q83

s P Q 46 FxF7 NxN!

B-N5NxP?

1P_K42 N_KB33 B-Ns4 B_R4

P_K4N_Qts3P QR3

N_B3

5 0 06 P-Q47 B_N38 BxPch!

B_K2P_QN4

NxQP?t

Diazrun 91

Position alter 7 NEN!

If Black now plays 7 . . . BxQ, then 8 BxPch, K-K2; 9 N-Q5mate. The mate can be averted, it is true, by 7 . . . B-K3, but inthat event White merely remains a piece ahead after 8 BxB. pxB;9 Q-Rsch, P-N3; 10 NxP, N-B3; ll Q-R3, etc.

Here, briefly, is another example-a trap in the French Defensewhich involves a mating sacrifice:

BLACK WHITEPosition oJter 8 BsPch!

8 . . .9 NxPch

10 QxNs

KxBK_Bl2

BLACK 1 P _ K 42 P-Q43 N Q B 34 B_N55 P_K56 BxB

P_K3P'Q4

N_K83B_K2N-K5QxB

7 Q-N48 B-Q39 PxN

t0 N-8311 BxPch!'

o-oNxN

P_QB4P-85?1

1 C o r r e c t i s 7 . . . P x P .' 9 . . . K - K 3 ; l 0 Q x N , P - 8 4 ; 1 1 Q - B 3 , P - N 5 ; 1 2 Q - N 3 l e a v e sBlack's King far too exposed.3 White has regained his piece with interest. Black can no longercastle. White has an advantage in Space and Time.

94

l This loses by force. Black has a satislactory game after 10 .P-84. P-B3. or P-KR3.? A common maneuver. Black loses after 11 . . . KxB; 12 Q-R5ch,K-Nl; 13 N-N5, R-Ql; t4 Q-R7ch, K-81 ; 15 Q-R8 mate.

95

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Piece against three Pawns

EVANS-KRAMER, WTRTHEIM T{EMORIAL, NEW YORK, 195I

White moees. In the middle garnea piece is ahrq's su?erior to thrcePawns. Lr the endgame, otling lo itspeculior queening possibility, the Pawnitcreases in ualue.This position is instructiue-anddil.fcult. If Blqck can mobilize hisPatns, hi rr. i l l hare good n'inningchances. White has the aduantogeright now because the Pawns arerelatiDely immobile.

BLACK

a Black must either sacrifice the exchange (which he does) or end upwith onlv two Pcwns for the oiec..5 Ordinarily, Knight and 3 Pawns are a good match for a Rook, buthere the Rook can penetrate to the K-side Parvns. Note how help-less the Knight is.6 White now gets his passed Pawn moving. The remaining moveswere: 20. . . N-B5ch; 21 K-K4 N-K4; 22 R-B6, N-N5; 23R.-QN6, K-B4; 24 R-N8, NxP; 25 P-N6, N-N5; 26 P-N7,N-B3; 27 R-KB8, Black Resigns-the lone Pawn cannot be stopped.

I KR_KI2 QR-Qr3 N_854 R_K25 PxPch6 N-R6ch7 R(2)-Q28 BxP9 N-N4

10 RxR

P_K41

K_B2KR-K1

P_QN3,PxP

K_N2P-QN4?3

PXBNxNaRxR

11 RxR512 R_KI\813 RxPch14 K-8315 RxF16 R-RSch17 P-N418 K-Q219 RxPch20 P-N56

K_82N'Q6K Q 3P_K5K_K4P_84

F-N5chNxP

K_Q2

1 Black should first build-up in the center with I . . . KR-KI. Thispush, though not fatal, weakens the white squares. In order to pre-serve his winning chances, White must keep some of his Pawns onthe board. His immediate plan is to bold Black's center in restraintand trv to comoel weaknesses in what is now a sound Black PalvnStructure.2 Another weakness. But Black had to counter the threat ofR(2)-Q2.3 The losing move. Black's game is difficult yet perhaps tenable if hegets out of the pin by 7 . . . R-QBI. He may be able to hold after8 N-N4, NxN; 9 KxN, R-B2.

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96 97

Queen against uncoordinated minor pieces

KRAMER-EVANS! NEw yoRK srATE cHAMproNSHrp, 1949

White mortes. Theoreticalr', ryhitehss material equality in trro Rooksagainst a Queen-100 units to 100.But here his pieces are so scattered andBlack's Knights so strongly placedthat Whitc is likely to lose a piece intrying to establish a line of com-munication. Blqck's immediate threqtr s 1 . . . N x B ; 2 R x N , Q x N . I norder to meet this threat, White mustlose a piece.

Queen against coordinated minor pieces

HEARST-rvANs. u .s . cu lv r ro rsHre , I954

Blsck tnortes. This is extremely dificult to eualuate at frst glqnce.Ilhite has a Queen and three Pawns for a Rook and two pieces-l3lto 120 units in White's feaor.

As (r general rule the pieces win if they can coordinate and penetrqtebeforc the Pav,ns get far enough qduanced to do an! hqrm. Once thePatuns get mobilized the defender's pieces are nailed to the defense.So the pieces must be made aggressive at all cost.

In the actual game Black got panicky in time-pressure and walkedstraight into a lost ending after I . . . RxP?; 2 RxR, R-KBI;3 QxRch, BxQ; 4 RxP.

In reality Black has the better of it. Correct is 1. . . R-KBI!after which White must fight for his 1ife. For instance:

If 2 Q-R3, N-K5 ! 3 Q-K6ch, R-B2.If 2 Q-N4, R-85 followed by QR-K81, or N-K5.If 2 Q-N6, R-83 followed by QR-KBI with a stiong initiative.

For another good example of coordinated pieces against a Queen,see Diagram 66.

1N-831

2 R-K42Q-Q2 3 R-R4P_84 4 N_K2

White Resigflsa

P_8513

Q_K2

3 R-Ql ,1If instead 1 B-N5, P-R3; 2 B-K7 (or B-Ra), N-Q7t;Q x N ; 4 R x N , Q N 8 c h .'� To prevent QxPch.3 Preventing B-R6ch and renewing the threat of QxPch.a White cannot meet the double threat of QxR and QxN.

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Diagram 96

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98 99

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Queen against two Rooks

NAJDORT*EVANS, CUBA, 1952

Diagrcnt 98

Dtaw. This is the normal case. White is a Pawn ahead but he canmake no progress because the Rooks are co nected qnd maintainan inlul erable blockade on the second rank. Euen w,hen llhitesucceeds in creqtitlg a passed Pawn on the Q-side it cannol get throughthe blockade. Thus, though White has a theoretical aduantage of ll0lo 100 units, he can nake no headway. Draw agreed.

Moral: connect your two Rooksl

CHAPTER FOUR: Space

When two opponents are well matched, it is not likely that one ofthem is going to lose material in the early stages of the game. Noris it likely that either of them is going to ruin his Pawn Structure orfall too far behind in development. Generally, however, one ofthemwill acquile an advantage (however slight) in Space-and it willorobablv be the one who conducts the White forces. The onus ofiecuring a space advantage falls on the first player. When he cannotdo this, Black is said to have equalized the game.

,Space refers to the area cortrolled-rtol necessarily occupied-by. the rrrltr)rg porver of Pawn< and pieces beyond the fourth rank lthef ront ier l ine l . This is a gcnela l def io i t ion and does not apply tothe endgame where the battle has generally shifted to the ends ofthe board.

Diasrun 99

The ltontier line

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100 101

The CenterThe idea of the opening is to bring all the minor pieces up to thefrontier line so that they bear down particularly on your enemy'shalf of the center. The center is crucial and should be thought ofas the core of the chessboard. When oieces or Parvns are olaccd inor near i t rhey gain enormou<ly in mobi l i ty . Bycontro l l ing ihecenteryou cramp your opponcnt by forcing him to develop his pieces oninferior squares,

Control of Unoccupied SquaresIn diagram 102 White's Q5 is a key central square, despite the factthat it is unoccupied. Until his Pawn can be advanced to Q4, Black'sK-Bishop will be conlined to a dead diagonal. At the momentWhite observes Q5 three tinies (with Pawn, Knight, and Qucen).In ordcr to reinforce the advance ofhis Pawn to Q4, Black must firstput an additional piece to bear on that square, either with B-K3 orP-B3, or both. The theme of the game from here on will be theconflict between Black's constant challenge in the center and White'sattempt to maintain control thete. lyhite temporaril! controls Q5.

A Typical Space AdvantageIn the following variation of the Nimzo-Indian Defense Whitecontrols his Q5 in a different way-by occupying it: 1P-Q4, N-KB3;2 P-Q84, P-K3; 3 N-QB3, B-Ns; 4 P-K3, P-QN3; 5 N-K2,B-N2; 6 P-QR3, B K2; 7P-Q5, O-O; 8 P-KN3, P-Q3;9 B-N2,P-K4; 10 O-O, QN-Qz; 11 P-K4.

Diagratn 1A)

The center

MobilityMobility is another expression for freedom of movement. Whenpieces occupy the center, they radiate greater mobility. For example,consider a White Knight on KB3 opposed to a Black Knight onQR3-the Knight on B3 strikes at 8 squares, whereas its counterparrstrikes at only 4, or is 50 per cent less mobile. The same applies tothe other pieces, proportionate to their distance from the center.

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Diasran 103

Block is cramped. White has a stro g )ledge of Pawns in thecenter- Black's position, being cromped, bears what Tarrasch termed"the germs of defeat." Black's best counterpla]) consists in N-Klfollowed by P.-N3 and P-K84, but this still cloes not free his gane orgiue his Bishops any life. The i mlediate 11 . . . ,-R3 can be metwith the simple P-N3. After l.l . . . P-83; 12 PxP, BxP, Blackhas a glaring backward QP on an open fle.

Black might try to isolate White's QBP ardncially by means ofP-QR4, N-84, P-R5, and B-R3, but this is too slow becauseWhite's comes first with the expansion P-QN4 followed by P-QB5after appropriate preparation (N-QR4, B-K3, R-QBI, etc.). Apositional player would play to strangle Black slowly to death,whereas an attacker might very well choose the double-edged tacticalapproach beginning with an early P-KB4.

How to Count SpaceIn Diagram 103 Black strikes at 4 squares past his fourth rank (Q5and KB5 with his KP, K5 and KN5 with his Knight). White strikesat 7 and occupies I (White occupies Q5, strikes at QN5 with hisKnight, KN5 and KR6 with his Bishop, QN5, QB6, K6, and KB5with his Pawns). Thus, White has an advantage in Space by 8souares to 4.

StabilityIi is not enough merely to control or occupy Space-you must beable to retain it! Invasion or penetration per se means little unlessthe advanced troops can be maintained with a steady line of com-munication, a steady flow ofsupplies and reinforcement. Napoleon'sgrande armie isolated in the Russian campaign has its chess counter-part in a center which has been overextended. As we saw in a previouschapter, the question of overextension has been tossed into thetheoretical cauldron by the Hypennoderns (e.g., Alekhine's Defense),but there are definite ways to test stability.

How to Test StabilityIn the Sicilian Defcnse, after the moves 1P K4, P-QB4; 2 N-K83,N QB3; 3 P-KN3, N-83; 4 P-K5? would be a blunder because ofN_KNs.

Diagran 1O4

White's artificially isolated KP csflnot be mainlained.White's KP is attacked tyyice and defended onlv once. Ilhite canIend it adJirional supporr by 5 Q-i2, whereujton Q-82 vins theqdaanced PataL White cqn trj lo maintain this Pawn b! tacticalmeans: 5 P-Q4, PxP; 6 B-K84, (threatening P-KR3 followedby NxP) but nov Black gets a beautiful game by playing P-Q3l:'7 PxP, P-f,4!

The test of stability, therefore, depends upon rrhether the reinforce-ments of an aduanced oulpost (actual or potential) exceed the meansby nhich this outpost ma! be assailed.

Thus armed, we are now equipped to tackle a more complexproblem of modern theory-the Yugoslav Variation of the King'sIndian Defense: I P-Q4, N-KB3 t 2 P-QB4, P-KN3; 3 N-Q83,B-N2; 4 P-KN3, O-O; 5 B-N2, P-Q3; 6 N-83, P-84; 7 P*Qs.

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Centralize the King in the endgame

KdNrc-EVANs. HAsrrNcs. 1949-50

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Diag/an 106

Black moees. An aduantage in Spaceand nobility is :urpririugly enduring.Despite the reduction offorces, lYhitewins because his pieces are be erplaced. Eaen v,ithout Knights hewould wirt the King and Pann ending.l|/hire's Kinq is cenrrqli:ed. Black's isnot; White's Knight is centralized,Black's is not. This pov'erful centrali-zatioi.! is con\erted ino the v,in of astrqtegic Pabn.

Diagrcm 105

Csn lryh e msintaifl his centerl To qnsb,er this question wem-wt frst ascertain what is meant bJ "center" and, hauing donethat, inuestigate the vays by which Bktck can wtdermine this-center.

When we ask "can White maintain his center?,'what we reallywant to know is whether White's Pawn on e5 is a liability or ai:asset. Before we go into that. note that Whjle has an adrantage inSpace (by count 8 to 6.1.

In the present position how is Black to undermine White'sseerningly formidable center ? 7 . . . P-K3 is the first possibility rhatIeaps to mind. for afrer 8 PxP. BrP. Black arracks the eBp andthreatens P-Q,|. But if White t'gnores the move and continues with8 O-O, PxP; 9 PxP, then Black has merely exchanged pawns andcome no nearer to an answer. No, wbat Biack musido is strike qtthe bqse of ]Jy'hlte's Pawn chain QB4-and potentially eR2 afterWhi te p lays P-QN3. The way Black can accompl is l r th is is bvstriring for an early P.QN4. Accordingly, Black misht novl .rrr'uthesophisr icr red maneurerT. . . N-R3in order to re i i force p-eN"4by playing_ P-QR3 after the Knighr has reached eB2 to give theadvance additional support. The game might continue:

-g O_O,

N-82; 9 P-K4, P-QR3; 10 F-QR4, and now Black is confrontedwith two alternatives-IO . . . R-Nl ; 11 p-R5, p-eN4; 12PxPep., RrP with strong ptessure on the eN file but with no hopeof assailing White's central Pawn wedge; or-10 . . . p-N3 (ioprevent P-R5); li R-Kl, R-Nl; 12 P,K5!, N-e2; 13 B-B4 andWhite exerts tremendous pressure in the center before Black hastime to get started lvith his flank attack.

Thus White can mainlain his center because he can DreventP-QN4. Time is the crucial factor in his favor. Il, in the diasram,Black's Knight were already on QB2 instead of eNl, then W-hite'scenter would be untenable.

1 . . .2 K_85'3 K 8 6 34 KxP5 K_R6

N_K6K Q lK_82N_85

K_Q3N_K4

N_B51 6 P_N57 P_N68 P-N7 N-Q29 N-K6 Black Resignsa

1 Black attempts to bring his Knight into play. The QNP is doomeda n l w a y . I f 1 . . . K Q 2 ; 2 K - 8 5 .

' z Avoiding a trap. If 2 NxP, N-K6ch; 3 K-K4 (forced), N-B7;4 N-B3, NxP; 5 N-Q5ch, NxN; 6 KxN, K-Q2-Black drarvs-hehas the oDDosition.3 A finesse. 3 KxP, K-Q3; 4 K-R6 is equally good. Black's replyis forced.4I f9. . . K-K4; 10K-R7, KxP; 1 l N-B5,NxN; 12P-N8(Q).Moral: the Kins is a fighting piece-use it !

106 107

Don't hem in Bishops

llhite moves. A t),picql illustrutiotlof detaloping Bishops before push-i1g the Kilg or Queen Paytls onesquare orises in the Q's gambitdet:lined after the moues: t P-Q1,P Q4; 2 P QB4, P-K3; 3 N-QB3,N-(B3. lfulrite nov hqs a choicebetween 4 P-K3 or B-N5. He shoulddeuelop his Bishop frst, so as nol tolock it in.

Diagrun 1o7

Position oJter 3... N-KBJ

The principle of mobility is involved: Bishops are no good behindclosed lines, and only in case of necessity should they voluntarily behemrned in by their own Pawns.

Black's Q-Bishop is known as the "problem child" of this defense.The drawback of declining the Q's Gambit with 2. . . P,K3 is thatthis Bishop must eventually be freed either by placing it on QN2 orby striving for P-K,l. Black's game is cramped but sound; yet thismethod of defending tbe Q's Gambit has lost popularity because it istoo Dassive.

The Slav Defense i r one way ofdcc l in ing u i thout lock ing in theBishop: e.9., 1P-Q4, P-Qa; 2 P-Q84, P-QB3; 3 N-KB3, N-83;4 N-B3, PxP; 5 P-QR4 (to prevent 5 . . . P-QN4), B-B4; 6 P-K3,P-K3; 7 BxP, B-QN5; 8 O-O, O-O and Black has fi'eed both hisBishops.

Another way of freeing the Bishops is via the Q's GambitAccepted: I P-Q4, P-Q4; 2 P-QB1, PxP; 3 N-K83, N-KB3;4 P-K3, P-QR3; 5 BxP, P-K3; 6 O-O, P-Bll; 7 Q K2, P-QN4;I B-N3, B-N2.

Both these alternatives, however, have the drawback of permittingWhite to set in an earlv P-K4.

Diagram 108

Position olter 3. . . B-Ns

Restrain key freeing moves

lllrite motes. "Restraint" is umethod of insuring a spqtial adL)antageby pret)enting mooes w'hich y;ould

?ermit qn opponent to expand. Con-t:ersely, it is a defensiae tactic-to

?reL,ent an opponent from getting aslatiel adua tage in the frst plqce.The Ni tzo-Indiqn Defense (namedafter Aaron Nimzouitch) is a goodexample of vhat its founder termed"prophylaxis," or, as we know it,restrsht. It arises after 1 P-Q4,N-KB3; 2 P-Q84, P-K3; 3 N-QB3,B-N5,

Black's last move develops a piece, initiates an annoying pin,prepares castling, and, what is probably the most important facet ofall, prcuents White from expanding with P-K4. The point is thatWhite must now hem in one of his Bishoos. Probablv best now is4 P K3. Ho\.\cver. jl Whire tries to bring out his Q-Bishop firsr. hegets into trouble: e.g., 4 B-N5, P-KR3; 5 B-R4, P-B4 followed byQ-R4 with tremendous pressure on the QR4-K8 diagonal-especially since White's Q-Bishop can no longer play a role in de-fending these dark squares.

