Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot...

40
Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment

Transcript of Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot...

Page 1: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Chemistry

J. Cauthers

Living Environment

Page 2: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.
Page 3: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Atoms

• Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter.

• Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Page 4: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Basic Definitions

• ELEMENT - Substance made from only one type of atom - E.g. Calcium Ca

• COMPOUNDS: made from two or more different atoms and joined chemically in definite proportions– E.g. Carbon Dioxide CO2

Page 5: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Inside and Atom

• Nucleus – Protons (+)– Neutrons (0)

• Isotopes have different #s of neutrons and some are radioactive

• Orbitals– Electrons (-)

• Give atoms their unique properties

Page 6: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds

All chemical compounds are broken into two categories:

1) Organic compounds

2) Inorganic Compounds

Page 7: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Organic Compounds

Always contain:

Carbon and Hydrogen

Page 8: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Organic Compounds cont.

Other elements found in organic compounds include:

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Sulfur

Page 9: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Organic Compounds

Most common elements to appear in organic compounds are:

CHNOPS!!!

Page 10: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Inorganic Compounds

Any compound that isn’t organic

Note: Some contain carbon!!! (CO2)

Page 11: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Agua!!!

Why do we need to talk about water in a class about biology?

Life would not exist were it not for water.

Page 12: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Water

Equation for water is H2O

Is water an organic, or inorganic compound?

Inorganic (no carbon)

Page 13: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Brita

Water is called a POLAR MOLECULE (a partial + and – charge)

The positive end of one water molecule (H end) will be attracted to the negative end of another water molecule (O end).

Page 14: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Pûr

- + - +

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Page 15: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Polar Properties

Cohesion: attraction between water molecules.

Surface tension: holds drops of water together especially at surface.

Page 16: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Perrier

Surface tension in action:

Page 17: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Joe Water

Surface tension again:

Page 18: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Heavy Water (deuterium)

Page 19: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

ADHESION attraction of one substance to another

Explains why water is such a good solvent…other substances (polar ones) are attracted to water.

Polar Properties

Page 20: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Adhesion accounts for capillary action or capillarity.

Capillary action : water rises up any narrow space due to attraction with the substance it is interacting with (i.e. glass, or plant roots.)

Page 21: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Acids and Bases

• Water and other compounds can break apart and form ions in solution

• Acids give off H+ ions

• Bases give off OH- ions

Page 22: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

pH

• Concentration of H+ ions

• More H+ ions the lower the pH

• Acids – pH 1<7

• Bases – pH >7-14

• Neutral = ~7

Page 23: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.
Page 24: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Organic Compounds

• Four Types– Carbohydrates– Proteins– Lipids– Nucleic Acids

Page 25: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Carbohydrates

• Building blocks: sugars• Contain C, H and O in a ratio of 2H:1O• Main source of energy• Structural purposes • Long chains form starches• Plants store extra as starch

– Think potatoes!

• Animals store extra as glycogen in liver

Page 26: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Starch

Page 27: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides – single sugars– Glucose, fructose

• Disaccharides – two sugars– Maltose, Sucrose

• Polysaccharides – many sugars– Starch, cellulose

Page 29: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Proteins

• Building Blocks: amino acids• Contain: C, H, O, N• Control rate of reactions• Regulate cell processes• Form bones and muscles• Transport substances in or out of cells• Help to fight disease

Page 30: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Proteins

• Form 3D structures by folding

• Form enzymes- regulate reactions

Page 31: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Amino Acids

Page 32: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Lipids

• Building Blocks: Glycerol, 3Fatty acids

• Contain: C, H, and O

• Stored energy

• Part of cell membrane

• Steroids and chemical messengers

• E.g. - Fats, oils and waxes

Page 33: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Saturated – only single bonds between C and H

Unsaturated – at least one double bond between C and H

Page 34: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Nucleic Acids

• Building blocks: Nucleotides– 5 C sugar – nitrogenous base– Phosphorus

• Contain C, H, O, N and P

• Store and transmit genetic info

Page 35: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Nucleic Acids

• Two types– DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

• Sugar is deoxyribose• Inside nucleus• Double stranded

– RNA – Ribonucleic acid• Sugar is ribose• Involved with protein synthesis• Single stranded

Page 36: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Enzymes

• Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

• Lower energy need to get reaction going (Activation energy)

• Made of proteins

Page 37: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.
Page 38: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Catalyzed Reactions

Page 39: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Enzymes again…

•The object enzymes work upon are called substrates.

•Specific to the object they work upon

•Most enzymes are named according to what they work upon.

•Naming: change the ending of the substrate name to –ase

Page 40: Chemistry J. Cauthers Living Environment Atoms Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter. Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.

Enzyme Naming

Substrate Enzyme

Maltose ??

Sucrose ??

Lipid ??