Chemistry of Crudes- Dr y k Sharma
Transcript of Chemistry of Crudes- Dr y k Sharma
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CHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OILS
BY
DR.Y.K.SHARMA
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THE CRUDE EVALUATION LAB IS ONE OF THEHEART LABORATORIES OF THE INSTITUTE .
EVALUATION OF CRUDE OILS
♦ TO ASSESS THE YIELD AND PHYSICO -CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (MAINACTIVITY )
♦ TO EVALUATE THE CRUDE OILS & ITSPETROLEUM PRODUCTS FOR THE
INDIGENOUS AS WELL AS THE IMPORTEDCRUDE OILS .THE DATA GENERATED AREVERY MUCH USEFUL
♦ TO ASSESS THE QUALITY AND POTENTIALOF THE CRUDE OILS AND ITS PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS .
AN INTRODUCTIONOF
CRUDE EVALUTION LAB
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♦ TO DESIGN THE GRASS ROOT REFINERY
♦ TO STUDY THE CHANGE IN THE QUALITY OF THECRUDE OVER A PERIOD OF TIME
♦ TO OPTIMISE THE PRODUCTION PATTERN ,SELECTION AND DESIGNING OF SECONDARYCONVERSION UNITS .
♦ TO UNDERSTAND THE QUALITY OF THEPRODUCTS SO THAT THE PRODUCTS CAN BEMARKETED WELL WITHIN THE SPECIFICATIONSLIMITS
♦ TO SUGGEST THE REQUIRED SECONDARYPROCESSES TO MEET THE MARKET DEMAND .
♦ THE LABORATORY IS WELL EQUIPPED WITH ALLTHE MODERN INSTRUMENTS FOR ASSESSINGTHE QUALITY OF THE PRODUCTS MORE
PRECISELY .
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CHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OILS
PETROLEUM: THE WORD P ETROLEUM ISDERIVED FROM THE P ETRA -R OCK ANDOLEUM-O ILS .HENCE IT CAN BE DEFINE AS
NATURAL OCCURING ORGANIC MATERIALCOMPOSED OF MAINLY BY HYDROCARBONS ,IN GASEOUS AND LIQUID STATE .
CRUDE OILS :CRUDE OIL IS A COMPLE MI TURE OFHYDROCARBONS , ( I.E . P ARAFFIN !S ,NAPHTHENES & AROMATICS )BROWNISH BLACK IN COLOUR ANDCOLLOIDAL IN NATURE .
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HETEROCOMPOUNDS OF O YGEN , SULPHURAND NITROGEN TRACE METALS LIKE NI, V,F", AND C".
P HYSICALLY CRUDE OILS CAN VARY FROMLIGHT , MOBILE , STRAIN COLOURED LIQUIDSCONTAINING LARGE PROPORTION OF EASILY
DISTILLABLE MATERIAL TO HIGHLY VISCOUS ,SEMI SOLID BLACK SUBSTANCES WITH VERYLITTLE MATERIAL THAT CAN BE RECOVEREDBY DISTILLATION .
IMPURITIES:
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ELEMENTAL COMPOSITIONOF
CRUDE OILS (#WT)CARBON $%. -$'.$
H YDROGEN
. - *.S ULFUR . '-$.(MORE THAN +# IN HEAVY MISSISIPPI OR ME ICAN CRUDES , MIDDLE EAST -+#)
NITROGEN . - .( . - . # IN CALIFORNIAN &SOUTH
AMERICAN CRUDE )
O YGEN . $- .$
METALS . - . *
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M /0 C1023/34"032 15 C647" O/8
H YDROCARBONS
(C OMPOUNDS COMPOSED OF C & HACCOUNT FOR + # OF THE MATERIAL )
CARBON NO .DISTRIBUTIONS IN DISTILLATES
NATURAL GAS P ARAFFINS C -C * GASOLINE P ARAFFINS , C +-C
AROMATICS & NAPHTHENES KEROSINE DO C -C $
GAS O IL DO C $-C $
VGO DO C $-C *
RESIDUE ASPHALTIC C * ONWARDS
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Base of the Crude Oil
1 !EY FR"CTIO# METHOD
S$ %r "t &'(&' oF
Fr 1 Fr)
*)+',)-+oC. *)-+,/''
oC.