. Every move in the world has been tried here for White, and still noway has been found to secure him more than a minimal advantage.Offhand, 4 P-B3 (menacing P-K4) looks good. This nove, however,takes the best square away from the K-Knight, and can adequatelybe met by 4 . . . P-Q,{ (5 Q-R4ch, N-83).

THE NIT{ZO_INDIAN DEFENSE

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SICILIAN DEFENSE-DRAGON

Diagrum 109

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VARIATION

White ffioees. ll/hite has a minimaladuantage in Space, qnd in order toprcserte it he nust preuent Black

from playlng . . . P-Q4. It isimportant for l|'hite to prcaent lhismoDe-ete if it rue ans losing a tempoand withdrawing a beautifully centra-lized Knight.In order to preDent the freeing action( . . . P-Qq Whi te nus t aTp ly theprinciple of restrqint. And the onl!satisfactor! ntote is the paradoxicalI N-N3l Let us see why.

In order to understand the necessity of preventing Black fromplaying . . . F-Q4, let us examine what would happen if Whiteignored the threat and continued his development with I Q-Q2,P-Q4; 2 FxP (2 NxN, PxN; 3P-K5,N-K5! leads to full equali9,NxP; 3 NxKN, NxN! (not3. . . QxN; 4 B-B3, Q-any; 5NxNand Black's Pawn Structure is ruined); 4 BxN, QxN and Black hascompletely freed his game.

Another unsatisfactory way of preventing . . . P-Q4 is withI B-83, For after 1 . . , N-K4 White would either have to retreatthe Bishop to K2 (whereupon . . . P-Q4 would follow), or hewould have to leave it there and suffer the loss of the two Bishops.

Incidentally, 1 NxN, PxN; 2 E-ts3 would hardly help matrers,for after B-K3 Wlite would still be unable to prevent P-Q4.

Therefore, the most feasible way for White to observe his Q5 is toput aCded pressure on it with his Queen, and the only way to dothis is to withdraw an apparently well-centralized Knight: 1N-N3!Now the fight for. . . P-Q4 would continue after 1 . . . B-K3;2 P-84 ! and Black will have to seek other moves (such as N-QR4)because 2 , . , P-Q4 is still unplayable because of 3 P,85, B-Bl(even worse is 3 . . . PxP; 4 PxP, B-B1); 4 PxNP, RPxP; 5 PxP,N-N5; 6 B-83 certifying the rvin ofa Pawn.

Restraining the "minority attack"

D. BYRNE-EVANS, ROSENWALD rouRNEY, NEw YoRK, 195+55Black mores, White exerts pressureon Blqck's QP and he intends toundcnnine its bqse b; playingP-QN4-s-the minorit! attqck (seealso Diogram 75). By the simpleexpedient of t . . .P-QR4 Blackcan either frustrate this strategl ormake it rcry dfficult to cqrryt out.This mot:e, it is true, would ''teaken

QN3-but the square vould beweakened anyway after the ineuitable. . . P-QR3. The choice is reallybetween a passiue or an aggressiuePawn formation.

BLACK \\'HITE BLACK

1 . . .2 o�-o3 P_83

I We have seen that it occasionally pays to lose a tempo in order torestrain a maneuver that would cost far more Time to stop once itgot started.2 This innocuous retieat prevents White from expanding with P-K4.In chess it is more important to frustrate your opponent's strategythan to be obsessed with your own sly designs.3 Faulty strategy. White wants to prepare P-QN4 and continuewith the minority attack. Instead he should concentrate on en-forcing P-K4. He hasn't the tim€ to play for two ideas at once.a Black has freedom for all his pieces his last move was designedto make an escape square for the Bishop at KR2 after it is attacked.Notc how White has failed to solve the problem of opening lines forhis Q-Bishop.

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1 1 0 1

Double-edged restraining moves

Blach moues. In the Q's GambitAccepted after: 1 P-Q4, P-Q4; 2P-QB4, PxP; 3 N-K83, N-KB3;4 P-K3, P-lG; 5 BxP, P-QR3 ex-perience lus shoy,n thqt lyhite doesbetter to cttstle and allow Blqck tolla! . . . P-QN4 than to try andrestruin it with 6 P QR4. IYhy ?

Position aJter 6 P-QR4

White's last move is not bad, merely unnecessary. The principlebehind it is good: restraint. But the move weakens White's QN4,and this can never be repaired. In other words, restraining movesare only good if they serve their function without fundamentallyweakening the Pawn Structure. You must always keep the long-range prospect ol the endgame in mind.

The game miglrt possibly continue: 6 , . . P-QB4; 7 O-O,N-83; 8 N-83, B-K2. It is true that Black will not be able to develophis Q-Bishop u ith ease. On rhe other hand. White has the sam-etrouble developing his own Q-Bisho5and he has accepted a weakPawn Structure to boot.

The "bind',

EvANs-HowARD, MARSHALL cmss CLUB cHAMpIoNsHrp, 1947-48

Blach mottes, A bincl is a strangle-hold. It generally results after oneplayr has acquired a vteak squarecomplex. This is a drastic example.Blsck's dark K-side squares are hope-Iessly weak. His King is hemnted inand he cannot meet the threat ofR-R4 and QxPch. A bit pzt, perhaps,but not if it gets acrcss this point:constriction is bad.

BLACK

1 . . .2 NxB

B_K5IBlack Resigns2

r Desperation. The idea is to meet 2 R-R4 by P-N4. The onlyother reasonable attempt at counterplay consisted of I . . . R-B7;2 BxR, PxB; 3 R-R4, P-B8(Q); 4 QxPch, NxQ; 5 RxN mate.2 There is no satisfactory way to prevent N-B6 followcd by R-R4once more. Not to mention the fact that Black has siven uo apiece. Black made numerous errors. With propcr play 6n rhe parrof.your opponent, you should never be able to tie him up socompletely.

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Diastan 112

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Fight a bind!

EVANS-BARDA, HASTTNGS, 1949-50

Blsck moves. Violent counter-meosurcs, euen sacrifce, must beconsidered in order to shake off the

far-reaching tentacles of d bind whilethere is still time. White threatensBxB, followed by N-N5-Q6 andgradua\ Black vill be smothered bythe on-coming Q-side Pavtn mass.Black can free himself only by onem o u e : 1 . . . P - K 4 .

BLACK

1 , . .2 PxP3 NxP4 RxN5 RxRch6 BxNs7 R_Kl8 P*R3

P_K41NxKP

NxNB_N5'

RxRBxB

B_83B_R4

9 Q-K410 BxQtl N-8412 B-R7ch13 RxRch14 B-82ls P-QR4

QxQR_K1

B_KB6K,B1KxR

B-N7Dtuw4

I That this weakens-or even sacrifices-tl1e QP is of relatively littlemornent. The important thing is to play it while he can still breatheand is in a position to profit tactically from the consequent openingof the lines.2 Life at lastl The Bishop basks in its new-found freedom. Blackhas sacrificed a Pawn but he has considerable Dressure asainstWhire's Ught squares (notably KBo).s White does not like to give up the two Bishops. But the altemative,6 BxP would be met by 8*86! E.g.,7 BxB, NxBch; 8 K-N2, BxB;9 NxB, N-K8ch, winning the exchange.4 After 15 . . . B-R6; 16 N-Q3, B-K5; 17 P-N5, BxN; 18 BxB,BxP regains the Pawn and establishes opposite colored Bishops.

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114 1 1 5

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RoTHMAN-EVANS, PRACTICE GAME, NEw yoRK. 1948

Blsck mot es. Exchanges prouideelbow room. Sometitnes it is necessar))to adopt a?p(uentb) outlundishmeasures in order to free a crampedposition, but usually it is v)orlh it.Black has the better Pav)n Structure-he has compensation for his doubledPawns in the open QRfle. Ilthite'sbackward QP is a glaring weakness,but how cqn Blaclc get to it? Ifl . . . O-O,' 2 P-R1follovted by R-N3subject Black to a ferce qttack.Diagran 114

WIIITE

1 . . .2 B-Qz3 QxB

B-N5ch FBxBch2N_K2B

4 B-Q35 R_N3

B_B3P_N34

r What Black must do is free his K2 square in order to use it formaneuvering his pieces.

This solves the problem. Black takes advantage ofthe momentarypin on the QR flle to exchange Bishops.'� Gladly !3 This Knight is headed for KB4 or Q4, as circumstances demand.a Black has a bind on the white squares and White's Qp is subjectto hear.y fire. Note how Black hairelieved his cramp a].rd obtuiiredfieedom of movement.

Freeing combinations A wing attack is best met by a reaction in the center

DONOVAN-EVANS, ]\IARSI.IALL

Diastam 115

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Blacb tnoves. Crantped potitionscontain extr.tot'.liar)' resiliatrc!.Sometinles o e n1oLle cau bring thesleeping pieces all to life.This positiott arcse out of the K'sIndiai Defense, )'et note the simildrirylto Alekhine's Defense (Diogram 7).The frceing principle cons.ists instriki g at an otetextended center

from the fank. Black conuerls Time(the moue) into SPace.

KAGETSU-EVANS, HoLLywooD opEN, 1954

Black moves. The otrac/'cr isah,qvs the one tho benefite from ooenun?s. ne Jttould lr) lo t losc Ihe ccnterbefore embarking on s ving qttack.This cannot alway be done. ThedeJbnrler must keep his lines of com-munication open, and this requires ufuid center so thqt he ntay ditertpieces from the other y'ing to tlledefense of the attacked ving.

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BxBQ-Qsch

QxN

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P-Q4!rB_Q3

R_N24Q.N5PxP5

NxP! 8 Q-B33

1 This move rips White's center to shreds.'�Write chooses a speculativc Pawn sacrifice rather than see hiscenter utterly destroyid after 2 PxQP, PxP; . 3 BxQP, BxB; 4 NxB,NxP, though this was, objectively, his best line.s White hai some pressure for the Pawn inasmuch as Black will havetrouble developing his Q-Bishop. Here Black should play 8 ..'R-QN1 foltowid by . . . P-QN3 and gradually his extra Pawn wiUcome of age.

r Temporarily Black is a Rook ahead-but he is skating on thin ice"as will be seen.

If it were White's move, Black would be lost! E.g.. I exN followedby^Q-B3,_Q-R5, and Q-R7ch, against which there is no adequatedefense. In order to frustrate this maneuver Black must som.ho*be able to get his Queen to the KR file by playing . . exp. How-ever, tlis Pawn is presently protected by the Knight. In order tocapture il the Knight on KB4 must first be dislodged. In order todo rh is Black musr ger h is Bishop ro Qi . V ia r l i is long chain ofreasoning. Black arr i res at rhe genera l pr inc ip le rhat a wing at rackrs best met by a reaction in the center. Tlre texI frees the e3 squarefor the Bishop.

: P!_t1. ? PxP is met easily by B-Q3. 2 Nxp is met by exp.3 White has no time for 3 Q 83, BxN; 4 BxB, pxp; 5 Bxp. S-NZ!a The pressure is off and finally Black has rime to brearhe. Tbeobject of this "mysterious" Rook move is not so mysterious. Blackanticipates 4 Q-83 Which would now be met by BxN; 5 BxB, exp(otherwise the Rook on Nl would be attacked).5 l t 's a l l over but the handshake. Black now whipped up a winningattack very quickly: 7 R-Nl, Q-K3; 8 B K2, Q-R7!

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1 1 6 | 7

Connect Rooks

FLEISCHER-EVANS, U.S. OPEN CHAMPIONSHIP, 1949

Diasrun 117

WHITE

Black moues. This principle is uerysimple. It merel! states thqt theideal of deuelopment is to clear qll

the oieces olf the first rank until theRoik, or" rinnrrrict. In this way bothRooks are free to occupl open fles,especiolly in the center. When theRooks are connected in this fashion, ilsenerally herqlds the end of the"opening'and

rhe beginning of theiniddlegsme.

BLACK WHITE

1 . , ,2 Q-N3'3 Q-Q144 N_83

B-Q2t

QR-Kl3R-K2

KR_K1

s B-Q26 R-K16

7 BxR8 N_K4

P_KR45RxRchN_Q5

Q_B4'

l Black has reached his maxirnum development. He should takeadvantage of the lull to develop his Q-Bishop, even if only to somodest i square as Q2. what this does is release the Q-Rook, thusaccomolishing the connection.2 This-only l-oses several tempi. White is already far behind indevelopment, and he should pripare to free his Q-Bishop by playing2 N-83 immediately.3 This is an ideal move. It develops a piece which is out-of-play withsain of time. Nothing more could be asked.i white's queen is misplaced an)'vay. lf instead 3 N-83. P-N3.then the threat of N-Q5 forces the Queen to move again. Whire hasa Time advantage. The problern now is to exploit it before itevaporates.5 This Pawn is to be used as a battering ram. to provoke someweaknesses in White's K-side Pawn Structure.6It is always a good policy to challenge on the file before theopDonent's control of it becomes too dominating.''*hite's game is still extremely difficult. Black's pieces are beauti-fullv Dosted.

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The wrong Rook

EVANs-coLLrNS, Loc cABrN cHEss CLUB cruuploNsurp, 1950

Diagrun I18

rIr'HITE

llhite moves. llhen Rooks areconnected and either of them canoccup! ct necessar! central fle,annotators are in the sarcastic hobitof writing "the wrong Rook!" nomatter vhich one moues there.Here either of lYhite's Rooks canmoDe to Ql. Once his QP is bolstered

frotn behind, then l|hite will be ableto constrict Black's game with P-K4.The question is: which Rook shouldbe played to Ql, and why?

WHITE BLACK

1 KR-Qll2 QR-BI'3 P_K4

QR_81Q_N1

P_QN3

4 P-K535 N_K{6 N(K4)-Q64

N*Q4R-B2

r This move follows cenain sound, though never before formulared,rules. When either of two Rooks can move to a necessary centralfile, these are the criteria to be applied: (l) select the Rook which isdoing the least; (2) select that Rook which, after it arrives there,will permit the remaining Rook its greatest possible mobtlity. Beforeselecting |our moL)e, it is important to uisualize on which central fleseach Rook will do the ntost sood.

Here White chooses the K-Rook because he foresees that he wantsa Rook on QBI and a Rook on Ql. Moreover, if he moved his QRto Ql he would violate rule number 2-after it gets there the K-Rookrvould only have one square to which to move (Kl), whereas nowthe QR has two squares (QNl and/or QB1).'� Completing the development of the Rooks and exerting maskedpressure on Black's Queen. Black can do little but sit back andwait. His position is cramped but quite solid.3 Again, White gives to get. He cannot maintain the tension in thecenter forever. A good alternative is 4 Q-K2, with the idea ofolaying for a break with P-Q5.a Black's Knight on Q4 is his only well-posted piece. White, on theother hand, has completed an invasion deep into eneny territory andhas a bind on the dark colored squares. Note how Black's piecesget in each other's way.

I l 9

"Sitting on" a position

EVANS-HEATH, CLUB MATCH, TEXAS, 1949

White morcs. It is not alwqis neces-sary to do something when you hauean aduantage, Norrlrcre is patiencemore atirtue than in chess. One ofthemost common fallacies is the qssump-tion thqt euery mote must containsorne dcious threst. Inthe absence ofdirect tqctical coLnbinations, oneshould tqke aduantage of the lull todeaelop pieces or, if thq) are alreadydeueloped, to fnd euen better squares

for them.

HIARST-EVANS, MARSHALL cHEss CLUB JUNTOR cHAMptoNstttp. 1947

Blacb motes. "Luft" (Germqn for"air") is brcqthing space-i.e.." anescope squore-for the king. It cqncome in uery handy.This losition is dravish, but theskirmish is lar from ouer. llhite hesa quqlitatiue majority on the Q-side(3 Pavns to 2). Before proceedingany further, both sides take aduantageof the lull to make " Luft."

1 QR-Ql12 QxQ

P-B4'NxQ

3 BxB4 P-B33

RxBP_KR3 2 P_KR31

l This move "sits on" the position. It exerts masked pressure onthe Q-file, brings a Rook into play, and discourages the freeingmaneuver, P-Q4. Incidentally, the reason White's QR moved toQl rather than his KR is explained in the previous illustration. Thefirst question White must ask himself is "where do I want myRooks?" He wants his QR on Ql and his KR on Kl. Ifhe played1 KR-QI, where would he put his QR later on?2 I . P-Q4 is refuted by 2 BxN, BxB; 3 PxP, QxP (forced);4 N-83 and Black's doubled QBP's are robbed of the little mobilitythat theY now Dossess.3 White has Iasting pressure in the center. control of Q5. and goodplay against Black's disconnected, doubled, Q-side Pawns.

I Neither side now has to worry about an impromptu mate on thelast rank. They are now free to embark on their business for theday. Why not 1 . . . P-KN3; 2 P-KN3 ? The reason is that rhesemoves would weaken too many squares. For greater detail consultDrasram J).

_ The King and Pawn ending resulting from this position after allthe pieces have been exchanged is analyzed in Diagram 156. Justfor the fun of perfecting your endgame technique, remoye all thepieces and play this position out with a friend. It is a theoreticaloraw.

"Luft"

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120 t2l

EVANS-COLLINS, MARSHALL

Diagrum 121

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cHrss CLUB cHelrplot{sHrp, 1946-47

White moees. Failure to makeLuft can haoe disastrous consequences.llthite played 1 RxRP? and learnedthe hard way. Correct is 1 P-KR3or-eren better-l P-K83! gainingTime b! the attock on Black's Knight.

l RxP ?r2 RxR3 N_82'4 P-B33

RxRR_88N_84B-Q3

5 K_816 K_Nl7 RxB

B-R3chP-R3 !4

NxRs

1 White should content himself with a draw by I P-B3, RxR; 2 RxR,N-84; 3 B-82, etc.' 3 K-Bl is refuted by B-N5.3 Too late! If White's Pawn were already on KR3, White could saveeverything by getting out of the pin with K-R2. As it is, he just hasto suffer in silence. He is hoping for 4 . . . NxB?; 5 RxB-but nosuch luck.a Black oavs his tribute to the "Great God Luft." White now has noway to meet the theat of 7 . . . NxB; 8 RxB, RxN other than bysacrificing the exchange.6 White resisned shortly.

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"My kingdom for a Luft!"

EVANS-PHILLIPS. MARSHALL

Diagruft 122

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White moves. An"escope square" isan qlternate expression for Luft whenmaking a houen for a piece other thotlthe King.Sooner or l\ter White h,ill heue toguard against . . . N-KR4. In orderto insure that his Q-Bishop sta1,sposted on the excellent diagonalvhich it now occupies (KR2-QN8),lfhite should play P-KR3 in order toretreat the Bishop to R2 ythenchallenged.

