Chemistry Module Form 4 (5)
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Transcript of Chemistry Module Form 4 (5)
-
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
79
CHAPTER 5 CHEMICAL BONDS
Atom of other
element that have
less than eight
valence electron
are not stable
Almost all chemical
substances exist as
compounds in nature
except inert gases
and other stable
element (such as
gold and silver).
Less stable atom
will tend to release,
accept or share
electron to
achieve the stable
electron
arrangement
of an inert gas.
All other elements
combine together to
achieve the stability by
forming duplet or octet
electron arrangement by
i) The transfer of electron
ii) Sharing of electron
Two types of chemical
bonds formed:-
i) ionic bonds
ii) covalent bond
Covalent Bond
Ionic Bond
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
80
Ionic Bond
Ionic bond formed
when metal atom
transfer electrons to
non-metal atom to
form ionic
compound.
Formation of
Cation
Formation of
Anion
Metal atom from
group 1,2 and 13
tend to released all
their valence
electrons.
Non-Metal atom
from group 15, 16
and 17 tend to
accept the
electrons.
Example:
Draw the formation
of sodium ion.
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
81
1. Draw the formation of the following cations:
a) Potassium ion
b) Magnesium ion
c) Aluminium ion
Exercise
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
82
2. Draw the formation of the following anions:
a) Chloride ion
b) Oxide ion
c) Nitride ion
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
83
Formation of Ionic Compound
Example: Formation of Sodium Chloride, NaCl
[Write in general about the formation of ionic compound]
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
84
1. Explain the formation of ionic compound below:
a) Lithium fluoride
b) Magnesium oxide
Exercise
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
85
c) Calcium chloride
d) Aluminium oxide
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
86
2. Draw the formation of the following ionic compound:
a) Lithium fluoride
b) Magnesium oxide
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
87
c) Calcium chloride
d) Aluminium oxide
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
88
Ionic Equations
Equation that represent the formation of ionic compounds are
known as ionic equation.
Example:
a) Formation of sodium chloride, NaCl
i) Chemical Equation :
ii) Half-ionic Equation :
b) Formation of Magnesium oxide, MgO
i) Chemical Equation :
ii) Half-ionic Equation :
1. Write an ionic equation of the following compound
a) Lithium fluoride
b) Magnesium chloride
c) Aluminium oxide
Exercise
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
89
1. Atom X and Y each have proton numbers of 3 and 8. What is
the ionic compound formula formed between atoms X and Y?
2. Complete each of the following table:
Atom Proton
Number
Electron
Arrangement
Ionic
Formula Atom
Proton
Number
Electron
Arrangement
Ionic
Formula
Compound
Formula
A 3 B 9
1 C 11 D 8
2 E 12 F 17
3 G 20 H 9
4 I 19 J 17
5 K 13 L 8
6 M 13 N 17
Exercise
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
90
Covalent Bond
Covalent bond is the
chemical bond
formed through the
sharing of electron
between two or more
non metal atom to
form covalent
compound.
Three types of covalent
bonds:
single covalent bond
( sharing one pair of e )
double covalent bond
( sharing two pairs of e )
triple covalent bond
( sharing three pairs of e )
Single Covalent Bond
Example:
Draw the formation of chlorine gas.
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
91
Double Covalent Bond
Example:
Draw the formation of oxygen gas.
Triple Covalent Bond
Example:
Draw the formation of nitrogen gas.
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
92
1. Draw the formation of the following compound.
a) water
b) Carbon dioxide
Exercise
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
93
c) Ammonia
b) Tetrachloromethane , CCl4.
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
94
Determine the Formula of Covalent Compound
Guideline:
1. State the electron configuration of atoms.
- Make sure electron valence for both atoms is either 4, 5, 6, and 7.
2. Determine the number of electrons needed to achieve stability.
3. Write the number of electron needed to achieve stability at the
below right corner of each atom.
4. Cross the number.
Example:
If atom P has 8 protons and atom Q has 9 protons, determine the
formula of the covalent compound formed.
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
95
1. Atoms K and S each have a proton number of 6 and 8
respectively. What is the formula of the covalent compound
which is formed by K and S?
2. Complete the table below to show the formulae of compounds
which are formed.
Atom Proton
number
Electron
config. Atom
Proton
number
Electron
config.
Compound
formula
A 6 2.4 B 9 2.7 AB4
C 6
D 16
E 7
F 1
G 1
H 8
I 6
J 17
K 6
L 8
Exercise
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
96
Comparison between the formation of the ionic bond and the
covalent bond
IONIC BOND COVALENT BOND
Similarity
Differences
Formation
Particles
Force of
Attraction
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
97
The following figure compares and contrasts the properties
of ionic compound and covalent compound
IONIC COMPOUND COVALENT COMPOUND
PROPERTIES
Physical State
Melting &
Boiling point
Solubility
Electric
Conductivity
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
98
1. (a) Table 1.1 shows the proton number of three elements, X, Y, and
Z. The letters used do not represent the actual symbols of the
elements.
Element Proton Number
X 6
Y 12
Z 17
Table 1.1
i) Write the electron arrangement of:
Atom Y : _______________________________________________
The ion of Z : ___________________________________________
ii) Write the formula of the compound formed between
elements Y and Z.
________________________________________________________
iii) Element X reacts with element Z to form a covalent
compound with a formula XZ4. State two physical
properties of this compound.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
i) Draw the electronic structure of the compound XZ4.
Exercise
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5
99
(b) Table 1.2 shows some physical properties of two compounds, U
and V.
Compound Melting pt
(oC)
Boiling pt
(oC)
Solubility in
water
Solubility in
organic
solvent
U 800 1 420 Soluble Insoluble
V - 95 86 Insoluble Soluble
Table 1.2
i) State the physical state of the following compound at room
condition.
U : _______________________________________________________
V : _______________________________________________________
ii) State the type of compound for U.
__________________________________________________________
iii) Explain why melting point and boiling point of compound U is
higher than V?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________