0' H2
B"SE
P ' 3)+1 or less ' 3-&) or less
I ' 3)+1,' 3&') ' 4/0 to ' 3-&)
# ' 3&') or hea5ier ' 4/0 or hea5ier
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) CH"R"CTERI6"TIO# F"CTOR
3√TB!uo$ = -----------------------
Sp.Gr. 60/60 oFTB = Mean Av. Boiling Point in Degree Rankin(a S!ppo"e #e $ave %r!&e a""a' &i"tillation &ata
BP 300oF
)0* ++0 o
FFBP ),0 oF
)0* &ata i" availa le t$en #e "$o!l& on"i&er ita" ol!1e Average Boiling Point ( ABP
ABP = ++0 oF
FBP , BP ),0 , 300Slope o t$e %!rve=---------------- = ------------- 200 200
= ., o
F *
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TB(Mean Average Boiling Point an e&eter1ine& ro1 t$e !rve #$i $ "$o#"&i eren e to e a&&e& to ABP in 4 a5i" v"Slope o t$e a""a' in a5i".
Fro1 t$e !rve t$i" &i eren e o1e" -6o
Ft$ere ore TB(Mean Average Boiling Point= ++07 ( , 6 = +3+oFTB in Degree Rankin = +3+7+60=,8+( T09T)0 9T,0 &ata are availa le
ABP = (T 097T)0 79T,0 / 3Slope = (T :0 , T20 / 60;it$ t$i" "lope #e al !late t$e &i eren e to ea&&e& #it$ ABP.( T209T)0 9T80 are availa le t$an
ABP = (T 207 T )0 7 T 80 / +
Slope = (T :0 , T20 / 60Re"t o t$e pro e&!re i" "a1e a" a ove .BAS<P 2 .2I 22.)-2 .2#
22.) >?P #a" Propo"e& in 283: ' >?P
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/ . BMCI(a P@ PS %ARB? M
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0 8ISCOSITY %R"8ITY CO#ST"#T
1' 2 , 1 '-+) lo2 *8,/3.8%C 9 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1' , lo2 *8,/3.:here as
2 9 S$ %r &'(&' oF
8 9 S U S 8is;osit<
B"SE
P ' 3',' 3/
I ' 3/,' 33
# ' 33,' 4+
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HYDROCARBONS:THE COMPOUNDS OF CARBON ANDHYDROGEN
GENERAL FORMULA : C 0H 09
0 ; , ,%.......... ; , ,- ,-*,-'.......... - %
NORMAL ALKANES OR N-PARAFFINS:S ATURATED ALIPHATIC NORMAL CHAINCOMPOUNDS CONSTITUTING HOMOLOGUSSERIES OF GENERAL FORMULA C 0H 09 .
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F?RM> A C B? G P? T RA G<?F
D FF DS
COMPOUNDS FORMULA BOILINGP OINT OC
ETHANE (C 2H6) -88.6P ROPANE (C 3H8) -42.
N-B UTANE (C 4H ! ) -!."N-P ENTANE (C " H 2 ) 36.N-H E#ANE (C 6H 4 ) 68.8N-H EPTANE (C $H 6 ) %8.4
N-O CTANE (C 8H 8 ) 2".$ N-N ONANE (C %H2! ) "!.% N -D ECANE (C ! H22 ) $4.! N-U NDECANE (C H24 ) %".8 N-D ODECANE (C 2 H26 ) 2 6.3 N-T RIDECANE (C 3 H28 ) 234.!
&' .
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C11?" (C ' ):
• THE COMPOUNDS ABOVE (C ' H%*) /.". N -
C ETANE ARE SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
AND SIMILAR IN NATURE TO PARAFFIN WA .
• UPTO (C * H$ ) /.". TETRACONTANE
• BEYOND UPTO (C ).(IN FEW CASES)
• P ARAFFINS ARE LOW IN HEAVY GRADED OILS
• UPTO %+ # IN LIGHT CRUDES (P ARAFFINIC IN
NATURE )
• R ELATIVELY NON REACTIVE & NON POLAR
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SIGNIFICANCE :• O IDATION OF (C $-C % ) N-PARAFFINS RESULTING FATTY
ACIDS FOR SOAP INDUSTRIES
• O IDATION OF (C -C *) N-PARAFFINS RESULTINGSECONDARY ALCOHOLS
• MONO -CHLOROPARAFFINS (C -C % ) AS CUTTING OILADDITIVES , PLASTICI@ERS AND FIRE RETARDANTCHEMICALS .
