CHEMOLITHOTROPHS:

- Hydrogen oxidation.

Ralstonia (Alcalignenes) eutropha

Ralstonia (eutropha) metallidurans

Ralstonia (eutropha) metallidurans

Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus:carboxydotroph and N2 fixer.

Dinitrogenase reductase is oxygen-resistant, SOD-like enzyme receiving electrons from superoxide anion.

Desulfotignum phosphitoxidans

CHEMOLITHOTROPHS:

- Sulfur oxidation.

Beggiatoe sp.

Filamentous freshwater sulfur oxidizers of sewage.

Beggiatoe sp.

Beggiatoa sp.

Beggiatoa sp.

Beggiatoa sp.

Beggiatoa sp.

Thiothrix

Thiothrix sp.

Leucothrix sp.

Thiobacillus neapolitanus

carboxysomes

Habitat of thermophilic Archaea.

Sulfatara (Emarald Spring))

Black smokers)

Achromatium: elemental sulfur and calcium carbonate granules.

Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

Pyrodictium sp.

Tube worms (Riftia pachyptila)

Symbiosis with sulfur oxidizer (thioendosymbiont) in trophosome tissue.

Anatomy of Riftia pachyptila.

Trophosome tissue of Tube worm.

Sulfur oxidizers (thioendosymbiont) in trophosome tissue of Tube worm (Riftia pachyptila).

Groundwater Contamination via Sewer Infiltration and Overflow

Sewer Corrosion Control

Thioguard® Corrosion Control Crown Spray(inexpensive, modified magnesia slurry)

CHEMOLITHOTROPHS:

- Iron oxidation.

Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

Sphaerotilus sp.

Gallionella ferruginea

Leptothrix cholodnii

Leptothrix discophora

Leptothrix ochracea

Siderocapsa sp.

Thiobacillus-type [rods] in yellow floc from acid water

Sphaerotilus natans in floc.

Sphaerotilus natans

Drainage from acid bog.

Drainage from acid bog.

Bog iron.

Mount Emmons Iron Bog, Gunnison, CO.

Bingham Canyon copper mine: leaching of copper ore by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.

Drainage from mine.

CHEMOLITHOTROPHS:

- Nitrogen oxidation.

Science 2 September 2011, 333 p12821285

Nitrosococcus oceani

Nitrobacter winogradskyi

Nitrosomonas sp.

Nitrosomonas sp.

CHEMOLITHOTROPHS(anaerobic respiration):

- Sulfur oxidation / nitrogen reduction.

Beggiatoa sp.

Thioploca (marine sulfur oxidizer)

Science 2001 (20 July) 293 p484-487.

CHEMOLITHOTROPHS(anaerobic respiration):

- Nitrogen oxidation / nitrogen reduction.

Nature 1999 (29 July) 300 p446-449.

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of purified anammox cells. Identical field viewed by: a, phase contrast microscopy; b, epifluorescence microscopy with cells stained with the general DNA stain DAPI; and c, epifluorescence after hybridization with anammox organism 16S rRNA-sequence based, Cy3-labelled probe S-G-Amx-1015-a-A-18 (5'-GAT ACC GTT CGT CGC CCT-3') at 20% (v/v) formamide. Bar marker is 5 µm.

A central membrane-bounded ribosome-free zone (Z),

A membrane-bounded ribosome-rich region (R)

The fibrillar nucleoid (N)

Molecular mechanism of anaerobic ammonium oxidation

Boran Kartal,Wouter J. Maalcke, Naomi M. de Almeida, Irina Cirpus, Jolein Gloerich, Wim Geerts, Huub J. M. Op den Camp, Harry R.Harhangi, Eva M. Janssen-Megens,

Kees-Jan Francoijs, Hendrik G. Stunnenberg, Jan T. Keltjens1, Mike S. M. Jetten

& Marc Strous

Nature 3 November 2011, 479 p127-130

Nature 3 November 2011, 479 p127-130