1 P-KR3 was played in the game on the supposition that it wasnecessary sooner or later. Actually, it is not immediately necessarybecause N-R4 can be met with 2 B-K5, P-B3; 3 B-N3, NxB;4 RPxN, with good attacking chances along the KR file.

However, White has nothing better to do. He might try thedeveloping move, 1 R-QBI. He most certainly does not want toplay I B-Q3 because PxP; 2 BxBP would force him to lose a tempowith the Bishop. One other good point of White's move is that itrestrains Black's Q-Bishop by taking the square KN5 away from it.

Incidentally, since every Pawn move creates a new weakness, sucha move should not be made without good reason (especially when itinvolves a loss of Time before development has been completed).This is a relatively closed position, so the loss of Time involved inI P-KR3 is neslisible.

Overprotection

NASr.r-EVANS, u.s. opEN cHAMproNSHrp, 1950

Blach mores. Black's highly mobilece ter exerts a crumping infuence ot1llhite's a*vrardll placed lieces. Itis important to mqintqin this centervithout adtancing either KP or QPuntil all the pieces are prepared totlemolish the potential blockqde. Thus1 . . . P K5 inLmediatel! w,ottld bemet 4j N-Q4, saddling Black u:ith abackvard QP.

Black should overprotect his QP now with 1 . . . B K3, on theprinciple that White will gang up on it sooner or later. This movenot only develops a piece, but also leaves White in doubt as to whichPawn will advance. The QP is then "overprotected" because,strictly speaking, Black has more pieces defending it than areactually necessary for its safety.

The game continued: 2 N-N5, B-Bl; 3 P-KN4, P-Q5; 4 PxP,NxQP; 5 K-Nl, P-R3t 6 N-R3, N-86; 7 RxR, KxR; 8 R-N3,N-Q7ch; 9 K-Bl, NxB: 10 NxN, NxP, winninq a Pawn. Note howBlack conver ted h is grear in f luence in the ienrer inro mater ia ladvantage.

Overprotecting weak points

EVANS (u.s.A.)-NTELSEN (DENM,{.RK), DUBRoVNTK ol-yMprcs,YUGOSLAVTA, 1950

White moees. Nimzot itclr confnedhis concept of orcrprotection to ke!points in the center. We may extend itto any vreak poinl anywherc on theboard, White hqs vhite square weak-nesses on KB3 and KR3. I{e cunrepair them \ith lhc rcmpori:ing1 K-Nz. In such a complicatedposition. this nore looks quire in-ttocuous. But it anually came inhand'- laler arul made possible thevinning combination!

BLACK

1 K N 22 Q-Nl3 B-N54 B-Q215 PxP

R_K1N(4)-Q2

RxP

R-QB33

RxQnB_BIK N 2

Q_Q4B_N55

N-B4 8 NxNP-K3 9 RxN!

6 N-Qs!'� RxR7 QxR QxP

10 R-Q8ch11 BxR12 N-Q713 B-N514 R-N8ch Black Resigns

l This finesse is a common maneuver, The Bishop, of course, washeaded for Q2 all the time. By moving to N5 first it gained a tempobv forcins Black's Rook to an inferior file.'�initiatirig a "masked attack." (See also Diagram 149.)3 Forced. If instead 9 . . . NxN; 10 R-Q8ch wins.a Finally 1 K-N2 is vindicated! This little "combino" would not bepossible with the King on Nl because Black would capture the Queenwith check. Of course, white did not foresee this when he made hisfirst move. It is a stroke of luck-or "serendioitv."5 Note how helpless Black's Queen is against the-minor pieces.

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124 125

The Pawn as battering ram

EVANS AND SPIELDERGER-LOKVENCZ AND PRAVDA, CONSULTATIONGAME, vrENNA, 1956

White mor)es. Black's Q-side lookspretry solid. lVhite must force apoint of inuqsion (see also Diagram60). To do this he must use hisQ-side Pawns as battering rams. It isamazing how quickl! Black's positionfalls apart as soon as White obtqinsundisputed spatial control of the QN

fle, and, v,ith it, the rital QN6square-vhich giues him a base fromwhich to strike at Black's bqckwardQP.

I P-QR4r2 PXBP3 R_N24 RxR5 R_Nl6 Q-N2p7 Q-N6

P_QR4'NPxPR_N1

QxRQ_82R_B1K_B1

RxQK_K2R-N2N-K1

R-N65RxB

8 QxQ9 R-N6 !1

t0 R-R611 N-Ns12 NxP!13 BxP14 N-N7 dis. ch

Black Resigt s

1 The threat of 2 P-R5 forces Black further to weaken an alreadvcompromised Q-side Pawn Structure.2 To prevent P-R5 Black cedes White control of QN5. Equallyhopeless was I . . . PxP; 2 RrP, R-Nl; 3 QR-NI, winning ttrlQNP.3 Black must not be allowed to challenge the file with R-QNI.White's advantage in Space (undisputed control of the QN file) isnow decisive.a Control of this 'Jumping-off" point is crucial. The Rook cannotbe stopped from its foragins mission.5 Or i i lZ . . . NxN; t iB ip wins. Nore how powerfu l lv Whi te 'stwo Bishops came into play when lines r.r ere opened for them.

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%Diasram 125

126 127

Securing advanced ouqnsts

EvANs (N.Y.)-QUESADA (HAVANA), RADIo MATCH, 1947

White moees. Iryhite wonts to v'mthe square KB4 for his Knight-anexcellent lost indeed. The fact thatBlack is not )'et castled pcrmils hintto do it rvith 1 P-KR4. Ordinorily,this could be met by 1 . . . P KR3,maintaining the Pawn on KN4. Buthere rhe pin is fatal. because afrer2 PxP Black cannot recapture. AIIthis trouble because Blqck has failedto connect his Rooks!

1P_KR4!2 RxP

PxPl 3 N-84'�o-o-o

l slightly better is 2 . . . P-N5 which, it is true, weakens the darksquares. But the text makes even a gravel concession by allowingWhite a base of operations on the open KR file.2 The Knight has iecured this outpott and cannot be dislodged. Ifnecessary, it can be reinforced by bringing the QN to K2. Black hasisolated K-side Pawns; White has a bind on the KR flle. He wonshortly.

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Occupying advanced outposts

EVANS-CARLYLE, u.s. opEN cHAMproNsHrp, 1952

White motes. Blqck is a Pqvnbehinrl but he hqs ttvo Bishops andstrong pressure. (White's Queen can-not deJbnd both the Knight qnd theQP indefnitely.) The immedietethreatisl. . . R-Kl. White's Knightis pqssirc qnd ouerburdened, Butthere is q rqt of light.White hqs a potential outpost on K5!How can he redeploy his Knight sothqt it can reqch this radiant paradise!

I N Nllr2 N_83

R_K1'R_K2

3 RxR4 N-K53

QxR

CHAPTER Time

Time (or tempo) is the unit of the move-it is the element of tactics.The moue is so aital that if a player ttith only mediocre ability weregronted the tight to more tv,ice in a row, at his option, just once e"-ery)gone, he could become llorld Champion!

"Time" is hard to define. Roughly speaking, it amounts tomobility and development. The ideal opening is one in which piecesare cleared ranidlv from the first rank so that the Rooks are free toshuttle toward the center. One s;,n.rptom oflost Time is a crampedposition: when the moment ardves to make necessary developingmoves (in order, for instance, to prepare for castling) the pieces canno longer develop on active squares. Time is equivalent to the"serve" in tennis; unless pursued vigorously, it is likely to dissipate.This "driving force" is tenned the initiative.

The "initiative" is a Time advantage, and the first move confersthis automatically on White. After I P-K4' for example, Whiteaheady threatens to control the center with 2 P-Q4. Black, like it ornot, is compelled to adapt his strategy to the threat. 1 . . . P-K4meets it and also opens up lines for the Queen and Bishop. White,it is true, can still play 2 P-Q4, PxP; 3 QxP' but he has moved hisQueen too early and must now lose a tempo after N-QB3. Thereis no constructive square for the Queen: if to Ql, then nothing hasbeen gained; if to Q2, Q3, K3, or QB4, then it would block a Bishopdiagonal. 4 Q-R4 is relatively best, but then the Queen is out-of-play on the flank. In either case White is forced to delay the necessarydeveloDment of one of his minor oieces for a move. In the meantimeBlack ian develop another minor piece. Thus he has wrested theinitiative.

I The horse beats a strategic retreat. It is headed for K5 via 83.z One move too late! If the Knight were still on K2, then White's]n l leuver would be impossib le: e .g. .2 N-Nl . RrR: 3 RrR. exp.r White's exra Paun is now decisive-wirh his Knight on K5 heiango to sleep--tis game plays itselt The remaining moves were:1. .-. Q-QB?; 5 R-Q81, P-QR3; 6 P-KRa, q-n2. 7 p*q1,

9-I?; t K-R2, Q-R2; e Q-Q82, Bxp; t0 exF, R-eNl; liN-B6, Black Resigns.

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r28 129

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Diagmn 128

Block gains a tempo. From this it may be concluded that when-ercr the same piece is forced to moae a second time in the opming qtempo is lost. For this reqson early Queen moues are inaduisable; lheopponent can dri\e it from pillar to post in the course ol normuldeuelopment. If, after lP-K4, P-IK 1 2P-Q{PxP, Witi does notnish to submit to the abooe loss of Time, he mav elect to continuewith the gambit 3 P-QB3? !

GambitsA gambit is an early artempr to seize the initiarive forcibly (usuallyat the cost of a Pawn or two). The gambireer hopes to piofit fromhis rapid developmenr and superior mobilitv to scori an earlvvictory. or ro regain his material rr irh interest. Iiut it stands to reasoithat if the second player has made no organic weaknesses or errorssuch optimism is totally unfounded. There are three ways to meeta gambit: (l) declining it, (2) holding doggedly on to rhe sacrificedmaterial at the cost of the initiative, (3) accepting it and then return-ing the material at a favorable moment.

Di1gtunt 129

The gambit declined

lst method-Declining the gambit: I P-K4, P-K4; 2 P-Q4,PxP; 3 P-QB3, P-Q4. (3 . . . P-Q6 also declines but does notforce White to lose time in recapturing the Pawn, as 4 BxP developsa piece in the process).

With 3 . . . P-Q4 Black has opened more lines for his Queen andQ-Bishop. He has elected to fght White in his own element-Timedgainst Time! A likely continuation is: 4 KPxP, QxP; 5 PxP,N-QB3; 6 N-KB3, B-N5 (notice how Black systematically exploitsWhite's isolated QP by undermining the pieces which defendit\t 7 B-K2, O-O-O (not 7. . . BxN; 8 BxB, QxQP?; 9 BxNch,PxB; 10 QxQ); 8 N-B3, Q-QR4 with lasting pressure againstWhite's central Pawn as well as superior development.

1 3 0 l 3 l

2nd method-Holding doggedly on to all material sacdficed:1 P-K4, P-K4; 2 P Q4, PxP; 3 P QB3, PxP; 4 B-QB4 (the"Danish Gambit"; where White sticks to the true spirit of it, hedoes not stop for 4 NxP but aims instead for quick development atall costs), PxP; 5 BxP, P-QB3.

Diaglan 130

The gambit accepted

With 5 . , . P-QB3 Black announces his intention of submittingto an attack because he has the firm determination that White doesnot have sufficient compensation for the two Pawns sacrificed.Black is f&hting Ilhite in another element-Force against Tine!Here the question is whether Black cafl withstand the fury of White'sattack and emerge into the won endgame which his materialsuperiority promises. Notice how Black has not yet developed onepiece, whereas White has two Bishops bearing down on menacingdiagonals. Black, however, has no organic weaknesses in his Pawnstructure and probably-though this is problematical-has sufficientresources to defend with. The game might continue: 6 N-QB3,P Q3;7N-83,N Q2: 8 O-O or 8 Q-82 followed by O-O-O. IfWhite cannot capitalize on his advantage in Time, Black will nullifyit by catching up to him in development. The fina1 evaluation ofthis position is a question ofstyle: an attacker would choose White;a defender, Black. Tournament practise has indicated that Whitehas won the majority of the games continuing lrom the diagramposition-although in every instance one can point to a flaw inBlack's olav.

3rd method rcturring material at a favorable moment: 1 P-K4,P K4t 2 P Q4, PxP; 3 P QB3, PxP; 4 B-QB4, PxP; 5 BxP,P_Q4.

Diasrcm 131

The gambit accepted-and returned

The principle behind 5.,. P-Q4 is so powerful that it hasvirtually eliminated all gambits from toumament play! Black fghxWhite in yet another element-Pawn Structure ogainst Tine! Blackretums the material in order to simplify and reach a favorableendqame.

dlkely continuation is: 6 BxP (6 PxP closes the lines and leavesBlack a Pawn ahead with an easy defense after 6 . N-KB3;7 N-KB3, B Q3; 8 O-O, O-O; 9 N-B3, B KN5; 10 Q-Q4, QN-Q2. Opocensky-Rdti, Baden, 1914), N KB3!; 7 BxPch, KxB;8 QxQ, B N5ch (the temporary sacrifice of a Queen is a goodexample of a strategical theme bolstered by tactical execution);9 Q Q2, BxQch; 10 NxB, P QB4 and Black has a slight advantagetheoretically because his Q-side Pawns are likely to move faster thanWhite's K-side Pawns (it is easier to force 2 passed Pawns with 3against I than 4 against 2-noreover, Black's King is a strongdefensive weapon where it stands). Because of the opposite coloredBishops the game is likely to eventuate in a draw, but if this is thebest White can obtain, obviously he will abandon the Danish Gambit.

The principle of accepting and then returning the gambit at afavorable moment has this most important corollary-it upsets thewhole psychology of the attacker, it throws him on the <lefensivewhen he is in precisely the opposite frame of mind ! For this reasonit is a recommended antidote.

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132 133

Refrain from useless checks

EVANS-FLORES, }f ARSHALL cHESs CLIJB cn,c.MproNsHIp, 1946-47

White moves, A check is loss ofTine if it forces the defender to makeq necessaD) consolidqtion and leauesthe checking piace in nobattcr positionthan before- Ordinarily, a checic doesgain d tempo, protided tlnt no unitcan interpose which forces llE retreatof the thecAinq 7ier. (Diagrotn 136is q good exanylc of a check u'hichgains Time.)

I Q-R4ch12 Q-N333 P-K354 Q-N4

1 An ingenious double-edged check whose consequences are difficultto foresee. Every move should have a purpose, and check is noexception. "Always check-it may be mate" is one of those glit-tering epigrams *hi"h b"long. ii the garbage heap. Checkingmerely for the sake of giving a check is a good way of working outspite, but is often likely to rebound.2 Black has many ways to go wrong and only one good interposition.I f1 . . .P-B3; 2 BxN, RxB; 3 QxP, B-B4; 4 P-B5, winning aPawn. If I . . . N-83; 2 N-N5 is difficult to meet. The text isplayed on the principle of interposing a unit which forces the retreatof the enemy piece. It leads to interesting complications.s white had, ofcourse, anticipated the Bishop interposition. He haslost a tempo but seems to gain it back if and when Black moves hisBishop again to QB3 in order to defend the double threat of QxP orPxP.a Continuine the counterattack.5 White cannot forever neglect his development. 2 QxP, PxP! givesBlack strong counterplay. And 2 PxP is met by QNXP.0 6 QxBP is too tame and would merely lose the two Bishops withoutany corresponding compensation. White tries to get compensationin Force and Pawn Structure-hence the risky text.

134

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N_QR4NxP

5 BxN6 QxNP67 QxRP8 N-B38

PxBR QNl??

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? Here Black linally goes wrong. Correct is 7 . . . Q-Nl l; 8 QxQ,RxQ. Black, it is true, is left with doubled Pawns, but he also hastwo Bishops and pressure on the QN file. 7 . . . Q Nl is so srrongthat the wholc rar ia t ion has been abandoncd for Whi te.

lf White knew at rhe time that I Q,R4ch was contrary to generalprinciples, one is tempted to ask why he did it. The answer liesin the eyer-constant search for innovations. Each position is asdistinct as a fingerprinL. and rhe modern masttr spends hisle isure t ime in searching for ref inements which capi t r l iJe on th isdistinctness. Even when a new move is inferior, it has the merit ofcatching an opponent off guard, as in the present game, whereBlack does not find the rjght continuation.3 White is a Pawn ahead. Black still has the initiative left over fromhis previous advantage in Time, but the course of the game showedthat this compensation was insufficient. E.9., 8 . . . B-B3; 9 BxP,Q-Bl; l0 B-N3, O O; 11 O-O (White must bring his King torelative safety, even though his Pawn Structure is about to beshattered on the K-side), BxN; 12 PxB, Q-83; 13 P-K4-White isouite safe.

1 3 5

Wasted moves

ASH-EVANSJ MARSHALL CHESS CLUB JUNIOR CHATIPIONSHIP, I946

Blach mortes. Ile generally thinkof a moae as "wasted" vhen lhere i,tno pqrticular plan behind it. Attimes it inuolDes a precious loss oftempo in a position trhich catmotrff ird it. At others, vh[le not anoutrigli effot, perhaps, it is totall!unconnected vith the requirernents ofthe position; this is more often thecate \ill! bcginncrs. As a case inpoint, witness m)r uer! frst tournd-ment game.

Black played I . . . P-KR3-a wasted move if ever there was one.Let us see why.

To begin with, it contributes nothing toward development.Black has still to castle, and then he faces the problem of freeing hisQ-Bishop. Furthermore, this move has no bearing on the actiontaking place in the center.

A good move is i . . . PxP. Black can make it hard, if notimpossible, for White to regain the Pawn: e.9., 2 N-Q2, N-N3.

I . . . O-O (though not so sharp as PxP) at least contdbutestoward the connecting of the Rooks which, as we have learnedbefore. is the ideal of dereloomeot

The only justification for i . . . P-KR3 is that it prevents a pinat KN5. But why go to the trouble.of preventing it ? Once White'sBishop goes to KN5, then P-KR3 would effectively break the pinby "putting the question 10 the Bishop."

Refrain from pointless threats

Btacle motes. A common failing ofthe beginner is that he makes u soundthrcat' and then biter hi: nail; ho[inghis opponent v'ill ouerlook the rightconlinuation. This is shabby chess;ercn if it succeeds, it only speakspoorly for the loser. If you reallyvtqnt to improw, always assume thatyour opponent will find the bestreply and plan your play accordingly:"play the board nol the plaler."