• S ULPHONATED N -PARAFFINS (C ' -C ) FORBIODEGRADABLE DETERGENTS
• P ARAFFIN WA
• FREE@ING POINT IN ATF
• COLD FLOW PROPERTIES OF DIESEL AND LUBES
• IGNITION QUALITY OF GASOLINE AND DIESESL FUELS .
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ISO PARAFFINS:
BRANCHED PARAFFINIC H DROCARBONS * ENERAL FORMULA OF N -PARAFFINS IS (C +-H2+,2 ).E. .ISO BUTANEISO PENTANE &' .
• (C 4-C 33 ) HAVE BEEN ISOLATED INPETROLEUMS
• P REDOMINANT MEMBERS CARR THESIMPLEST T PE OF SIDE CHAIN .&. CH 3
• HI*HEST CONCENTRATION OF 2- METH LE ALKANES IN (C 6-C 8) RAN*E .
• DI AND TRI SUBSTITUTED ARE LESS ABUNDANT AND ARE MAINL PRESENT INHI*HER BOILIN* FRACTIONS .
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SIGNIFICANCE:ISO PARAFFINS
MOST DESIRABLE COMPONENTS FOR THE
• * ASOLINE (DUE TO HI*H O CTANE NO .)• ATF • LUBRICATIN* OIL
HI*HL) BRANCHED ISOMERS AREUNDESIRABLE IN DIESEL FUEL .
NAPHTHENES
S ATURATED COMPOUNDS
APPEARS AS A RIN* STRUCTURES AND ALSOKNOWN AS CLOSE CHAIN OR C)CLICSATURATED COMPOUNDS . G ENERAL FORMULA (C 0-H 09 )- RN
RN / NUMBER OF NAPHTHENIC RIN*S .
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IN CRUDE OIL NAPHTHENES ARE PRESENT ABOUT "! 0
B) WEI*HT AND ITS 1UANTIT) IS HI*HER IN HEAVIER
FRACTIONS . T HE) OCCUR
• NAPHTHA
• PREDOMINATED IN MOST OF THE GAS OILS
• LUBRICATING OILS
•C
HEMICALLY HIGHLY STABLE HYDROCARBONS.
NAPHTHENES PRESENT IN THE CRUDE OILS AS
• C)CLOPENTANE
• C)CLOHE#ANE THEIR ALK)LATED DERIVATIVES
• C)CLOHEPTANE (B.P 8 OC) HAS ALSO BEEN
IDENTIFIED IN PETROEUM PRODUCTS .
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AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS:
UNSATURATED C CLIC H DROCARBONS
GENERAL FORMULA (C 0 -H ,0-' ) & (C ,0 -H ,0-(, ).
• AROMATICS ARE FOUND ABOUT " 0 BWEI*HT IN CRUDE OILS
• PRESENT AS DERIVATIVES OF BEN ENE ANDPOL NUCLEAR AROMATIC H DROCARBONS(BOTH CONDENSED AND NON CONDENSEDT PES ) AND THEIR HOMOLO*UES .
• THESE H DROCARBONS ARE CHEMICALLREACTIVE AND CAN FORM BOTH SUBSTITUTION
OR ADDITION PRODUCTS• THUS BEHAVE AS SATURATED AS WELL ASUNSATURATED T PE OF H DROCARBONS .
• HI*H AMOUNTS OF POL C CLIC AROMATICS ARE PRESENT IN HEAV *AS OIL LUBRICATIN*OIL AND IN RESIDUES .
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SIGNIFICANCE:THE OCTANE NUMBER OF AROMATIC
H DROCARBONS ARE MUCH HI*HER THAN
PARAFFINS ISOPARAFFINS AND
C CLOPARAFFINS OF THE SAME CARBON
NUMBER THEREFORE AS RESULT OF
REFORMIN* THE NAPHTHA B INCREASIN*
THE CONCENTRATION OF AROMATICS OCTANE
NUMBER CAN BE BOOSTED .
NAPHTHENO AROMATICS
THESE ARE A KIND OF AROMATICH DROCARBONS IN WHICH AROMATIC RIN* ISFUSED WITH AN ALIC CLIC RIN* WITH
ALIPHATIC CHAINS .*&+&5 77 9 ; ' =?
