Chemistry, Part I Human Anatomy and Physiology I Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson.
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Transcript of Chemistry, Part I Human Anatomy and Physiology I Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson.
![Page 1: Chemistry, Part I Human Anatomy and Physiology I Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062417/5518ba2b55034638098b465c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chemistry, Part IHuman Anatomy and Physiology IOklahoma City Community College
Dennis Anderson
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I. Matter and EnergyI. Matter and Energy
Slide 2.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• A. Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass (weight)
• B. Energy – the ability to do work
• 1. Chemical
• 2. Electrical
• 3.Mechanical
• 4.Radiant
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Matter• Anything that takes up space and has mass
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Elements
•Carbon (C)•Nitrogen (N)•Oxygen (O)•Hydrogen (H)
One Kind of MatterThe Fundamental units of matter
96% of the body is made from four elements
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CompoundTwo or more elements combined together
•Carbon Dioxide•Sodium Chloride•Water
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Atom
Minute particles that make up matter
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Atomic Model
Proton
Neutron
Electron
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Atomic StructureAtomic Structure
Slide 2.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Nucleus
• Protons (p+)
• Neutrons (n0)
• Outside of nucleus
• Electrons (e-)
Figure 2.1
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Subatomic Particles
ChargeAtomicMass Unit
Proton Positive One
Neutron Neutral One
Electron Negative Near Zero
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Atomic Number
• Hydrogen = 1• Carbon = 6• Oxygen = 8
Number of Protons
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Protons = Electrons
Protons Electrons
Hydrogen 1 1
Carbon 6 6
Oxygen 8 8
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Atomic Mass Number
Number of Protons and Neutrons
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Hydrogen
• Atomic Number = 1• Atomic Mass Number = 1
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Hydrogen Atom
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First Energy LevelTwo Electrons Maximum
First Energy Level
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Second Energy LevelEight Maximum
Second Energy Level
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Third Energy LevelStable with Eight Electrons
Third EnergyLevel
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Inert ElementsInert Elements
Slide 2.11Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Have complete valence shells and are stable
• Rule of 8s• Shell 1 has 2
electrons
• Shell 2 has 8 electrons
• 10 = 2 + 8
• Shell 3 has 18 electrons
• 18 = 2 + 8 + 8Figure 2.4a
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Reactive ElementsReactive Elements
Slide 2.12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Valence shells are not full and are unstable
• Tend to gain, lose, or share electrons
• Allows for bond formation, which produces stable valence
Figure 2.4b
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Carbon• Atomic Number = 6• Atomic Mass Number = 12
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Carbon Atom
6+ 60
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Oxygen• Atomic Number = 8• Atomic Mass Number = 16
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Oxygen Atom
8+ 80
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Isotope
An atom of an element with a different number of neutrons than other atoms of the same element
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Isotopes of Carbon
• Carbon 12 6 Neutrons• Carbon 13 7 Neutrons• Carbon 14 8 Neutrons• Carbon 15 9 Neutrons
Each Carbon has 6 protons
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Atomic WeightAverage of the mass numbers of all
the isotopes of an element
Atomic Weight of Carbon = 12.01
Average Mass Numbers of Carbon 12,13,14 and 15
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Radioactive Isotopes• Break down at a constant rate
–Half Life
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Uses for Isotopes• Carbon 14 for dating the age of
skeletons• PET scan• Iodine isotope for thyroid studies• Cobalt isotope for cancer treatment
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Sodium• Atomic Number = 11• Atomic Mass Number = 23
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Sodium Atom
11+ 120
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Chlorine• Atomic Number = 17• Atomic Mass Number = 35
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Chlorine Atom
17+ 180
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17+ 180
11+ 120
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Sodium Ion Na+
Lost an Electron
11+ 120
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Chloride Ion Cl-
17+ 180
Gained an Electron
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Ion
An Atom or Molecule With a Charge
Formed by
-Gaining electrons
-Losing electrons
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Ionic Bond
Cl-Na+
Chemical bond formed by the attraction of opposite charges
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Chemical Bond
Force that holds atoms together in a molecule
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Anion: Ion with a - ChargeCation: Ion with a + Charge
• Regulate water balance• Regulate acid-base balance• Form essential minerals
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MoleculeTwo or More Atoms (Ions) Joined
Together
Cl-Na+
Sodium Chloride
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Hydrogen Atoms
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Electrons Shared
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Covalent BondFormed by Sharing Electrons
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Covalent Bond
H H
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Four Covalent Bonds in Carbon
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Structural Formula
HC
H
HH
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Carbon Chain
C
H
HH C
H
HC
H
HC
H
HC
H
HC
H
HH
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Water Molecule
+ +
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Some Hydrogens Leave
+ +
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Electron Stays with Water
+ +
Electron
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+ +
Hydroxide Ion
Hydrogen Ion
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Water
HOH
H+ OH-
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Water
The number of
Equals the number of
H+
OH-
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AcidChemical That Releases Excess Hydrogen Ions
HCl Cl-+H+
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Base
OH-+Na+
Chemical That Releases Excess Hydroxide Ions
NaOH
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pH Scale
01 2 3
78654
1411109 1312
OH-
H+
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01 2 3
78654
1411109 1312
Hydrogen Ions =Hydroxide Ions
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01 2 3
78654
1411109 1312
BaseAcid
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01 2 3
78654
1411109 1312
Stomach Skin Blood
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End of Part I