Didgrum 131

Never offer traos that are likelv to rebound. White threatens matein one. Watch how, with proper defense, this explodes in his faceand results only in loss of Time.

The above position arises out of: 1P-K4, P-K4; 2 B-B4, B-B4;3 Q R5. White's last move with the Queen is a premature sortie-even though it contains the double threat of either QxP mate orQxKPch. However, this threat can be met quite easily by 3 , . .Q-K2. Nowif 4 N-K83, P-Q3; 5 O-O, N-KB3-and Black nowgains a free developing move by harrying White's misplaced Queen.

In other words, minor pieces should be deueloped before majorpieces: Knights before Bishops.

t ' l fr t7ttrfr7t '/z 7t',,&, /&7ta7tft'%

7 t %2, /4 4, lA ./2. 2,A J } A A A A

i%a/ti '/f,t%r't i 'N

7,t^,/i ''.ltNt.& /t

t a tDiagran 133

136 t3'1

Complete development first-attack later

STEINER-EVANS, 6TH MATCH CAME, 1952

Developing with gain of Time

MECHANIC-EVANS, MARSIIALL CHESS CLUB JUNIOR CHANTPIONSHTP,

1916

Blsch moues. It is obt:ious thatBlack nlust moue llis K-Bishop so thathe cqn cqstle. The questiotl is t:here?7 . . B K2 is sound, but not forcefulenough. The trick is tofnd some vayto tqke aduqntqge of llthite's hangingKn igh t on K4- 1 . . . B-NSch ga iasa tempo because it forces llhite toretreat, whereupotl Blqck can castle.Two tnoues for the price of one !

BLACK

Blsck moees. An attack is likely toboomerang unless adequate measureshaue been taken lo pre"^ent q successfulcounter-oltack.Black has an qdtqntage-nqmel!, thetwo Bishops. Eager lo.force an earlydecision, Ilhite le{rues his King in thecenter and initiqtes a premature K-side attqck ttith 1 P-KN . Note howcleuerly this is refuted.

Diasran 135

WHITE

1 . . . N - 8 4 12 N-Ks'� NxBch

l This rnove completely nullifiesinitiative.

White's attack and wins the

2 Forced. 2 PxN, BxNP wins a Pawn, and White has no way tobring additional support to his pinned Knight.3 Black has exchanged a passive Knight for an active Bishop. Hehas seized the offensive on the K-wing.

3 P-QR3?' B-K232 N(4)-Q2 o-O

I I . . . Q-R4ch would be met by B-Q2-and instead of losing atempo, Black would gain one !'�"Putting the question" neither gains nor loses Time. It merelydrives Black's Bishop to a better square. Better was 3 B-Q3immediately.3 Black is actually ahead in development. White must free hisBishop and castle. Black has only to free his Q-Bishop-he hasalready castled. It is unusual for Black to seize the initiative so early.That he can do so indicates that White has madc an error in theoDenlng.

3 NxN4 P_KR3

Q_R5P_KB43 1 . . . B - N 5 c h ! 1

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Diagrun 136

138 139

Exchanging

SOVIET ANALYSIS

with gain of Time

Blech moves. Tlis positiotl arisesafter: I P-KA, P K4; 2 N-KB3,N QB3; 3 B 84, N-B3; 4 P-Q4!?,PxP; 5O O?! , NxP; 6N B3!?Black is not': confronted with adilemmq. He can take tlrc piece withPxN, or ha can ptrsue orderly detelop-ment vith 1 . . . NxN followed byB-K2. He should choose this nrethod,since he is already suficiently aheadin Force and nTust nov make hasteto repair his disadtantage in Time.

Aggressive defense

MccoRMtcK-EVANs, MARSHALL cHrss CLUB cHAMproNSHlp, 1946

Black ntoves, Bluck is ttyo Pavnsalread but not et all happy. Il/hite hastwo threqts; either 1 B-Q4 orI Q X K B P ( i f l . . . P x Q ; 2 R x Pmate !).It is Black's morc-tltis is the onlything u'hich sat:es him. This is notime for pqssirit)t. He must fnd anaggressiue defense !

1 . . ,2 PxN

1 This exchange gains a tempo by attacking the Queen.though perhaps playable, Iead to arduous defense:

P_Q4o-o3

Other moves,

L 1 . . . P x N ; 2 B x P c h ! , K x B ; 3 Q - Q 5 c h , K - K l ; 4 R - K l ! ,B-K2; 5 RrN, P-Q3; 6 B-KN5, with a fierce attack for onlya measly Pawn.

I L 1 . . . N - Q 3 ; 2 N - Q 5 ! , N x B ; 3 B - N s , B - K 2 ( 3 . . . P - 8 3 ;4 BxP!, PxB; 5 N-N5!, threatening Q R5 mate) and Black hasreasonable survival chances after 4 NxB, NxN; 5 BxN, KxB(not 5. . . QxB; 6 R-K1).

[ I . 1 . . . N - B 3 : 2 N K N 5 , P - Q 4 ; 3 N x Q P , N x N ; 4 Q B 3 .IV. 1 . . . P-Q4; 2 BxP, NxN; 3 BxNch, PxB; 4 PxN, PxP;

5 N-Q4, with a strong initiative.'�This is still no time to stop for booty with 2 . . . PxP; 3 Q-Q5!Black should be content to retum the Pawn-for he will still be aPawn ahead-which is decisive once he comoletes his develoDment.3 Black hrs broughL h is King to sa lety and i i a Pawn ahead. Tharthe analysis in note I is not completely convincing is beside thepoint. Since 1 . . . PxN is not playable, Black should choose thatdefense which is natural and permits him to develop normally.

Moral: when confronted v,ith seaeral alternatfues, seek thesimplest one, if it takes you out of your troubles.

1 The only det'ense! This counterattack assures Black of a draw byperpetual check. But now White gets too ambitious.

1 The only defense! This counterattack assures

2 Correct was 2 B Q4, forcing Q-B6ch; 3 K-R.3, Q-Nsch; 4 K-N2,Q-B6ch, etc., with a draw.3 Of course notz. . PxQ; 3 RxP mate.a Der Punkt! Black now regains his Queen, simplifies, and remains aplece aneao.

NxNl8,K22

3 PxP4 B-Q3

1 . . .2 QxKBP?'�3 QxPch4 R_B6

Q-K7FQxBtK_RI

RxPch!

5 RxR6 KxQ7 K-any

QxRch

Q-BschrRxQ

i t t t t t"26./2 %7 r % 7 1"'./l,zA/,ft.6%'il 7ZA'/Z

f t" ,&ft 'z / f l f r

Diastum 137

TztH /iti"/t 7tt7,'/tg'/ti7t7t 'N

%E7tDiagrun 138

140 141

EVANS-HARTLEB,

Counterattack

olEN, 1948

Sustaining the initiative

EVANS-FLoRIDO, u.s. opEN cHAMproNsHrp, 1953White mows. Ilhen confrontedwith seuerol alternatiues, select theoggr^sie one (if it is sound). Passircpositions li lit mobility and should beauoided.Black seems lo haue a prontisingposition. He attacks the Knight,which can either retreat to Ql Qoopassiue) or adlance to Q5, in whichcese | . . NxN; 2 PxN, B-Q3Ieads to an equal position. I NxP isrefuted by RxN; 2 QxR, QxB,Iyhqt, then, is the wa! out of llhite'sdilemma ?

White moles. ll/hite has momentarycontrol of the Q-fle, which BtaikIhreatens to chollcnge by playingR-Ql. llthire must find siue'u.iv r r.,secure his spatial idoantage or'elselose the initiatiDe. It is his moxe.,Yhqt l{/hite must do is to createweaknesses in Black's Q-side pawnStructure, continually makin{ newthreats, so that Bla;k has n"o t,^e

Jor R-Ql. Nore rhat I R-O7 isinsfficient because of R-82.

BLACK

It

P-K5!1 PxN2BxBPP_N3

4 B_84s P-QN4 !56 BxR6

Q-B4oQ_N3

1 N_N5 F2 N-8333 RxRch5

P-QR3'R-Q14

NxR

4 N-Q55 N_876 NxRPo

P_QN4N_K3

PxN

Q_K4Fl White ignores his attacked Knight and applies the principle ofcounterattack. He thus touches off' a forceful combination based onthe momentary alignment of Black's Queen and Rook on the sameolagonar.2If the Knight gives way by I . . . N-Kl; then 2 N-Q5, Q-Q2;3 Q-K4, P-N3; 4 QxP wins a Pawn for White.3 The point! Black must lose matedal owing to the double threat ofQxP mate and/or B-B4.a Not 4 . . Q-N3; 5 BxR, PxP; 6 R-RS, winning a whole Rook.5 A sharp finesse. If immediately 5 BxR. PxP!: 6 R=-any. B-84 andBlack regains al1 his material with interest.6 White wins an exchange and has only minor difficulties toencounter,

The game cont inued: 6. . .8-B4; 7Q-KB4,QxB; 8 QxQ(whenahead in material, simplify !), RxQ; 9 BxB, PxB; l0 R-R6, B-N4;11 R-Q86, B-Q7; 12 R-K5, P-85; 13 K-81, R-Rl; 14 RxP,R-Kl; 15 K-N1, R-K8ch; 16 K-R2, R-KB8; 17 P,B3, B-K6;18 P-R4, B-B7; 19 R-N5ch, K*Bl; 20R-KR5,K-N2;21 K-R3,P-83; 22 K-N4, K-N3; 23 R-N5ch, K-82; 24 R-N5, B-Q5;25 R-N7ch, K-N3; 26 P-R5ch, K-R3; 27 R(6)-B7, P-B4ch;28 KXP(B5), Black Resigns.

142

I This does the trick. Now Black has no time for R_el. He mustadvance his RP. aod thus weaken his eNp in rhe orociss_2 F o r c e d . 1 . . . R - R l : 2 R - e 7 . p - R J : 3 N _ e 6 l e a d s r o a d e c i s i v espatial advantaee.3 The deed. is d-one. Now Black must lose a pawn because of hisshaky formation. Note how the base of his pawn Structure (onQR2) has been undermined.4 2 . . . _ . R - N I i s m e r b y 3 N . Q 5 . w i n n i n g a p a w n .

:.8]1c1(. qer-s- ro-o much counrerplay afrer j Rrp. R_e7ch; 4 K. K3(4_ K-Nl, N-Q5 ! threatening N-'BOch;, RxRp. Th; moiat is tnui$hen there are two ways to accomplish a giren end (in this case, thewrn ot a pawn). thar method which allows your opponenr the leastcounterplay should be selected.6 White wins a Pawn. The rest is technique. The game continued:6. . .P-B5; I K-K3, K-Bl ; 8 p_85, N_el ; 9 I i_K4 (not ice rhe1Tp^oIt1nJ9 of a centralized King), N-B3; l0 p_KN4, f_fZ; K-Q5, N R4: l2 N-87. P-B6i t3 pxp. N 85; 14Nxp.N_k;c; :l_5 5. aa. NxNP: 16 P-R3. N-87: t7 p-eR4. Nrp; 18 p_R5,K-Q?; 19 p-R6, K_83; 20 p_R7, K_N2; 2i p_K6, pxp; 22 pxp"Black Resisns.

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Diasrun 139

t ' l :r t r a* U U l

frd , , €f lDiagrum 140

143

tA t t.,%t7z 'N

////. I

Interpolations

BRONSTEIN (u.s.s.n.)-rvlNs (u.s.A.), TEAM trl,Arcn, uoscow, 1955

Blsck moues, An interpolation is anin^belween-mo1)e. Befbre making a

forced moue (in this case Black's'Rook is attucked and must retreat

sooner or later), a fnesse may beinsefied. (See Diagrams l2 ancl 13

for the classic example.)'If he rctreats the Rook immediately,

therc is no way for Black to preL)efltP-K4. By f rs t in te ryo la t i S | . . .B-84 Black also gains a temPo.

Diagrcm 141

WHITE

1 . . .2 P-K4!?r3 K_Rl4 NxR

B-N3chRxPlNxN

BxR

QxBR-Q1"

B-84 5 RxN'�6 QxB7 B,Nl

I Now or never-even at the cost of a Pawn' After 2 Q-Bl, R-K2Black retains a permanent bind in the center. Bronstein cofiectlyreckons that Wfite's best chance lies in active counterplay (at thecost of a Pawn) rather than Dassive defense.2 Forced, Black was threatJning N-N6ch.3 Black is a Pawn ahead. White did not now go in for 8 Q-R7ch,K-81; 9 Q-RSch, K-K2; l0 QxNP, QxBP; 1l R-Klch (not 11RxQ?, R*Q8ch; 12 R-Bl, RxR mate), with a possible draw Thegame ended in a draw anyway due to the presence of oppositecolored Bishops.

t44

"Zwischenzugtt

KRAMLR- t \A \S , N .Y . M f tROPOLtTA \ LTACUE, 1952

Black moyes. "Zttisclrcnzug" is aGernsn endearment reserDed for themore aesthetic cqses of interpolqtion,such {ts this.Black can play 1 . . . QxP; 2 PxB,QxP; 3 QR-BI and llhite v;ill haaegood open lines as compensation forhis Pat'n mittus. Whether he likes itor not, it seems that Bluck tvill hate toenter this wriation. After all, hk

Queen is attacked snd it must mo1)e-must it not ?

BLACK

1 , . .2 Q-K3,

N-Qs!FQxP

3 PxB4 Q-N3

N_B7NxR3

I t .

1A "zwischenzug" in its full glory! Black ignores the attack on hisown Queen and blithely proceeds to counterattack.2 The amazing thing is that White's Queen has no haven. If-

I. 2 Q-Q3, Q-N5!; 3 PxP (if 3 PxB, N-K7ch followed by NxB),N-K7ch; 4 K-Rl, NxB; 5 PxR(Q), NxQ!; 6 QxP (forced),B Q5 followed by NxPch and wins.2 Q-81, Q-N5; 3 PxP ( i f3 PxB, N-K7ch; 4K-Rl ,NxBwinsa piece), N-B6ch !; 4 K-Rl, QxB (threatening mate); 5P KN3(if 5 PxN, B-K4; 6 Q-N2, QR-NI winning a piece), Q-R3 !and Black inevitably emerges from the complications a pieceaneaq.

2 Q-K4, QxP; 3 QxQ, PxQ; 4 PxB, N-K7ch; 5 K-Bl, NxB.IV. 2 RxN, QxR; 3 PxP (if 3 PxB, QxB,) QR-KI; 4 P-N8(Q),

RxQ(K7) and Black wins owing to the double threat of QxPchand/or RxQ.

3 Now that Black has won material the rest is easy. The gamecontinued: 5 RxN, KR-KI; 6 P-KR4, Q-K5; 7 R-Ql, QR-QI;8 RxR, RxR; 9 B-K5, R-Kt; l0 B-Q4, Q-N8ch; ll K-R2, QxP;12 P-K84, P-QR4; 13 P-B5, Q-Q4; 14 PxP, RPxP; 15 Q-B4,Q KB4; 16 Q-R6, P-B3; 17 Q-Q2, R-K5; l8 Q-R2ch, K-N2;19 Q-B4, Q-B5ch; 20 P-N3, Q-86; 21 Q-B7ch, K-R3; WhiteResigns.

145

III,

Converting Time into Pawn Structure

MA]TR-EVANS, u.s. JUNIoR cHAMproNsHrp, 1949

Converting Time into Space

STEINER-EVANS, HoLLywooD oprN, 1954

Blsck moles. Black is a piece down.He can recapture immediatel!, butrhere is no rush. The fact thar it isBlack's moue giues him a Timeqduantage, He must seek a wa! toconrjert lhe less durable element(Time) into the more durable one(Pawn Structure). The judicious useof an interpolation accomplishes thisend.

Blscb moves. Timing is ohralsessential. If it vere White's ruoae, IP-KR3 uould renJer hi.s potirionintpregnable. Likevise. afrer IR(l)-R7; 2 P-KR3 stops Black coltl.It is imperati\e that Black frst under-tnine l'l/hi te's defender-rhe BishoT-before inuading on the seuenth rank.This is all made ripe 67 1 . . . B-N5 !

Diaerun 144

WHITE

1 . . .2 PxB3 P_834 B_K35 R-QNI

BxNchlKxB

P_84K_83

N-Q2'

6 K-Q27 KR_KI8 B-829 K-Q3

10 RxR

N-N3KR_K1N-B5ch

N,R6RxR3

1 . . .2 R-8113 P_R4'4 RxB

B_N5!R(lFR7

BxBRxPch

5 K_Bl6 K_Nl7 R_81S ILxR

R(N7)-N7R-N8chRxRcbR-R73

1 1 . . . KxB is too tame. It would give white time to defend himselfwith 2 B-Q2, and if QR-Klch; 3 N-K2. (Even so, Black canprobably still win with . . . BxBch; 4 KxB, N-K5ch; 5 K-Kl,R-K3; 6 P-B3, QR-KI ; 7 PxN, RxP, regaining the piece withinterest.) Black now has a winning endgame.' The Knight is headed for QB5-occupying the hole. 5 . . . KR-KIfirst is also quite good.3 White is lost. His white squares are hopelessly weak and hisdoubled Pawns are useless. The same continued: 1l R-N2 (rela-t i \e ly betrer is l l R-Kl ) . P-B4; l2 B-N3?? ( rh is loses by force.though there is no escape from the bind), N-85; White Resigns.There is no defense either to NxR or R-K6 mate.

12 BxB, PxB leaves White equally defenseless against R(1)-R7.There is no defense against this threatened spatial incursion.2 Forced. 3 BxB allows mate in three.3 Winning a second Pawn. This is a good example ofthe conversionof Time into Space into Force.

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Diaglam 143

146 t47

The pin is mightier than the sword!

cHEss CLUB CHAMPToNSHIP, 1946-47

Block moves. The pin is a combina-tion Spa, e Timc odrontage. Time inthe se se thqt the pinned piece ismomentoril! tied down; Space in thesenrc IhqI the piece vhich is pinned isnot free to adrance.Here Black's Bishop is Fnning l4/hite's

QBP. How can this be exploited?

BLACK WHTTE

MCCORMICK-EVANS, MARSI]ALL LEVIN-EVANS,

Pins do not run away

u,s. oPEN CHAMPIoNSHP, 1946

Diastum 145

]Ir'HITE BLACK

Block mo|es. Very often the beaut!of a pin is that there is no hurryabout comerting it into a .ForceadL)antage because the pinned piececannot fun qva!.

White is a Pawn dovn but he hqspressure. With one blow Black canshatter lis game by initiating abrilliant pin.