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• #or al $araffi=s ha5e the least desira>le
?=o;?i=2 ;hara;teristi;s@ a=d these >e;o e
$ro2ressi5el< Aorse as the ole;ular At
i=;reases
• Iso,$araffi=s a=d =a$hthe=es ha5e hi2hero;ta=e tha= ;oores$o=di=2 =,$araffi=s@
• O;ta=e =u >er of iso$araffi=s i=;resse as the
de2ree of >ra=;hi=2 of the ;hai= is i=;reased
• Olefi=s ha5e ar?edl< hi2her o;ta=e =u >ers
tha= the ;orres$o=di=2 $araffi=s
• "ro ati;s ha5e the hi2hest o;ta=e =u >er for
the sa e =u >er of ;ar>o= ato s
EFFECT OF COMPOSITIO# O# OCT"#E #O
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O;ta=e =u >ers of all C- Ho=s
Ho=s O;ta=e =u >ers=,He$ta=e 6ero
),/@Di, eth
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@
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SULPHUR COMPOUNDS
S ULPHUR IS PRESENT IN CRUDE OILS ASH DROCARBON T PE AS WELL AS NON -H DROCARBON T PE .
IN CRUDE OILS IT VARIES FROM !. -3.! PERCENTB WEI*HT BUT VALUES UPTO $.! 0 SULPHUR
CONTENT OF CRUDE ARE ALSO KNOWN .
INDIAN CRUDES ARE SWEET IN NATURE CONTAIN ABOUT (!.!"-!.4 0 B WT.) OF SULPHUR .
NON HYDROCARBON TYPE SULPHUR
S ULPHUR IS ALSO FOUND IN CRUDE ASELEMENTAL SULPHUR AND AS H DRO*ENSULPHIDES .
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HYDROCARBON TYPE SULPHUR
S ULPHUR IS PRESENT WITH CARBON H DRO*EN .IT IS FOUND IN THE FORM OF
MERCAPTANS RSH
THIOPHENES C CLIC
SULPHUR COMPOUNDSS ULPHIDES RSR
DISULFIDES RSSR
IN LOW AND MEDIUM MOLECUALR WEI*HT RAN*E(UPTO C 2" ) IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH CARBON ANO# *EN WHERE AS IN HEAVIER FRACTIONS IT IS
ASSOCIATED WITH POL C CLIC MOLECULES WHICHMA ALSO CONTAIN NITRO*EN AND O# *EN .
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H2S (BP 6 .8) TO#IC DISTINCT ODOURPRESENT IN LI*HT PETROLEUM FRACTIONS ANDIN NATURAL *AS ACTS LIKE A WEEK MINERAL
ACID BUT CORROSIVE .THIOL OR MERCAPTANS ARE MORE ACIDICHI*HL VOLATILE AND HAVE DISA*REEABLEODOUR .
S ULPHIDES OR THIOETHERS AND DISULPHIDES ARE RELATIVEL UNSTABLE AND EASILCONVERTED BACK TO MERCAPTAN B HEATIN*THEM .
THIOPHENE AND ITS DERIVATIVE HAVEREASONABL *OOD THERMAL STABILIT .R EFININ* TECHNI1UES REDUCE SULPHIDEPRODUCTS DUE TO THEIR DISA*REEABLEODOUR CORROSIVENESS BECAUSE THEIRCOMBUSTION PRODUCES SULFUROUS ANDSULFURIC ANH DRIDE (SO 2 AND SO 3)
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EFFECTS OF SULPHUR COMPOUNDSIN CRUDE OIL:
SULPHUR COMPOUNDS ARE MOST UNDESIRABLCONSTITUENTS OF CRUDE OIL .