BLACK

1 . . .2 N-Q51

1 Nothine helos. White cannot avoid the loss ofat least a Pawn. 2Nxe, e-QR3 lains Black a piece based upon yet another infernal pin.2 Black has won a Pawn and all his pieces have sprung to life. White,however, achieved considerable counterplay. For the culmination ofthis game, see Diagram 138.

1 . . .2 RxN3 B_83

12. . . BxR; 3 QxB would merely result in Rook and two Pawnsfor two pieces. But Black is hunting for bigger game' There is norush to capture the Rook until White moves his Queen in order tobreak the pin. White, however, is not given so much as one freemove in the seouence.2 Again, there is no rush. The pin will not run away.3 Still no rush to play . . . BxR. White must now defend his Bishop.a The point. White must now lose a full Rook because of the pin.6 QxR, PxQ; 7 RxP, Q-B4 yields White insufficient material forthe lost Queen. And if 6 RxP, QxR; 7 QxB, QxB wins.

Moral: exploit pins to lhe utmost-be in no rush to release them.

P-QN4! 3 NxNchPxP 4 Q-R3

NxN

PxP2NxP! 4 BxR

P-Q3 !1 5 B-83RxRchz

R_K13R-Ks!4

,,ffi %%ft""&t

%t% 'ffi%w% 7t

% % ,ffi^

Dksrun 146

148 149

Hidden pins

U,S. JUMOR CHAMPIONSHIP, 1949

"Putting the question" to the Bishop

KRAUSS-EVANS,

Black moves. Not all pins areobuious. In ftrct. in this po\ ion it ishad to tell which of llhite's piecesis pinned-euen potentially !Black's Bishop is attacked. AnunimaginatiDe plaler might r'rithdrav)it qnd be content.

This happy phrase owes its existenceto NimzoDitch, who perceiued thatpins-euen potentiol ones-shoultl bebroken inmediately. They are alwaysdangerous,Wheneuer conuenient recqptures are

possible, and "putling the question"does not seriously impoir the PatrnStructure, tqke time out to do it!

1 . . .2 K-Bl

I A player who has read this page will by now be alerted to the factthat White's KNP is pinned. Pinned now, no. But pinned after thet€xt. The Pawn cannot capture the upstart because it is wedded tothe Queen.2 White is a Pawn behind and his Pawn Structure is shattered.

I expect that any player who has gotten this far in the book willbe able to win in the ensuing endgame.

Diasrum 148

Position alter 3.. . P-QR3

Black's last move seems like a waste of Time. What is its DurDose ?Well. 3. . . P-QR3 says. in effect. eilher e\change or rerieatlbur

declare your intentions! By "putting the question" Black stops theBishop from serying three functions at the same time: (l) pinning,(2) controlling the KBI-QR6 diagonal, (3) controlling the QR4-K8diagonal. The consequences of 4 BxN, QPxB; 5 P-Q4, PxP; 6QxQ, QxQ; 7 NxQ do not favor White (see Diagram 16). Whereas,4 BxN, QPxB; 5 NxP, Q-Q5 permits Black to recapture his Pawnunder favorable circumstances.

The major merit of 3 . . . P-QR3 is that it eases the pressureagainst Black's KP. Afrer 4 B-R4. Black should nor go chasing afrerthe Bishop with 4 . . . P-QN4 because it unnecessarily weakens thePawn Structure. He should continue his development with 4 . . .N-B3, The fact that White's Bishop is on R4 instead of N5 meansthat the pin can be broken now in only one move (P-QN4) insteadof two (P-QR3 and P-QN4). This can come in handy. For instance,after 5 O-O, B-K2; 6 P-Q4?, PxPi TNxP?,NxN; 8 QxN, P-QB4;9 Q-ary, P-QN4; 10 B-N3, P-B5 winning the Bishop (Noah's ArkTrap). Of course this trap is not the justification of 3 . . . P-QR3;it is just a handy interpolation which has nothing to lose and every-thing to gain.

N-R6chr

QxQ

3 PxQ BxP4 R-Q2 B-Rs?

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%t7t% %a%r t r r s r r

t% 'ffi,& ,,,,.&x%ft"ffix %w%ft% ",ffi^

Diagrcm 147

150 1 5 1

Masked attacks

EVANS-JIMENEZ, CUDA INTERNATIONAL TOURNEY, 1952

Diastam 149

WHITE

White moges. A mqsked qttack isan indirect pin. There arc twomeaningful ones here: (l) Ilhite'sRook exerts a ruasked qttack againstBlack's Quem, despite the lact thal

four men interuene; (2) White'sBishop exerts a masked attockagainst Black's Rook, despite tlrcinteru(ntion of a Pau'n and KnighrIlhite must seek a way to open bothIines at the same time.

BLACK

I P-K5 !2 N_863 PxP!

PxPl 4 NxB RxN2

Q_81B_Q1

5 N-K7ch Blsck Resigns

1 This offer can neither be accepted nor refused! If instead 1 . . .B-N2; 2 N-86, Q-Bl (forced); 3 N(6)-K7ch, RxN; 4 NxRch winsthe Queen by a fork.' Equally hopeless is 4. . . QxN; 5 N-B6ch.

152 1 5 1

CHAPTER stx: Quiz!

Caution

This quiz is not an artificial concoction. All thirtyxir illustrationsare fleih and blood, so to speak, taken, as they are, from practicaltournament play. This is a new type of quiz; it is not intended to beeasv. nor to sratify the solrer's ego. You will be asked for thebro'ad strategiial piinciples underlling each position. Knowledgeof these principles is more important than that of specilic moves.The answers will refer you back to the diagrarns where they arediscussed. Even if you have mastered all the previous material, donot expect to score 100 per cent, nor even 80 per cent, because thesolutions are not invariable and rigid. There are too many parts toeach question, and, therefore, they are impossible to grade.

Thus far we have spoken of abstractions: Pawn Structure, Space,Force, and Time. Now that we have analyzed chess in terms of itsjigsaw components. the problem is to put them all back togetherilain and to play a creditable game. The biggest difriculty in thequiz will doubtless be recognizing what principle is applicable-to anygiven position. Your approach should be logical. Ask yourself underivhaL heading the quesLion falls, select what you lhink is the. bestmove. and try to justily it in terms of the above abstract prrncrples.

Chess is an artiorm, and there is a lot of room for vadation anddissent. However much you may disagree uith my reasoning on asiren Drinciple. I beg vou to remember that it works. Thar is its only

iustifi iation. When-any principle ceases to bring results. the time hascome to abandon ir. The only thing revoluLionary or "new" aboutmv svstem is that it has never before been formulated in this manner.

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Problems

Diagtun 150

Is P-KR3 appropriate forWhite. Why ? Why not ?What are the principles

involved ?

Diasrum 152

What is Black's best move ?On what principle ?

Diagf tm 151

Whatis Black's best move ?On what principle ?

Diagru,n 153

Where are White's holes?What is Black's bestmove ?

On what principle?

What is Black's bestmove ?On what principle ?

Diagtun 156

Who has the "outside

passed Pawn?" Black tomove-what is the result?

Diasrun 155

What is Black'sbestmove ?On what prtrciple ?

Diastan 157

What shot disrupts Black'sPawn Structure ?

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Diagtun 154

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154 155

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Diasrcn 158

Where is the base toBlack's QP ? Who hasthe "better" Pawn

Structure ?

Diagtam 160

White is weak on whatcolor squares ? What are3 sharp ways for Black to

exploit this weakness?

Diagrum 159

Which is bet ter : l � .P - Q 3 o r 1 . . . P - Q 4 ?

Diasrun 161

Wlro has the "good

Bishop" and why ?

Diagnm 162

Where does Black have a"hole?" How can Wliteexploit it to win a Pawn?

Diacram 161

How can White converthis Space adYantage into

Force?

Diaglan 163

Black wins a Pawn. How?On what principle?

Diasrum 165

White wins a piece. How?On what pdnciple ?

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Diasrutn 166

How can Black capitalizeon White's weak squares

to win a piece?

Diasrcnt 168

How can Black exploitWhite's weak KNl-QR7diagonal to win material ?

Diasram 167

Why is 1 QxP an error?

Diagtatn 169

On squares ofwhich coloris White weak? What is

Black's winning motif?

Diasrcm 170

What is White's mostforcefulcontinuation? On

what principle ?

Diasrun 172

Why is I P-K4 premature?

Diastatn 171

How can Black win aPawn by a pin?

Diagtun U3

White moves-who hasthe bind ?

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Diasrum 174

How should Black recap-ture ? On what principle ?

Diasram 176

Who has the better game ?why ?

Diasrcn 175

How can Black exploitWhite's QBP? On what

principle ?

Diagtu, t r 177

How can White quicklymobilize his Q-Rook in

the center ?

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Diastan 178

How can White mobilizehis center Pawns ?

Diasrcn 179

Is I P-K4 playable?Why ? Why not?

Diasram 181

Black has just playedP-N3. Why is this

inferior?

Diastan 180

Black has justP-K84. Shouldcaptrute en passant'1.

Why not?

playedWhitewhy ?

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White moves. He hasa winning interpolation.

What is it?

Diagtan 181

What is Black's bestmove ?On what principle?

Diagram 183

Which is more accurate:1 O-O or I Q-B2?

Diagtam 185

Which is more accuratef o r B l a c k : 1 . . . P - Q R 4

o r 1 . . . P - K 5 ?

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162

Solutions to Quiz(Diagram numbers refer to location of principle involved)

(150) EvANs-HrrNKENHEtMo, u[srNxr oLvmucs, 1952. (SeeDiagrams 108, 119, 120.)Yes. White has reached his maximum ofnormal developnent.I P KR3 makes Luft. frepares an erenrltrl B-KJ by l'ore-stalling the Ieply N-KN5, thus restricting the enemy Knight.The main Drinciples involved are "Luft" and "restdction."The alternaiive, t N fn+, B-Q2 accomplishes nothing sinceit leaves the Knight out on a limb.

(151) EVANS-SANDRrN, u.s. opEN cHAMptoNsHtp, 1949. (SeeDlastam +.4.11 . ] . pxp-on the principle of leaving White with a back-wald BP exposed to an open QB-file. White must nowrecaDture with his KP.Scori yourself wrong if you thought that 1 . . . O-O wascorrect, on the principle of completing development. Thenafter 2 O-O, PxP (too late!); 3 BPxP! and White has hadtime to straighten out his Pawn Structure.Also inferior, while we're on the subiect, is I . . . P-B5;2 B.NI . fo l lowed by an eventual sre imrol ler . in the cenrerwith P*B3 and P-K4.

(152) arnuNnn-EVANs, u.s. JUNToR cFrAlrproNsHrp, 1946. (SeeDiagram 66.)1 . . . P-85-on the principle of attacking a Pawn chain atits base. The move is tactically justified in view of 2 QPxP,B x N ; 3 t s x B , N x K P . ( i / o t , h o w e v e r , 1 . . . P x P ? ; 2 P x P ,RxR; 3 RrR, NxNP?; 4 NxB, BPxN; 5 QxN, PxN; 6R-R8ch, K-K2; 7 Q-N5ch, P-83; 8 QxP mare.)

(153) eLATER-EvANs, HELsTNKT oI,yMprcs, 1952. (See Diagram 57.)Whitc has a hole on his Q3-not to mention QR3, KB3 andKR3 ! Black should hamper White's develooment withI . . . Q-Q6, occupying the hole and pre\enting the freeingmove, P-Q4. White norv struggled like a harpooned whaleand succeeded in repulsing the blockade only by incurringfurther weaknesses on his light squares: e.g.,2 P-K84, N-B3;3 PxP, B-N5; 4 B-B3, BxB fffhite's Bishop was needed for

163

defense); 5 RxB, NxP; 6 R-81' P-KN4!? (one of thosedouble-edged restraining moves which weakens the PawnStructure to prevent N-B4). 6 . . . QR-QI is also quite good.

(154) PILNICK-EVANS, MARSTTALL cHEss CLUB CHAMPIoNSHIP,

1949-50. (See Diagram 40.)

1� . . P-QB.l-on the principle of repairing an isolatedPawn. White's backward QBP is now doomed: e.g., 2 PxP(the threat was . . . P-B5), RxP; 3 B-N3, BxB; 4 RPxB,R-Nl-ther€ is no rush to capture the Pawn; Black prefersto seize an open file first.

(155) SHAFTER-EVANS, u.s. opEN cHAlvlpIoNSHrp, 1949. (See

Diagrams 44, 45, 46.)

I . . . P-Q,t-on the principle of repaidng the backward QP(also involved is the pin motif). Black's QP is backward onan open file temporarily. Note that it has no Pawn on anadjacent file behind it (refer to definition-Diagram 36). Thegame continued: 2 BPxP, PxP; 3 KR-QI' PxP; 4 P-B4,R-Q2; s RxR, NxR; 6 R-Ql, Q-B3; 7 K-B2, P-QN4;8 Q-N3, N-N3; 9 P-R3, N-Bs with a winning position.

(156) HEARST-EVANS, MARSHALL cmss CLUB JR. CHAMPIoNSHIP,

1947. (See Diagram 15.)Black has the outside passed Pawn. The game is drawn afterI . . . P-N6; 2 PxP, PxP; 3 K-B3 (forced), K-84; 4 KxP'K-N5; 5 K*B3, K-R6; 6 K-K4, P-R4 (not 6 . . . KxP??;7 P-N4 followed by P-B5 and White wins!); 7 K-Q3' KxP;8 K-B2. The outside passed Pawn is an advantage, but hereit is not ouite sufficient to force the win. Note that ifBlack'sPawn weie on R4 in the original position, he wins!

(157) JAcKsoN-EvANs, Loc cABrN cHEss CLUB crIAMptoNsHIP,1950. (See Diagrams 67, 68.)

1P-N6! The game continued: 1, . . BPxP (forced); 2NxPand Black's Parvn Structure is a shambles, though he managedto hold the game-God knows how!

(158) TRENoH DEFENSE pAwN FoRMATION. (See Diagrams 62, 63.)

The base to Black's QP is located on KB2. White has weaklight squares; Black has weak dark squares. White's QP hasno base. White's Structure is slightly inferior, but not if hecan set in P-B5.

(159) KELLNER-EVANS, u.s. opEN cHAMproh-sHrr, 1950. (SeeDiagrams 18,61.)Neither is really bad. The question is: which is.,better,,?This could conceivably be a matter of opinion. r *;;iJ;";that I . . . P-e4 is too static, too inflexible, not to mentioilhe consequent weakening of K4. I . . . p_ql is mo;qynamlc bccause tt prepares aclion in rhe center with p_K4or p.ets4. possib ly br . ing iog rbe KB ro l i fe in rhe ensuinsopenlng o l l rnes. ID such posi t ions the least commit ta l mov!rs genera y desjrable. Black can aluays advance uith p_O4later. but he can nerer rerract the pawn to e3. fhe saie:o l l i l ueg :_ I . . . p_e3r 2 p_KR3. eN_e2; 3 6 .o ,P K4t 4 p-J(4 (ro free rhe eB). N_R4; 5 i, qS, N Biand already Black has good play on the dark squaresi

'

(160) HEARST-EVANS, M,{RsrrALL1946. (see Diagrams 54, 60.;"ttt

CLUB rR' CHAMPIoNSHIP'

White is weak on his light squares: e3, K4.Remember-rfarp ideis, not isojated moves, are required.t .h ls . ts . tougb. but based on what you have learned 1ousbould be able to dredge up a parriai anrwer. to.iJ.ntjiu.te t us drspose o i t . . . O_O which. Lhough i t embodies rhepr inc ip le of

, rap id d*e lopmenL. does not iar t icu lar ly quaf i fyas a sharp idea,

I. The, srolid I . . . N(4)-N3, which forces Whire to Darry i ] l r l r . rwo Bisbops and rhrearens ro win rne kp.whrte rs bard_pressed for an adequare reply. lf2 B_Oj.B.rB: 3 exB. Nrp. J f 2 B_Nl , 'N_B4; ' j B K3rnoi jO*O, B-Q6, winning the exchange), N_e6ch.

IL T-h.e.cunning I . . . e.B2_forcing 2 p_84. thus forcinsWbire ro weaken h im<el f s t i l l iunber on the whi iEsquares, and the eR2-KNg diagonal as well. This couldbe followed up wirh 2. . . p_N4.

lll� The force-ful I . . . p-N4. u irh rlre idea of obrainins animmediate b ind on rhe whire squares. l f 2 B_N3, e."B2;3 P-KB4. N-84. Or if 2 Bxlr. BpxB! uith a oori,.rfuio ] ] tpost on eB5. a b ind. and a porcnt ia l minor i ty ar tack.(True, QB5 is nor technically a^.,hole,,, but if WLite ;ve;tried P-QN3 to drive away a piece stationed there hewould create a backward eBp.)

- If White now continues

with 3 QxP, R-eNl lollowed by Rxp is strons.165t64

(161) EvANs-HANs, MArcI{, 1946. (See Diagram 69.)

White has the good Bishop because his Pawns are on darksquares, whereas Black's Bishop is hemmed in by its ownPawns.

(162) SEARST-EVANS, u.s. opEN CHAMPIoNSHIP, 1953. (See Dia-gram 58.)Wi th 1N-84! The game cont inued: 1. . .Q-Ql i 2 NxN'NxN; 3 BxN!, PxB (3 . . . QxB?; 4 N-N6, QxQ; 5 PxQ'R-Nl; 6 B-B4); 4 N-N6, R-Nl; 5 NxB' RxN; 6 RxR'QxR; 7 QxQP, winning a Pawn.

(163) EVANS-HARRoLD, MARSHALL clrEss CLUB CITAMPIoNSI{IP,

1946-47. (See Diagram 137.)1 ... NxN; 2 BxB, QxB; 3 BxN, Q-NSch; 4 Q-Q2,QxNP; 5 O-O, Q-R6 and Black lives to tell the tale. Theprinciple involved is timely liquidation (or exchange withgain of Time) followed by a fork.

(164) EvANs-REnBERc, MARSHALL clrEss cL{,rB crrAMPIoNsHIP,1949-50. (See Diagram 106.)1 P-K61, PxP (forced); 2 QxPch' R-B2; 3 N-B7' N-81(relatively better is 3... Q-Bl); 4 RxQ' BxQ; 5 RxR'RxB; 6 NxB' Blach Resigns.

(165) EVANS-BILLS, u.s. opEN cr{AMPIoNsHIP, 1954. (See Diagram145.)lP-B4, Block Resigns. ( I f l . . .BxP; 2 BxNch, K-Rl ;3 KPXB, Q-K6ch; 4 K-R1, QxN; 5 QxBP winning at leasta Rook.)The principles, of course, are pin and discovered attack.

(166) oulrsr-sveNs, MARSITALL cHxss cLrJB CHAMPIoNSHIP,1946-47. (See Diagram 54.)

1 . , . B-KB4!; 2 Q-K2 (the Queen is "overloaded," like anelectric circuit. It cannot defend against Q-Q5ch and guardthe Bishop at the same time), Q-QSch; 3 K-Rl, QxB.If instead 2 Q-Qs, R-B4; 3 Q-R8eh' K-N2; 4 Q-N7ch'R-B2i 5 Q-Q5' R-Qf threatening B-B4ch, poses White anunanswerable problem.

166

(167) EVANS-LAMBERT, DUBRoVNTK ol"yMprcs, 1950. (See Diagram149.)Because it sets up a masked attack: I QxP?, NxKPI leads toa won game (2 QxN?, R-Kl; or if 2 Q-Q3, NxN; 3 PxN,B-84 followed by R-K tch).The game continued: 1 N-K2, R-Kl; 2 P*B3, P-B4!; 3PxPep., PxP; 4 NxP, Q-N3, Black's strong counterplay onthe dark squares eventually netted him his Pawn back andthe game ended in a short, but lively, draw.

(168) cRoss-EVANS, u.s. opEN cHAMproNsHrp, 1955. (See Diagramss4, 59.)I . . . P-K4l; 2 N-B3ch, Q-B4ch; 3 K-Rl, N-B7cb; 4 RxN,QxR winning the exchange. The game continued: 5 PxP,PxP; 6 NxP, B-K3i 7 N-Q5, N-K5 !

(169) uLvEsrAD*EvANS, HoLLywooD opEN, 1954. (See Diagram60.)On the dark squares (QR3, QN2, QB3, Q4, K3, KB4, KN3,KR5).Black must Denetrate on them. He must demolish tbe block-ade on White's QR4 then invade on the KR flle. 1 . . .R-KR1 will not do because of N-R5. The game continued:1 . . . N-Rl!!; 2 Q-KZ (2 K-N2 is slightly better, butWhite is quite lost in any event), N-N3 i 3 NxN, Q-B6! (aslight interpolation); 4 NxB, KxN; 5 R-R2, QxNch; 6 K-81,R-XRI followed by a fatal penetradon or the KR file.Wbite's Bishop is lifeless. He resigned in a few more moves.

(170) EVANS-LEC0RNU, u.s. opEN cr{AMproNSHrp, 1952. (SeeDiagrams 59, 79.)1 N-K5-on the principles of forcing entry on weak squaresand playing to win the "two Bishops."Black's KP is momentarily backward. If White wants toexploit it, he must try to remove the QB, which is a gooddefensive piece. The move is tactically justified in view ofI . . . PxN; 2 PxP, R-Q2; 3 PxB, conferring White withthe two Bishops and an overwhelming Space adyantage.The attacker always wants to open lines.T h e g a m e c o n t i n u e d : 1 . . . Q - K l ; 2 N x B , Q x N ; 3 P * B 4 ,K-Rl (to prevent any harassing pins later on the QR2-KN8diagonal after Black plays P-K4)t 4 R-Q2 followed byR(2)-K2, with a bind.

167

(171) KASHDAN-EVANS, HoLLywooD opEN, 195,1. (See D.iagramr47.)There arc two ways for Btack to win a Pawn, and he mustselect that method which allows White least counterplay.

I. 1 . . , PxP; 2 PxP, RxR; 3 NxR (forced), NxKP; 4QxN, B 84; 5 Q-R4, BxN-but this is not so goodbecause of 6 B-N5 (6 . . . P-B3; 7 RxB, PxB; 8 NxP).

II. The game continued: I .. . P-N5; 2 N-K2, NxKP;3 QxN, B-B4; 4 Q R4, BxR; 5 B N5, BxP; 6 BxP,Q-Q2; 7 N N5, P-R3; 8 N-K4, P-N4; 9 BxP, PxB;10 NxNP, B-B3, with adequate defenses to weather theattack and win by sheer preponderance of Force.

(172) EVANs-HrssE, u.s. cHAMproNsnrr, 1948. (See Diagram 135.)If I P-K4?, PxP; 2 PxP, NxP; 3 QxN?, R-Kl wins theQueen.White is behind in develonment and Time. He has the twoBishops and should try to harvest them slowly, either by IB-Ns or P-K3, which was played in the game, with theidea of slowly building up P-K4 after castling and placing theRooks on central files.

(u3) EVANS-R. BYRNE, u.s. opEN cHAMproNsHtp, 1946. (SeeDiagram 112.)Black has a bind on the dark squares. White is saddled withthe bad Bishop. The immediate threat is I . . . N-K5.White tried to obtain counterplay by sacriflcing the exchangewith I RxP, RxR; 2 QxN, but too late-Black's advantagein Force proved decisive.

(174) EVANS-RESHEVSKY, u.s. opEN cHAMproNsHrp, 1955. (SeeDiagram 107.)Black should recapture with the Pawn so as to free his QB.1 . , , NxP; 2 P-K4 gains White a tempo; after l . . . QxP;2 N-83, B-N5; 3 B Q2 Black must either lose a tempomoving his Queen or give up the two Bishops with BxN. Ineither event, he still has to solve the problem offreeing his QB.

(175) GASSEN-EVANS, MARSHATL cHEss CLUB cHAMproNsHrp PRELTMS.(See Diagram 41.)White's Pawns on Q.l and QB4 are known technically as"hanging Pawns." They are in a state of flux-mobile andnot mobile at the same time. Here White's QBP is a target-

168

and Black should play against it on the principle of piling upon targets.The game cont inued: 1. . , N-QR4; 2 N-K5 ( forced) ,BxB; 3 KxB, Q R3 followed by QR-BI, putting morepressure on White's weak point.

(176) prLNrcK-EVANs, u.s. op[N cHAMproNsrrrp, 1952. (SeeDiagram 37.)White is tied down to the defense of his backward QBP.Black controls the QB file and has an unassailable outposton QB5.

(177) rveNs-mnsDN, u.s. opEN cHAMproNSHrp, 1949. (See Diagram23.)With 1 R-R2!-followed by R-K2 and P-K4, setting up thesteamroller,

(178) EvANs-cARLyLE, u.s. opEN cr{AMproNSHrp, 1952. (SeeDiagram 22.)With 1 P 83! Against this Dutch Defense formation Whitemust prepare to break through in the center with P-K4.Black's backward KP will eventually be exposed to an openK-file. The game continued: I . . . Q-Kl; 2 P-K4, N-Q2;3 KPxQP, KPxP; 4 B-B4, N K3; 5 PxP, NxB; 6 NxN,winning a Pawn.

(179) EVANs-MAccroNr, DUBRovNTK oLyuprcs, 1950. (See Dia-grams 22, 23.)Anyone in his right senses can see that Black controls hisK5 four times and White only three times, and that thereforeP-K4 is quite unplayable.However, in this instance wrong senses are needed. P-K4is playable because oftactics. The game continued; 1 P-K4!,PxP; 2 PxP, BxKP; 3 RxN!, BxB; 4 RxB! (the Rook"sells his life as dearly as possible" is the quaint way Nimzo-vitch would phrase it; Euwe calls this a "desperado" theme),QxR; 5 KxB, and White has won two pieces for a Rook andPawn-the game is still difficult, but he has a winningaovanmge,

(180) EVANS-MARRO, MARSHALL cHEss CLUB JR. cHAMproNsHrp,1947. (See Diagram 42.)He most certainly should! Black's KP is backward, and ifWhite does not capture now there will be no way to get at it.

169

The same continued: 1 PxPep', BxP i 2 P-84 (to preventP-K4), P-QR4; 3 B-KR3, N-B2; 4 N(2)-B3, with a bind.

(181) EvANs-HUDsoN, INTERCoLLEGIATE rEAM ToURNAMENT, 1950.

(See Diagram 108.)Black's last move does not exert enough pressure on White'scenter-especially on the crucial K4 square. Better was. . . B-N5 (instead of . ' . P-N3. The game continued:I P-K4, B-N2; 2 P-B3, P-Q3; 3 KN-K2' QN-Q2; 4 B-K3'B-K2; 5 P-KN3, P-K4; 6 P-Q5 with a Space advantage.

(182) sveNs-IlEoNIs, u.s. oPEN CHAMPIoNSI{P, 1954 (SeeDiagram 141.)If White regained his Pawn with the prosaic I QxP, thenBlack would have time to consolidate with 1 ' . . P-N3.I P-N6!, however, completely shatters Black's game' Playcontinued: 1 ., . PxP (forced); 2 NxP' Q-Nl; 3 NxR'winning the exchange.

(183) HANs-EvANs, MArcH, 1946. (See Diagram 108.)

The Queen's Indian Defense is a fight for control of White'sK4 square. If 1 O-O' then N-Ks followed by P-KB4 andBlack claims squatt€r's rights. Therefore, the most accuratemove is 1 Q-82' on the principle of restriction'

(184) Br,T.cER-EvANs, u.s. oPEN cn-lr'pIoNsstp, 1952' (SeeDiagrams 79, 80, 81.)1 . . . B-Bl!-on the principle ofpreserving the two Bishops.Give yourself only half credit if you said I . ' . B-R3. Forafter 2 B-K3 Black still is faced with the original problem'The game continued: 2 N-K3' B-K3t 3 P-R5' P-B4t 4P-KN3, B-R3; 5 R-K2, P-Bs; 6 PxP' BxP and White wasslo\ryly ground to death.

(185) FrNK-EvANs, u.s. oPEN CHAMPIoNSHIP, 1953. (See Diagram1 1 1 . )f . . . P-QR4 secures the advanced outpost by preventingP-QN4; however, it gives White time to get in P-K4. No,1 . . . P-K5! must be played, if only for its nuisance value !True, Black weakens his Pawn Structure by voluntarilycreating an artificially isolated Pawn-but this is a strongcramping influence, a thorn in White's center.The game continued: 2 N-Kl (2 N-Q2, R-Kl; 3 P-QN1'N-Q6 is good for Black), P-QR4 (now Black has time to do

r70

this); 3 N-R4, NxN; 4 BxN, N-N5; 5 P-KR3, N-K4:6 Q-I{2, Q-R5; 7 B-Ql, P-R4 with a fierce attack.In other words, it is more important for Black to restrainWhite from consolidating his center than to s€cure hisadvanced outpost (Black Knight on QB4). This is a problemof evaluation and calculation. Before Black pushcs his Pawnto K5, he must be assured that Whire cannoi uin it.

171

CHAPTER SEVEN: New Approach tothe Openings

Diasrant 186

" A complicated position"-Breyer

Evaluation

By "evaluation" is meant recognition of the various criteria whichd€termine the advantage in a given position at a given moment, andthen weighing them against each other to ascertain which side hasthat advantage. The original position at the start of each game issymmetrical. With "best play" (whatever that is) the "perfect gameof chess" (whatever that is) should conclude in a draw. This state-ment is more an ethical demand than a mathematical certainty.Emanuel Lasker r.r rote: "Balanced posiLlons wirh best play on eithirside must lead again and again to balanced positions." However,

172

there is no real "balance" in chess because it is a dynamic game;positions are continually in flux; one move may compietetv alii,r ttreou lcome. I f we derc r ibe chess in re rms o f Forcc ' (F t . Soace tS t .T ime (T , . and Pawn St rucrure 1p1, then L lskcr ' s a r iom'mav beexpressed mathematically (where F', S', T,, p,describe Black) thus:

F + S + T + PF ' + s ' + r ' + P ' : I

In other words, where neither side has an advantage in Force-Space. T ime. o r Pawn Sr ruc lu re . the probabte ourco ,n i i s a d ra* .From th is . i t fo l lows tha t the quesr ion o f a u in a r ises on ly a f re r onep la)er ho lds an uncompensated advaotage in any one o l theseelements.

Steinitz was.the first chess philosopher who sought to govern hisown play by this equation. In the words of Lasker: :,steinitz elevateshimself.to the level of a genuine philosopher in demanding that theplayer (with an advantage) r?art tttack ;ith intent to win

-or else be

punished by being deprived of his advantage." From this it followsthat the converse also holds: that a player who seeks to win withoutf i rs t }a r ing an_advan lage shou ld be prepared to pay lhe u l r imatepenalty-namely, defeat.

Steinitz had the self-discipline and the objectivity to evaluate eachposition as though he himself were not personaily involved. Herea l i zed . o f course . rha t the chessma<ter mu i r have a

- . . k i l l e r ins l inc t . . :

bu t he a lso perce i red tha t rhe mere w i l l - lo -w in was no t enough tobring about victory. In this respect, Botvinnik mor" reseirbl"sSte in i tz jn remperament than any o iher wor ld champion . A lekh ine .sgames, on the other hand, are characterized by sheer will. the fierceattempt to exert mind over matter,

RUBTNS I N-LASKLR. sr, pLTrRsBr,RG, 1909

i"'"&t"'/'.fri.&-' k % %% 7 2 %

% 7 t %% % 7 t7 t % %

ftt fr"&ft

i a A r r rh h t

a7ti/z,7 ' " f f i %

la .a"u .A..,,.,,8, .,..,2. /.fl

Diasnn 187

113

White to mope-Force or Time? Most masters todav orobablvwould choose Tinte and play l0 O-O in order to complete i"uilop-"itand maintain slow, stead) pressure against Black's isolated QP. NotRubinstein. He pkrys to vtin the QP immediately, euen though he mustsubmit to on apparentlf irrcsistible att.tck in order to do so. Theattack is so dangerous that plq)ers notedfor their boldness wouldprobabl! abstain-rightly so, perhaps. Rubinstein himself had fre-quentlJ rejected saTifces of this sort and continued instead vith quietpositional chess. Here the attack on Black's QP is the motif, IfWhite doesn't capture it now, he neoer will: e.g., l0 O-O, NxN; 11BxBch, QxB; 12 QxN, P-KR3; 13 B-R4 (not 13 BxN, BxB;14 QxQP ?, BxNch, winning the Queen), O-O; 14 O-O, KR-Q|; 15KR-QI, Q-K3*White has a superior game, but no win of a Pawnin sight.

According to Rdti (in Masters of the Chessboard) if Rubinsteinfailed to take the Pawn, he would cease to heed that inner ethicalvoice, cease to be that humble and submissive player who trusted inhis own judgmenr-wbich tells him that despiie ihe danger be cantake the Pawn and get away with it*that if he does not exercise hisadvantage now, it will evaporate. In the end Rubinstein did take thePax,n-with fear and tremblins. to be sure-but conident that whatis right must prevail.

10 BxKN11 NxP12 PxB13 BxN14 N-K3' O-O-O315 0-O KR-K14

BxB 16 R-Bll RxNsBxN 17 RxBch! PxR

Q-N4' 18 Q-B1!!6 RxPBxB 19 PxRl R_Q2?

K_QT20 QxPch21 R-84 !3

1 Rubinstein now abstains from 13 N-B7ch, K-Ql; 14 NxR, QxB-and Black wins. Both players were now relying on intuition, as itwas impossible to calculate the ensuing complications with absolutepreclsron,

On whose side is justice: the materialist (Rubinstein) or theidealist (Lasker) ?

The double threat against Q5 and N2 forces 13 BxN, which leavesBlack with superb development as compensation for his Pawn minus.Incidentally, no good was 12 . . . Q-R4ch instead of the textbecause of 13 Q-Q2, and if QxB ?; 14 N-B7ch, winning the Queenby a fork.

1'14

' � Not 14 N-B7ch. K. Q2: t5 NxR, R- K tch.B P l a u s i b l e . b u t i n s u f f i c i e n t . R e h r i v e l y b e l l e r i ( 1 4 . . . B x p ; I 5NxB (if ls R-KNI, Q-R4ch), exN; 16 e-K2ch, K_el ; t7 O_b_o-Whire has ercel lenr at t rck ing chanccs. and th is is the reasonLasker reiects the gain of a pawn.a It begini ro look is if Whire must pay the piper. If now t 6 p_KN3(to meet the llr9at 9f RxN), then Black'j altack gains irresistiblemomentum_with RxN!; 17 PxR, exKpch; l8 R_82, e_K5. Rubin_stein rubs his eyes. He cannor believe that Whire ii lost merelvbecause he followed the dicrates of the posirion. A humble believeiin 'Justice," he seeks salvation in the form of a miracle.6 Forced. I f 16 . . . K-NI ; 17 R-85: . e-Nl ; t8 p_e5, reta in insthe_extra Pawn and beating back the attacking forces.6.This is the miracle! Through rhis mo\e -ind only rhis move_Wbite keeps his extra Pawn and nurses it tbrough to an cndsamewhich is handled with chiselled perfecrion.7 The lesser er i j . l f t9 . . . R-Q3; 20 Rxp.8 White succeeded in exchanging eueens and u inning rhe Rook andfawn endrng. lt now 2t . . . R_e8ch; 22 K -82, R_e7ch; 23K-Bl !. R-Q8ch; 24 K-K2. The previous sequence is a fine examoleof util izing Time to simplify. and thereby to maintain Force liheextra Pawn).

Is the First Move an Advantase ?

Urder the above heading. W. F. Slreeter wrote an article in theMay. 1946 Chess Reuiew in whjch he summarized the results bvcolor ol 5.598 games played between l85l-t932 in 45 tournamenriHis conclusions follow:

l85t- f 878-Whire won 46/ . , B lack won 409^, Drawn 14"-l88 l -1914-Whire won 37io. B lack won l l ; " , Drawn 3Z" l19l4-1932-Whi te won 37oo. Black won 2O%,Drawnl l ;^Total -ll/hire won 38" ". Black won 31..1 Drau.n 31fl

.It thus-appears that it is becoming increasingly difrcult ro winwith the Black pieces, but somewhat-easier to iiaw. Some of u,may refuse to be ryrannized by these statisrics. We may are.ue. rheresults of these games had notbing to do with u ho morei firit. Thebetter player will win regardless of which color he has. Since wemus[ assum^e thar the_srroog players had Black as ofien as Whire. wecan only rnter that Whrte $on more games becau:e ofthe advantaseof tbe first move. This advantagJ (however slighl) does conflrWhite the initiative.

r75

Master PracticeThe way in which theoreticians evaluate a given opening variation isto exarnine the outcomes of master games in which this opening isadopted. However, results are deceplive because the outcome doesnot necessarily reflect which side had the better of it aftcr a givennumber of moves. A stronger player may be handling the theoretic-ally inferior position and win by virtue of his ability; any numberof blunders or time-pressure errors lnay also inteNene-not tomention the classic domestic battle of "the night before." Thebasic trouble is that evaluations are static while a game is dynamic;and this casts serious doubt on the traditional criterion of evaluation-namely, master practice.