• CORROSIVE IN NATURE
• ACTS AS *UM PRECURSORS DURIN* STORA*E
• POLLUTION (TO#IC )
• INCREASES DEPOSITS IN EN*INE
• REDUCE LUBRICATIN* OIL LIFE• C AUSES WEAR IN EN*INES
• ACTS AS POISON CATAL ST DURIN
REFORMIN*
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APPLICATION OF SULPHUR COMPOUNDS:
S ULPHUR COMPOUNDS ARE NOT ALWA SHARMFUL TO THE PETROLEUM PRODUCTS . S OMETIME SULPHUR COMPOUNDS NATURALLPRESENT OR DELIBERATEL ADDED TO THEPETROLEUM FRACTIONS .S ULPHUR COMPOUNDS ACTS AS
♦ ANTI -O IDANTS
♦ ADDITIVE FOR HIGH PRESSURE LUBRICANTS
♦ DIESEL FUEL IGNITION QUALITY IMPROVER
♦ CETANE NO .IMPROVER
♦ CUTTING OIL IMPROVER
♦ DETERGENTS
♦ ASPHALT IMROVER
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ORGANO-NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
NITRO*EN COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN CRUDE OI*ENERALL LESS THAN SULPHUR COMPOUNDS IN
WEI*HT PERCENT .MOST OF THE CRUDES CONTAIN !.2 0 WT OFTOTAL NITRO*EN .NITRO*EN COMPOUNDS PRESENT AS BASIC ASWELL AS NONBASIC IN NATURE .
BASIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
• P RIDINE• 1 UINOLINE• ISO -1UINOLINE
NON BASIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
• P RROLE• INDOLE•
C ARBA OLE
• P ORPH RINES (P RROLE NUCLEUS )
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EFFECT OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN
CRUDE OIL
• N ITRO*EN COMPOUNDS ACTS
• P OISON TO THE CATAL ST DUE TO BASI
NITRO*ENOUS COMPOUND ADSORPTION ON
THE ACTIVE CENTRES OF THE CATAL ST .
• IT IS A TEMPORAR PHENOMENON .
• T HE COMPOUNDS ALSO IMPART ON THE
DETERIORATION OF THE COLOUR OF
PETROLEUM FRACTIONS .
• 1 UININE 1UINALIDINE DO NOT DECOMPOSE .
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O YGEN COMPOUNDS :O # *EN PRESENT IN THE CRUDE OIL IS RELATIVELLOW VAR IN* FROM TRACES TO MA#IMUM 2 0 BWEI*HT . I TS CONCENTRATION INCREASES WITHINCREASIN* THE BOILIN* POINT THEREFOREO# *EN CONTENT IS FOUND ABOUT 8 0 BWEI*HT .IN RESIDUAL OILS .
O YGEN PRESENTS AS• F ATT ACIDS
• N APHTHENIC ACIDS (M AINL OF C CLOPENATNE
C CLOHE#ANE ))
• P HENOLS
• IN A SPHALTENES AS BRID*E ATOM BETWEEN
POL C CLIC RIN*D
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EFFECT OF O YGEN COMPOUNDSINCRUDE OIL:
CORROSIVE IN NATURE AND CORRODE THEDISTILLATION UNIT .
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HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT NITROGEN &SULPHUR COMPOUNDS
THESE COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN THE CRUDE OIL AS A COMPLE# STRUCTURE KNOWN AS PORPH RINES .
* ENERALL THE ARE PRESENT IN TH
ASPHALTENES 3 RESINS .
A SPHALTENE MOLECULES PROBABL CONSIST OFSHEET COMPRISIN* OF SOME !-2! P ERICONDENSED AROMATIC RIN*S LINKED WITH THENAPHTHENIC AND PARAFFINIC *ROUPS .
A SPHALTENE MOLECULES FORM A**R*ATES
M ICELLES : M OLECULAR WEIGHT %),)))P ARTICLE : M OLECULAR WEIGHT %)))-()))).R ESINS POSSESS LOWER MOLECULAR WEI*HT
("!!- 2!!).
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METALLIC DERIVATIVES
• METALS FOUND IN THE ASH OF PEROLEU
RESIDUE . AND PEROLEUMFRACTIONS AS SUCH .
• ASSOCIATED IN THE BRINES WHICH IS EMULSIFIED
WITH OR AS SUCH IN CONTACT WITH THE CRUDE
OIL
• S ALTS OF OR*ANIC ACIDS PRESENT IN THE CRUDE
OIL PARTICULARL IN CASE OF NI CU V MA BE
PRESENT AS OR*ANIC PORPH RINS ALSO .• METALLIC CONCENTRATION IN THE CRUDES IS
VER OFTEN LESS THAN !. 0 WT .
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PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICSOF CRUDE OIL:
• BASIC PROPERTIES• DENSIT API• REID VAPOUR PRESSURE• LI*HT END ANAL SIS
• POUR POINT• VISCOSIT• WA# CONTENT• ASPHALTENES• CARBON RESIDUE• ASH CONTENT• DISTILLATION CHARACTERTISTICS•
BASE OF CRUDE OIL
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IMPURITIES:
• WATER CONTENT• SALT CONTENT
• BS W
• SULPHUR CONTENT
• NITRO*EN CONTENT
• INOR*ANIC AND TOTAL ACID VALUE
• TRACE METALS
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DENSITY 1 API GRAVITY:
MASS (M) DENSITY ; ------------ VOLUME (V)
DENSIT OF THE SAMPLE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY ; --------------------------- DENSIT OF THE WATER (AT SAME TEMPERATURE)
4 ." 1 API GRAVITY ; --------------- - 3 ."
SP.*R AT 6! 6! =F
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DENSITY BY DIGITAL DENSITO-METE
(ASTM-D 4!"2 IP36") FOR PETROLEUM
ITS FRACTION
DENSITY BY CAPILLARY STOPPRE
PYKNOMETER METHOD
(ASTM D-28$ IP- %!)
SIGNIFICANCE• WEI*HT TO VOLUME OR VICE VERS
CALCULATION.• CHACKN* THE CONSISTANC OF CRUD
SUPPL• CONTROL OF REFINER OPERATION• USED IN VARIOS CORRELATION• (BASE OF CRUDE OIL BMCI D.INDE# ND
METHODS ETC.• ALSO *IVES A IDEA ABOUT THE COS
ASSESSMENT OF THE CRUDE OIL
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REID VAPOUR PRESSURE (ASTM D-% % IP-' )DEFINED AS RELATIVE PERCENTA*E
OF*ASEOUS LI*HT H DROCARBONSIN CRUDE OIL.MEASURE OF HOW QUICKLY FUELEVAPORATES:ITS REDUCTION PROVIDES THEMA ORIT OF VOLATILE EMISSIONREDUCTIONS.COMPONENT RVP K C<
PROPANE 4.BUTANE 6.6
CRUDE OIL !.! -!.!"
FOR LPG POTENTIAL
LI*HT END ANAL SIS CARRIED OUT B*LC FOR PERCENTA*E DISTRIBUTIONOF H DROCARBONS UPTO C " .
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SIGNIFICANCE:
• ? AT T4 AFF
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• %? TR?
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FOUR CLASSES OF HYDROCARBONSUSUALLY PRESENT IN PETROLEUM:
• 0-ALKANES
(0-PARAFFINS,@ ; 9 )
• /-ALKANES (ISO PARAFFINS, @ ; 9 )
• ALKYL NAPHTHENES
(CYCLO PARAFFINS, @ ; ,- ,-* "3 .)
• AROMATICS ( @ ; -',-$,- "3 .)
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ALKANES:
A7 +&9 5& ';& 9 ':5 '&@ 7 &+&5 7
>=5?:7 C +H 2+,2.
• A7 +&9 5& 5=? C '= =:' C !! .
• T;& 5& 5&7 ' G&7 +=+-5& ' G& +@
+=+-5=? C 4 =+ 5@9 5&
9 9=?&59.
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POSSIBLE #UMBER OF ISOMERS OF
#ORM"L "L!"#ES:
C"RBO##UMBERS
=,"L!"#ES
B Pt*"t1 E .
#UMBER OFISOMERS
) 36 3, 2 ).6 2,
20 2:+.0 :)2 26.0 3))2) :0.6 +3+:0 3+3.8 36.6 20 +
) +02.: 36.: 20 6
30 ++8.0 +2.2 20 ,
3) +,,.8 +8.3 20 20
+0 ) 6 .+ 202
+) ))0 , . 20 2+
60 62).0 2.) 20 0
,0 6: .8 20)6.+ 20 ,
200 :0:., )8 0 20 36
Refere=;e K M.M.Bo&!"L'n"k'9
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POSSIBLE STRUCTURES OF NAPHTHENES
• ONE RING
• TWO RINGS
• THREE RINGS
• FOUR RINGS
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AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
DERIVATIVES OF BEN@ENE ANDPOLYNUCLEAR CONDENSED AROMATICS(HOMOLOGUES OF FOLLOWING SERIES)
• ALKYL AROMATICS(@ ; -')• ALKYL NAPHTHALENES(@ ; - )• TRINUCLEAR(@ ; - $)
• TETRA NUCLEAR(@ ; - )• PENTA NUCLEAR• ' OR RINGS STRUCTURES