The Failare of Traditional Et'aluationIf we pick up a copy of Modern Cltess Operlngs by Korn (8th edition),we will find these symbols accompanied by these explanations.

+ +after White (or Black's move); White (Black) has a winningadvantage.

+after White (or Black's move): White (Black) has a distinctsuperiority, but there is no forced win.

fWhite stands slightly better. B lack s tands s l ight ly bet ter .

:The position oflers equal chances.

These well known symbols have been used by nearly everytheoretician in the chess world in order to evaluate a given position.The soundness of the evaluation depends upon the playing strengthof the theoretician who is assigning the valuation, and he is almostnever a Grandmaster.

Let us examine a specific position, discuss the traditional approach,then apply our new method.

White to move-who stands bctter? This pL),ition \as tltowhr tob^e tqu,ctl wttil 1954. uhcu G,lll founJ a n,,r,t no,a for White: Thcftrst thing tte norii is that ir it l l hire's mot.e. Hc has rhe iniri.trit.e,Irae, 1 R:rN is in?as.\ible because ofR eB mr;te, The question isrhether 14 ltitc har a rql to l 'rcrcnr BlctcA front rct;eatins hisKnight Io QJ or 83- Jollot,cd by consolida tiott -- uirh q Jfttv is rhcliA.ely out,oue. Onc rhitg is clear: Whire nu,r exploir li.t Timeqd"-sntage c,r lose it. U ryhite cqn clear his last rank (by mouinghis -Q--Bishop vith a gain of tempo), then he can safely piay Rxi.Gelle,r's sharp mot:e, I B-R6l f.ts this prescription.' ihi last rankhos been cleared qnd the gain oj'tempo ii acconplished by the attackon Black's KNP. If not l .-. . PxB; 2 Rri {, ard ,lhit" ho, nrrinning enJgame alruntage eonnulo: h.titiatite trqnslated inro betterParvn Structure).

The tactical justificaiion of I B R6 lies in two possibilities withBlack 's -desperado" Knighr . tA "desperado" i i a p iece uhichmust be lost anyway, and in exchange for which one thirefore triesto get as much compensation as possible.)

First possibility: 1... NxQBP; 2 Bxp, KR-NI; 3 Nxp!, KxNqtgt 3 . . . RxB; 4 NxR, KxN; 5 PxN, winning rhe exchange);4 BxN, and Write has won a Pawn (formula: Iniistiue ttanslitedinto superior Force).

At tiis point the chess world condemned this position for Black,and therefore t l re Droves leading up to i r bad ro b i abandoned. Jusrto illustrate. the dificulty of-piining anything down to a finale\aruauon. r t nou appecrs. upon re-e\aminar ion. that Black doeshave a tacticaI saving clansc.

Second possib i l i ty : 1 . , ,NxKBP!; Z Bxp ( i f 2 B-B4, N-e6;3 NxN, RxN; 4 BxP, K-Q2-draw), KR-NI; 3 8-86!, N,R6ch;4K-B1,BxB; 5N N4dis. ch,K-Bl ! (not5. . .B K2: 6 N-B6ch.K-Bl ; 7 NxR, winning) ; 6NxB,R N3; TNxpch,K N2; 8pxN,KxN and Black should be able to draw the Rook and pawn endinss ince Whire 's exrrx Pa\an is doubled and therefore necl is ib le .

So now-rvhere are we? Back where we started ieihaos ? Noterrcr ly . Ln less a furrher improrenrent is lound for \ \h i tc . theoriginal evaluation of "equality" must be restored (:). Or perhapswe might assign White a slight edge (t). Geller's innovation isstrong but apparently not decisive. There is no rvay for White tocon\er t h iq ad\rntcge in T ime i r r to a forced u in. Vet l row nruchricheris chess theory for our having plumbed this position to its depths !

Although enrich;d, we are stilliinable to retir^e. We are no niarerthe answers to two questions: (1)how are evaluations arrived at inthe first place? (2) is there any nethod of arriving at one wlrich is"self-contained," i.e., states the premises from which it is derived?

177

N T%/..t<..

h2,,,,'4,'/&

7X,4.2

%A

Diagruhl 188

Our discussion of the previous positions provides us with a lead.We referred to three elements: Tinte ("rnitiatle" is a sub-heading),Force, Pawn Structure. (Neither side has a marked advantage inSpace.) From this it follows that qll positions may be broken downinto their component elements, then eualuated accordingly.

The concept which the theoretician accords primacy is practice, orpast master experience with a given position. There is no way todivorce theory from practice. We can't say, for instance, that Whitestands better here even though he has lost every tournament gamecontinuing from this position. Ifthat's the case, then there is some-thing wrong with our original evaluation.

The function of the chess critic is to provide a court of last resort.However, critics have been guilty ofthe subjective fallacy: they havepermitted names, reputations, and the outcome ofdoubtful games toinfluence their evaluation of opening variations. Taking a case atrandom, let us again turn to Modern Chess Openings (8th edition)-column 15 in the Slav Defense: Alekhine's opinion is quoted-thusevidently sanctioned-that "Black stands slightly better."

Diasrun 189

White to move-who stot ds better? This question can beapproached only by breaking down this posirion in'to its componentputs and then weighing an aduantage in one element against adisaduantage in another, fnally arriuing at a conclusion. (This"weighing" is where a master's opinion is required.)

Force: Material is equal. White has the two Bishops: an edge.

Sprzce.' White has the freer game. True, Black's pieces strike at 12squares beyond the frontier line and White's pieces at only 1l-yetthe fact that it is White's move is worth several souares. I P-R5.for instance. would cramo Black.

Time: Each side has three pieces developed and is readv to castleln one move. However. it is White's movl. He has the initiarive.Pawn Stucture: Black has doubled pawns. White has lwo possiblepoints of breakthrough: K4 or/and eR6. He .un for..'*-irn_medrate breach in Black's e-side pawns by p_eR5_6.

Practtce, None quoted.

Hence we conclude that White stands better in every pos5ills way,that Black has no counrer-vailing resources. ffi i i i"rf"aii..-i.positive and irrefutable. That is n;t to say that Black will not winthis.game_(ofcourse he can). only that he shtuld u, oiO rf,is purriiuta,posrtron because other ones witb thc same variation 1in the SIavDefense) give him better chances.

Of course, most conclusions are not so clear-cut. The gambit. lorinstance, involves the problem of weighing t or.. uguinriiir. unJSface. .The K*ide gambits have beei anilyzed to'such u poioi oiexhaustion lhat theory can provide a couri of last resort'wiLhoutteanng the wrath of time. Take the Evans Cambit. Theorv decreesthat White. has. jnsumcjent compensation for the pawn. Tds is rruenow and should also be true one hundred years from now desoireth.e. "light of later developmenrs.,' Ler us see why. Our conclujionwilt be that Force plus Pawn Structure us. Space ind Tine.

Force: lf all orher things were equal (which rhev are not). Black.sextra Pawn would be decisire. li is in this element thai Black.smain adyantage lies.Sparer Black lerds 6 to 5. bur White will have an advantase afterthe ioevirablc expension with p-e4. White.s eN is depriv# of itsbest square on QB3. White's Bishop controli a mor'e importantdiagonal than Black's.

179

Diagtam 190

178

Zine: White has thc move and the initiative. He can develop quickthreats by Q-N3 coupled with P-Q,l. wlite can castle in one move.Black rvill have trouble bringing his King to safety.

Pawn Structure: This is Black's long-range trump card! If andwhen he returns the Pawn, he will still have the better endgamestructure (this is the theme ofLasker's Defense). Black has absoluteiyno organic weaknesses, whereas Write has inflicted a critical gash inhis Q-side by playing P-QN4. The endgame is permanently inBlack's favor-if he can ever get to it.

Practice: (Here the book would quote games.) Black's defense hasproven so adcquate that White has virtually abandoned the EvansGambit. Black has violated no basic principles by developing hisKnight and Bishop, therefore he need fear no diversionary tacticson the part of his opponent so early in the game.

While White has soze compensation for the sacrificed Pawn, it isnot sufficient. Hence the case is closed on the Evans Gambit. AGrandmaster will essay it against an equal player only if: (a) he hasan improvement up his slecve; (b) he knows it is inferior but countson his familiarity with it and the element of surprise; (c) he rejects theentire matdx from which traditional evaluation is launched. Of thesethree, "r" is most likely.

Incidentally, the meaning of "equality" solves itself when weevaluate in this manner. Eraluation is not a prediction oJ restlt,It is merely an attempt to weigh dynamic elements at a given moment.An equal sign (:) states that in the opinion of the edlror neither sideholds an uncompensated advantage. Equality does not mean thatlhe game shoulrl be drawn, merely thal lhe wi ning chances availableto both sides are in a state ofdynamic balance. Between masters anadvantage in the opening is often crucial, despite Alekhine's boastthat to lose a game he had to be beaten three times-once in theopening, once in the middle game, and once in the ending.

A Self-contained Elaluat ionObviouslv. an exhaustive analvsis such as we unde(ook on theprevious positions could not bc'applie<l to an opening encyclopedia,crammed with variations, because of the space and expense involved.Yet it is clearly desirable that an evaluation contain the reasoningwherewith it is derived. The only solution lies in the use of increasedsymbolization. In this fashion, the last evaluation on the EvansGambit mav be exoressed:

FP + -ST

180

This is read: "Force and Pawn Structure [F-P] are in Black's

favor [T]. white has some compensation in Space and Ti[.re [ST] "

Admittedly, symbolization and other technical jargon are always

i r l some to ihe ' layman. But a p l ryer seek ing re fc rcnce books

for en l igh tenment i s no t l i kc ly to be re l reshed by l i te ra ry g race

Besides,- he can always ignore the editor's evaluation and draw

his oun conc lus ions anywa) . Symbols . once s landard ized ' a re

un iversa l in na ture . They uou ld doubt less ly save b lobs o f ink and

thousands of wasted words.

The First Move

l f we aooroach the openiDg wi thout prc iudicc. lhen there are sonlefew bui

' imporLant t ;u tbs

-which rnay be token lor granled we

know that t-he center is of paramount importance, that pleces mustsomehow be developed, and thal too many Pawn moves createweaknesses. This is the starting point.

A slance at the origiDal position reveals 20 possible openingrnou. i -16 u i th tbe Par ins uni 4 * i th the KniShts. which of theseis best-and why-no one knows. "It is astonishing how much hotwater a master-can wade into in the first dozen moves, despite acenturv of ooening erp lorat ion" (Napier) . The choice of a i r rs trnou" i'rurro*', dorin to indir idual sryle. for chess is one of the lastremainins realms of free will.

As I u i re . I am looking at the board u i th a complete ly open m ind '

It occurs to me that ol tliese 20 moves, perhaps only 3 are perfectlyhorrible: P QR4. P-KR4. P- KN'l-rhcy create gaping ue.rknesses

in tl'r.e Pawn Structure, contdbute nothing toward development,contain no threat, and make no contest for control of the center'Yet at the New York Tournament, 1880, Ware played l " P-QR4everv t ime he had Black-$ inning fourand lo ' ing l l re Wi ih Whi te '

he a'lso beean tlro games with i P-QR4-$inning one and losingthe other.

Two aoparent lv useless Knight mores- N-KR3 and N-QR3-mav be espoused'by some Rdt i o f the future u ho u i l l g ive them adouble exclamation mark in ultra-modern fashion To the modern

master , who has been bred wi th the pr inc ip le o l mobi l i ty ' thcse moves

seem out tandi5h and ant i -po ' i t ional Yct no doubt rhey wi l l aPpear

in chess of the future (circ; 2000) because the moves which are today

considered normal will have been so exhaustively analyzed There

is a real possib i l i ty lhat chess operr ings u i l l be phytd-oul and lh : r i

in lu ture lournatnents p layers r , r i l l drarv cards to se lec l the openrng

*tictr stratl Ue ptuyed (is in checkers today). Perhaps tJris all sound,s

facetious. Yei ai early as 1868, at London, a toumanent already

1 8 1

was contested wherein all the participants began their games withthe positions of their Knights and Bishops reversed-to avoid book-play and to throw the players on their own resources. This isreminiscent of the optimistic proposal in the late nineteenth centurythat the United States close its patent bureau on the grounds thateverything worthwhile had alrcady been invented !

Right now there is a lot of scope in the chess openings, and a lotof room for discovery and innovation. Very few masters haveconquered all the intricacies of euen one variation. At the 1933Folkestone Team Tournament, Arthur Dake defeated Hans Muller,the writer of an authoritative treatise on the English Opening, in 21moves. The opening was an Englkh Openingl

Reverse OpeningsBoth 1P-Q4 and I P-K3 free two pieces and contest the center-such is the motive behind them. yet the moment an! Pa$,n aduqncestwo squares it creates a irrctrierable weakness and prouides a naturaltarget. Once White has committed himself, Black is the master ofwhich course the defense shall take. This is the reason many aplayer who excels at counter attack wins more games with the Blackpieces than with White. Black's defenses are so good, in fact, thatthey-must be even better for White if he plays them with a move-in-nano.

The logical choice for these "reverse openings" is the K's Indianformation. It has proved itself a resilient and successful weapon forthe second player, and, curiously enough, there is no way to preventWhite from setting it up. Thus, a player needs familiarize himselfthoroughly with only one variation regardless of what Black replies.

This basic structure is also common to the Pirc Defense (l p-K4,P-Q3), Philidor's Defense (1 P-K4, P-K4; 2 N-KB3, p-e3).White's position contains a weakness at Q3, but this is offset by hisability to maneuver behind the lines. The weak white squarecomplex (K83 and KR3) is negl ig ib le as long as the K-Bishop isretained. Tn some cases the QRP advances ro QR4 in ordei todefend an advanced Knight outpost at QB4 (so that it cannot bedislodgedby. . . P-QNa).

After I P-K4 or I N-KB3 White can force the game into channelsof his own choosing against any defense. Thus. 3g31n51 rhe Frcnch(l P-K4, P-K3) 2 P*Q3 produces the desired result.

% % Vlz,v t %

vt "nft%,rrffifr%

%

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I E f l

Diastan 192

French DeJense-atter 2 P-Q3

The game rnight continue: 2 . . , P-Q4; 3 N-Q2, N-KB3; 4P-KN3, B-K2; 5 B-N2, O-O; 6 KN-B3, P-84; 7 O-O, N-B3-all logical moves.

Diasrun 193

Position alter 7 . . . N-83

1 8 3

Diagrcm 19I

The K's Indian Paun Structure

t"'&t%i'"'.&t% "'%,t%zr, %

t% "Ni".,&,%6%t'ffi'/&t^%

%% % f t

%ftvt

182

Notice how exactly the same position nray be reached by trans-position, as in the game Evans Sire|win, Rosenwald Tourney, N.Y.,195,1-55: 1N-K83, N-KE3; 2 P-KN3, P Q4; 3 B-N2, P-K3; 4O-O, B-IC; 5 P-Q3 (White just closes his eyes, oblivious to Black'scontortions), O Oi 6 QN Q2, P B4i 7 P K1, N-83. Voilii!

ln this examDlc Black had oDtion. He could have imitated White'smoves. since he had not alreadv committed himself with i . . . P-K3on his very first move as in thi French Defense,

To show how quickly White can whip up an attack, follow theEvans-Sherwin continuation from the diasram: 8 P 83, R NI;9 R-Kl, R-Kl; 10 P K5, N-Q2; 11 N Br, P-QN4; 12 P-KR4I,P QR4 (initiating an attack on the opposite wing); 13 B-84, B,QR3;14 N(1) R2, Q-82; 15 P-R5, F-n*5; 16 N N4, P R5; 17 P-84,PxP; 18 PxP, BxP; 19 QxP, N-N3; 20 Q-82, P N6; 21 PxP,N N5; 22 Q-83, N(s)-Qa; 23 Q 81, BxP; 24 B-N5, N-Ns; 2sR K3!, B-Q4; 26 P-R6, P*N3; 27 KR R3, N-85; 28 BxB, RxB;29 Q-B4 with a won game.

It is apparent that there is much attacking potential concealed inWhite's "passive" formation-especially when Black upsets thebalance bv seizins the center with Pa\,vns.

With t[is close-d formation the oossibilities of transDosition areabundant . Reshers ly Botv inr l ik . Match U.S. rs . U.S.S.R. . Moscow.1955 continucd: I P-K4, P K3; 2 P-Q3, P-QB4!; 3 P KN3,N QB3; 4 B-N2, P-XN3; s N Q2, B-N2; 6 KN-83, KN K2;7 O O, O O; 8 R-Kl, P-Q3; 9 P-83, P KR3; 10 N-N3, P-K4;11 P-Q4, P-N3 ard Black, if anything, has the better of it due to theconstant threat of P-KB,{. Tiris illustrates the danqer of White'sc los ing h is eyes rnd p iay ing rhe s)sterr auromar ica ' i ly . insread ofvarying his tactics to meet Black's reply. In this case 5 N Q2 failsto meet the challenge of the positior. White might try instead5 P-KR4!? rvhich is designed to take advantage momentarily ofBlack's weak dark square corrplex. ln this respect chess theoryundergoes a creative evolution: it requires more sophisticatcd ideasto combat more sophisticated antidoles.

The Reshevsky-Botvinnik galne can also be arrived at via thefollowing plausible order of moves in the Sicilian Dcfense: 1 P K4,P QB4;2N KB3,P Q3; 3P Q3 (the customary move is 3 F Q'{),N QB3; 4P KN3, P KN3; 5B N2,B N2; 5 O-0, P-K3 (betterimrnediately is 6 . . . P K4!-a sophisticated reason why Whitecannot enter the above game by this side-path); 7 QN-Q2, KN K2;8 R Kl, O-O; 9 P 83, P-KR3; 10 N N3, P K.t; 11 P-Q4, P N3and this position is identical with tlie one reached above.

The element of Time is not so crucial in closed positions as inopenones. It therefore follorvs that by adopting the reverse formation

White is avoiding a sharp, early strugglc, and postponing the battleuntil the mid-game. Tbe reason "reverse openings" have lost favoris that White's advantage is too minute, and the game assumes adrawish character rvhen Black mairltains the symmetry by copyingWhite's moves.

The Theory of S1:m1ns|7irol PositionsThc original position is symmetrical, and by making iris openingmove White distulbs the balance. Black can copy-but not for long.For example: 1 P-K4, P-I(4; 2 N KB3, N-KB3 (Petrov's Defense);3 NxP, NxP? (correct is 3. . . P Q3; 4N-K83, NxP); 4 Q-K2,P-Q4; 5 P-Q3 winning a piece, for if 5... N-KB3; 6 N-86 dis.ch. wins Black's Queen.

In reverse openings, however, Black can copy for a long time,e.g., Evans-Lombardy, N.Y. Met League Championship, 1956:I N-K83, N-KB3 (1 . . . P Q4-or any Pawn move for that matter-would disturb the symnetry); 2 P KN3, P-KN3; 3 B-N2'B-N2; 4 O-O, O O; s P-Q3, P Q3; 6 P-B4' P-84; 7 N-83,N 83; 8 B-Q2 (more accurate is 8 R-Nl! and Black cannot copyfor long: e.9., 8 . . R Nlt 9 P-QIi.3, P-QR3; 10 P-QN4,P-QN4?; 1l PxNP, RPxP; 12 PxP, PxP; 13 RxP rvinning a Pawn),R-Nl; 9 P-QR3, P QR3; 10 R-Nl, F QN,{ (Black has gained theinitiative because of White's fauliy 8th move); ltr PxP, PxP; 12P QN4, PxP; X3 PxP, B-Q2 (Black rejects either P-K4 or P-Q4,preferring to force White to commit himself lirst); 14 P R3' P-R3.

Di.tgtant 19,1

Position alter 14 . . . P-R3-srmmetry

Here uc encour re r ou r o td n . i o t , f - l t ^ +

1 '+ I ' : ' .t + J _ F t + r

White has the move (T), but is it really an advantage ? In billiards it

1 8 5

',.,& .N'"/at7t "/,/at7A"''&t''&

,r,2h

,t'.//a./&t ,):<,.. 7).

184

would not be. for he would hrve to. .crack" lhe format ion and oDenup l ines for h is opponent . Wlr i le must f ina l ly commit h imsel f .

'On

l5 P-Q4 Black has the pleasant alternatives oi either p_K4 or B_B4_After 15 P-K3, P K4, Black has achieved themore aggressive centerformation, and if now 16 p-K4 (to prevent p_e4), ilien it is Blackwho has gained the move!

Each side i. reluctant to disrupt the balance, perhaDs rememberinethe checker maxim rhn he r rho d is turbs h is posi r ion the leas id isrurbs h is opponcnr rhc most . But Whire musi do somethins!^If

white has an advanrage.- it is indeed rery slight. and the co"urseor Tne game bcars out the axrom: 15 p_K4, N_Kl (Black can coovonly to h is d isadvanrage: 15. . . p K4: 16 B_K3, B K3; l7 p_O'4with the fteer po5irion): l6 N-Q5, N 82; 17 NxN. exN: tg p_e4,P K4 ( in fer ior is t8 . . . Nxp: 19 NxN, BxN; iO S^p. S_N-2,2 l B x B . K x B : 2 2 Q - Q 4 c h . K . N l : 2 . 3 e R - B t r n d W h i r e c o n r r o l s a l ithe open l ines) : 19 Q.Bl . Q-Bt : 20 Bxp, Nxep; 2 l NxN. OxO:22 BxQ. PxN: 23 R-Ql. KR-BI: 24 B-\2, R-85; 25 B_ORi.(threatening B-Bt1. B-QB3:; 26 p 83. p-e4i Zj B_Bl, R:87;28 BxQP. PxP; 29 BxQP. PxP: 30 eR Bl, RxR; 3t RxR. R _NJi32 PxP, BxP; 33 R-85, B-83 and rhe game was shortlv diawn.

'

The symmetrical defense to the eucen.i Gambit puts iito irs mostsevere test-up to now no method has been d;monstrated that"preserves" White's advantage ! 1 p-e4, p-e4; 2 p_e84, p_e84,

The only reason this symmetrical defense is not played more oftenis that it lcads to drawish positions-and Black is not contentwith a draw-even though he is the theoretical underdog!

In the hands of a master technician the advantage of the move iso f ten dec is ive in many symmct r ica l pos i t ions-w i tness the fo l low ingmirror image. from Resher sk; -S rd h lberg. March. New York vs.Argentina, 1947. White seems to make something out of nothing.

Diasram I95

position altet 2, . . p_eB4

The nearest that White has come to holding on to the initiative iswith 3 PXQP, N-KB3; 4 N-KB3 (pxp, QxF leads to nothine io;White). PxP; 5 QxP. QrPl 6 N BJ, exe; 7 Nxe followet byP-KNJ and B-N2 wirh pressure. Howerer. in Evins_Biseuiei.I nanguiar March. N.Y. . I955. Black cont inued wi th 6 . . . e_"eR4loUgyeO

Uf N-B3, rega.ining rhe to)r rempo-and White coirligetnothing out of the opening.

1 8 6

Diasrum 196

White mo|es.

1 B_N5! R_KlIn order to avoid weaknesses. If I . . . P-83: 2 B-84 followed bv

QR-Bl wi th a b ind. Ofcourse Dot I . . P-K4?: 2 B-K7 winnin!the exchange. The text is an almost imperceptible error.

The most crucial variation occurs ifBlack attempts to maintain thes ) r m m e t r y w i t h 1 . . . B N 5 ; 2 B x P , B x P ; 3 B x N , B x N ; 4 B x R ,BxR; 5 BxB, BxB; 6 KxB, KxB; 7 R-QBI followed by R-Bl witha bind-but a win is sti1l far from sight.

After l�.. B-N5; 2 P-83, P-B3, there does not seem any wayforWhite to capitalize on his first move.

After the text Black drifts into a lost game without making anyfurther errors.

2 QR-813 B-K3

P_KR3

The Bishops rake Black's Q-side.3 . . .4 R_87

This seems wrong on principle, but what4 . . . Q R - B I ; 5 K R - B 1 , R x R ; 6 R x R ,8 BxQRP and wins.

B-B,ilBxNelse can Black do? IfR-QB1; 7 RrR, BxR;

i% m{Nt% '|ffi

%i7% % %

% .2. "'.4 %% % % %

% .2. "'.4% %a% "'&ft.&_ "4,fr"&A

i i t k

au� it t t

5 PxB

r87QR_81

6 KR-BI RxR7 RxR BxP8 BxNP B-839 8_86 R_Nl

Black must lose a Pawn by force, but he can hold out longer after9. . . R-QBI; 10 RxR, NxR; ll BxKRP, N-N3 though Whiteshould still win eventually.

12 P_QR4The marclr of this Pawn is decisive. fn. ,.r, i, t..f,rnique-extremelyinstructive.

1 2 . . . N 8 41 3 8 N 6

White carefully shepherds the advance of his RP.B_Q5B_86

N_Q5N_N6B-Q5NxB

19 R-Q7 P-B420 B-QSch Black Resigns

CHAPTER E|GHT: Summing Up

THrs book is devoted to the practical question of how the amateurmay radically improve his play by applying master pdnciples tohis own games. My approach has been to break chess down intoits basic components: Pawn Structure, Space, Force, and Time,The order in which they are taken is arbitrary. Pawn structure isconsidered first because it is the least understood and the most difficultto grasp, even for good players. A realization that the Pawn is the"soul" of chess is prerequisite to further analysis of the otherelements.

In chemical terms Pawn Structure and Force are relatively"inert," whereas Space and Time are "volatile." Broadly speaking,an advantage in the inert (or stable) elements manifests itself mostdecisively in the endgame; an advantage in the volatile (or unstable)elements is most crucial in the opening where rapid developmentand control of the center are all-important. In the middle game noone element has a tendency to predominate. A decision in the earlystages of the game is unlikely between equal players; hence victoryis possible only after one has erred. When the minor advantageswhich accrue are exploited with precision we speak of "technique."

Here the problem is to convert the volatile into the inert elements.The bulk of the text deals with practical illustrations taken largelylrom my own tournament games.

The Stable ElementsPawn Structure is akin to bone structure. Since the Pawn is the

only unit which cannot be retracted once it advances, it should bemoved sparingly. Hasty weaknesses can seldom be repaired. Theability of the Pawn to queen when it reaches the eighth rank altersthe dynamics of endgame strategy and elevates this "proletariat"

to resal significance.

10 BxQRP1 1 K N 2

R-N8chR QR8

1 3 . . .14 P-Rs15 R-R716 B_K4t7 P-R618 BxB

1 8 8 1 8 9

Other things equal. an advantage in Forc_e is decisive. The win

of even a singlc Pawn in rhe opening usually provldes a wlnnlnggame berwee; equal plavers. io bJ ahead'in material is to be

ivealthier than yoi.,t olipoirent. He cannot afford to expose the s(ate

of his bankruptcy by rhe constant swapping of pieces. Hence

exchanging pieces once you are ahead in material is the Pattern lor

translating Force into victory.

The Unstable ElementsA space advantage means superior mobility, i.e. more elbow

room in which to tianeuver pieies, fluid lines o[ communication.Cramped positions bear the lerms of deleat. In order to obtainfreedom your opponent often will be forced to make grave concessionsin Pawn 3tructuie or Force. Then it becomes a question of enforcingthat somewhat difficult task of "winning a won game'"

An advantage in Time confers the initiative. Pieces which arecentralized and well-developed are ready to strike deeply into theheart of enemy terrain. So crucial is tempo that if a player weregranted the right to move twice in a row just once every game at-his

option-w-hile the same right were denied his opponent-hecould-become world champion.

JiJ^.Ji+*,gfJ*liJi*

In Chapter One we reviewed the turmoil between the Romantics,Classicisti, Hypermoderns, Tecbnicians and Tacticians. We sawthat chess r*iyi betwe"n art and science as does Mahomet's coffinbetween heaven and earth. The game is a competitive strugglebetween two minds within a mechanistic framework. To Lasker itwas a battle of the human personality in which the rounded manand not necessarily the better player was bound to triumph. ToNorbert Wiener a machine c6uld be constructed which wouldprobably defeat a "slupid" or "careless" chessplayer. hence "it mightuery weil b" as good .- . . as the vast majority of the human race."

fhe Americai school of chess is bound to be pragmatic becauseit reflects the culture. The Soviet style is dynamic, based more oncounterattack than attack. A noted psychologist has hinted thatthis style of play mirrors a social stlucture where individual initiativeis reduced to a minimum.

Pragmatism as a method or a way of life becomes obnoxiousonlv ihen its adherents worship at the fount of success and makethe smug deduction that a course of action is "best because itworks." The principles advocated hete work because they are besl-there can be no question of subjecLirity They are the distil ledheritage of a hundred years of chess evolution. Hypocrisy and

190

error do not survive very long on the chessboard: the merciless fact,culminating in checkmate, contradicts the hypocrite.

JiJt Jitt')tr'tJi')iJtJi

The preceding chapters form an organic uhole by showing thevalid applicatioi of ihe principles which guide my phy as well asthat ol ihe other masteis borh in theory and practice. These areempirical principles derived directly lrom so u rce-e\perience :rnrrt., su-"t. l-hope that this book will not only be read. butalso refJrred to many times in the course of your orvn- chess- ex-oerience. lt contains all my "secrets." [f someone had sct theseorincioles down for me in biack and white at the oulset of my chessiut".r, h" would have saved me perhaps a year of groping in thedark.

The chessboard is a place ofjoy, stimulation, intellectual challenge'No one knows the divinity who bestowed it upon the world to.slayboredom and exhilarate the spirit' Yet chess has travelled withoutpassport, a universal heritage which is the property of all nations'And there is beauty there. .

l 9 l

RETNFELD, F. & CuenNlv, I. Chess Strutegt) and ldcli.-t. DavidMcKay Co., Philadelphia, 19,16.

Rtrr,R. Mqsters of tlrc Chessboard. Whittlesey House, New York

REl1R. Modern Ideas in Chess. David McKay Co., Philadelphia.

SrrrrurNrl, k. The Art of Sacrif ce in Chess. David McKay Co.,Philadelphia.

ZNosKo-BoRovsKY, E. The Middle Gane in Chess. David McKay

Co., Philadelphia.BIBLIOGRAPHY

ALEKr-rrNE, A. My Best Games of Chess. In 2 volumes. Harcourt,Brace & Co., New York.

CHERNEV, L Winning Chess Ttaps. Chess Redew, New York,1946.

DU MoNT, J. The Basis of Combination in Chess. George Routledge& Sons, Ltd., London, i946.

EuwD, M. Meet the Masters. Sfi Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.,London, 1945.

EuwE, M. Strateg! and Tactics in Ciess. David McKay Co.,Philadelphia, 1937.

Ev,tNs, L. Trophy Chess. Charles Scribner &Sons, NewYork,1956.

Fnn, R. Baslc Chess Endings. David McKay Co., Philadelphia,194t.

Ftur, R. T'he ldeas Behind the Chess Openings. David McKay, Co.,Philadelphia, 1943.

KMocH, H. Rubinstein's Chess Masterpieces. Horowitz & HarknessNew York, 1941.

KdNIG, I. Chess from Morphl to Botdnnik. G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.,London, 1951.

KoRN, W. Modern Chess Openings. Ninth Edition. PitmanPublishing Corporation, Nelv York, 1957.

L.rsxrn, En. Manual of Chess. David McKay Co., Philadelphia,1947.

NrMzovrrcH, A. My System. David McKay Co., Philadelphia,1947 .

RtIurero, F. Keres' Best Gomes of Chess. David McKay Co.,Philadelphia, 1942.

RTTNFELD, F. Practical End-Game Play. David McKay Co.,Philadelphia, 1949.

RETNFELD, F. The Immortal Games of Capablanca. PitmanPublishing Corporation, Nerv York, 1942.

j

I

I-t

193

ADAMSALEKHINEAMATEURANDERSSENASHBARDABERLINERBILLSBISGUIER

BOTVINNIKBOULACHAMSBREYERBRONSTEINBURGERBYRNE, D.BYRNE, R.CARLYLECOLLINScRosscRoss, J.DAKEDONOVANDUFRESNEDUNSTEUWEFINEFINKFINKELSTEINFLEISCHERFLORESFLORIDOFRANK

INDEX OF OPPONENTS

GASSENGOLDWATERGOLMAYOGOMPERTHALPERHANAUERHANSHARROLDHARTLEBHEARSTHEATHHEINKENHEIMOHESSEHOWARDHOROWITZHUDSONJACKSONJACOBSJIMENEZJOYNERKAGETSUKALMEKASHDANKATZKAUFMANKELLNERKESTENKIESERITZKYKONIGKRAMERKRAUSSLABOURDONNAISLAMBERTLARSENLASKERLECoRNULEVINLOKVENCZ ANDLOMBARDYLYMANMACCIONI

vs, Evans, 1?5vs. Evans, 46vs. Steinitz, 6vs. Evans, 7lvs. Evans, 70vs, Evans, 86Ys. Evans, 161, 183vs. Evans, 163vs. Evans, 139vs. Evans, 9'7, 120, 156, 160, 162

vs. Evans, 119Ys. Evans, 150vs. Evans, l?2vs. Evans, Jr, rrzvs. Evans, 50vs. Evans, 181vs. Evans, 157vs. Evans, 43vs. Evans, 149vs. Evans, 57vs. Evans, 116Ys. Evans, 74vs. Bisguier, S0; Evans, 22, 171

vs. Evans, 83vs. EYans, 61vs, Evans, 159YS. Evans, 59vs. Arderssen, Ivs. Evans, 106vs. Bisguier, 9, 10; Evans, 95, 96,

vs. EYans, 56, 147vs. MacDonnell, 4vs, Evans, 167v s . b , v a n s , l J , 6 z t r t t

vs. Rubinstein, 187vs, Evans, 170vs. tvans, l4o

PRA\aDA vs. Evans and Spielberger, 125

YS. Evans, 194vs. Evans, 88Ys. Evans, 179

195

(Numbers rcfer to diagrams)

vs. Evans, 49, 66, 68vs. R6ti, 12, 13vs. Morphy, 5vs. Dufresne, 2; Kiesedtzky, I

vs. Evans, 133vs. EYans, 113vs. Evans, 89, 152vs. Evans, 165Ys. Evans, ll, 30, 39, 60; Kashdan, 80;

Kramer, 9, 10; Sherwin, 84vs. Smyslov, 53Ys. Evans, 38vs. Nyhokn, 15Ys, EYans, 141Ys. Evans, 81, 184vs. Evans, 110; Reshevsky, 42vs. Evans, 29, 173vs. Evans, 127, 178vs. Evans, 118, l2lYs. EYans, 168vs. Evans, 51vs. Evans, 67Ys, Evans, 115vs. Anderssen, 2vs. Evans, 166vs. Evans, 32vs. Evans, 79Ys. Evans, 185vs. Evans, 44vs. Evans, 117vs. Evans, 132Ys. Evans, 140vs. Evans, 58

142

194

_i

MACDONNELLMARROMAYERMCCORMICKMECHANICMEDNISMENGARINIMORPHYNAJDORFNASHNIELSENNYHOLMOPSAHLPHILIDORPHILLIPSPILNICKPLATERPOMARPOSCHEL

QUESADAREHBERGRESHEVSKY

RETIROSSROSSOLIMOROTHMANRUBINSTEINSANDRINSANTASIERESHAFFERSHERWINSMITHSMYSLOVSPIELBERGER ANDSTAHLBERGSTEINERSTEINITZSUSSMANULVESTADYATES

vs. LaBourdonnais, 4vs. Evans, 180vs. Evans, 143vs. Evans, 138, 145vs. Evans. 136vs, Evans 182vs. Evans, 64vs. Amateur, 5vs. Evans, 98vs. Evans, 123vs, Evans, 124vs. Breyer, 15vs, Evans, 75, 76vs. Smith, 3vs. Evans, 122vs, Evans, 154, 176vs. Evans, 153vs. Evars, 73vs. Evans, 40vs. Evans, 126vs. Evans,164vs. Evans,l74; D. Byne,42,

t96vs. Alekhine, 12, 13; Yates, 8vs. Evans, 45vs. Evans, 14, 24vs. Evans, 114vs, Lasker, 187vs. Evans, 25, 151vs. Evans, 90vs. Evans, 155vs. Bisguier, 84; Evans, 193vs. Philidor, 3vs. Botvinnik, 53; Evans, 52

EVANS vs. Lokvencz and Prayda, 125vs. Reshevskv, 196vs. Evans, 41, g7, 135, 144vs. Golmavo, 6vs. Evans, 85vs. Eyans, 169vs. R€ti, 8

196

Stihlberg,