Chemistry Forn 5 Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

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    CHAPTER 2 : CARBON COMPOUNDS

    Carbon compounds can be classified as organic carbon compounds and

    inorganic carbon compounds.Hydrocarbon compounds are organic compoundsthat contain only carbon and hydrogen elements that bond together by

    covalent bonds.There are two types of hydrocarbon compounds which aresaturated hydrocarbon compounds and unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds.

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    Table 11.1 Comparison between organic and inorganic carbon compounds

    Table 11.2 Comparison between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarboncompounds

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    Table 11.3 Functional groups of several homologous series

    Table 11.4 General formulae of homologous series.

    Alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon compound with a general formula ofCnH2n+2 whereby n = 1,2,3,...All alkanes burn completely, in excess

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    oxygen,O2,to form carbon dioxide,CO2,and water,H2O.When a mixture of alkane andhalogen such as chlorine,CI2 and bromine,Br2, is exposed to sunlight or ultraviolet rays,thehydrogenatoms in the alkane moleciles are replaced by the halogen atoms.Therefore,asubstitution reactions occurs.

    Table 11.5 Molecular formulae for the first ten alkane members

    Table 11.6 Nomenclature of the first ten alkane members

    Long-chained alkanes can be broken into shorter-chained alkanes and

    alkenes via the industrial process of cracking.Alkane is an unsaturated

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    hydrocarbon compound that has a double bond between two carbons

    atoms,C=C.

    Table 11.7 Structural formulae of the first ten members of straight-chainalkanes

    Alkenes can be represented by a general formula of CnH2n whereby n =

    2,3,4...An addition reaction(bromination) occurs when an alkene is shaken with

    bromine water.

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    Table 11.8 Nomenclature of the first nine members of alkenes

    Table 11.9 Guidelines when drawing the structural formula of straight-chain

    alkenes.

    When a mixture of alkene gas and hydrogen,H2,gas is passed over a nickel (orplatinum) catalyst that is heated at 180C,an addition reaction(hydrogenation) occurs.

    When a mixture of alkene gas and steam,H2O, is passed throygh acatalyst of phosphoric acid,H3PO4, at a temperature of 300C,and at a pressure of 60atmospheres,an addition reaction(hydration) occurs.

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    Table 11.10 Physical properties of alkenes.

    An addition reaction occurs when a mixture of alkene gas and hydrogen

    halide,such as hydrogen bromide,HBr,reacts at room temperature.When analkene is shaken with acidified potassium manganate(VII),KMnO4,solution,anaddition reaction(oxidation) occurs.

    Table 11.11 Similar physical properties of alkanes and alkenes

    Alkene molecules can combine to produce polymer through the addition

    reactions.Both alkane and alkene are insoluble in water, less dense than water,and burns in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and

    water.Hexene,C6H12,burns with a more sooty flame comparedto

    hexane,C6H14 .

    Isomerism is an occurance when two or more compound molecules have the

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    same molecular formula but different structural formulae.Alkane shows

    isomerism that begins from butane while alkene shows isomerism that beginsfrom butene.

    Table 11.12 Alkyl group that is derived from a matching alkane name

    Alcohol is an organic compound that has a hydroxyl,-OH,fuctional

    group.Alcohol can be represented by a general formula of CnH2n+1OH wherebyn =1,2,3...Alcohol shows isomerism beginning from proponal.

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    Table 11.13 Molecular formulae of the first ten alcohol members

    Table 11.14 Nomenclature of the first ten alcohol members.

    In industry,ethanol is produced from the addition reaction or the

    hydration of ethene.The mixture of ethene vapour and steam is passedthrough a catalyst of phosphoric acid, H3PO4 at a temperature of 300C and iscompressed at a pressure of 60 atmospheres.

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    Ethanol can be produced through the fermentation process on a

    carbohydrate source in the laboratory.Fermentation is the decompositionprocess of carbohydrates to form ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide by

    yeast.

    Distillation process needs to be carried out the fermantationprocess.Ethanol is a liquid that is colourless at room temperature,neutral,pungent,easily vaporised,flammable,and can be mixed with water.

    Ethanol can be changed to ethene through the dehydrationreaction.Ethanol can be changed to ethanoic acid when heated with acidified

    potassium dichromate(VI) solution.An oxidation reaction occurs.

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    Table 11.15 Chemical properties of ethanol and other alcohol members

    When ethanol is heated under reflux with an organic acid like ethanoicacid,CH3COOH and concentrated sulphuric acid which acts as a catalyst,an

    esterification reaction occurs.

    Ethanol reacts with reactive metals such as sodium and potassium to

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    release hydrogen.Alcohol can be used as fuel, in the manufacture of

    medicine,cosmetics and artificial food flavourings.Excessive consumption ofalcohol (ethanol) can affect one's health.

    Table 11.16 Some uses of alcohol

    Carboxylic acid is a homologous series that has a general formula of

    CnH2n+1COOH,whereby n=0,1,2,3,....Each carboxylic acid member contains afunctional group called the carboxyl,-COOH,group.

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    Ethanoic acid can be prepared in the laboratory by heating under refluxa mixture of ethanol and acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution.Ethanoicacid is a colourless liquid at room temperature,dissilves in water,and changes

    damp blue litmus to red (ph

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    Table 11.17 Anions of carboxylic acid salts

    Fats and oil are natural esters formed from the reaction between fatty

    acids and glycerol.Fatty acids are carboxylic acids that have a long carbon

    atom chain.The functional group of fatty acids is -COOH.Fats can beclassified as saturated and unsaturated fats.

    Table 11.18 Importance of oils and fats for the body processes

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    Saturated fats is a type of fat produced fromthe reaction between

    saturated fatty acids and glycerol.An example of saturated fatty acids arepalmitic acid,CH3(CH2)16COOH.Unsaturated fat is a type of fat produced

    from the reaction between unsaturated fatty acids and glycerol.

    The structure of oil palm fruit

    Examples of unsaturated fatty acids are, linoleic acid,

    CH3(CH2)4CH=CH2CH=CH(CH2)7 COOH and oleic

    acids,CH3(CH2)7 CH=CH(CH2)7COOH.Unsaturated fats from vegetable oils such as palm oil,can be changed to saturated fats such as margerine through the hydrogenation process. A

    big portion of the palm oil comes from oil extracted from its mesocarp.

    Natural rubber is soft,elastic and non-heat resistant.Rubber particles are

    made of rubber molecules that are covered with a protein membrane that has

    negative charges on its surface.

    Structure of vulcanised rubber

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    Rubber particles are made of rubber molecules that are covered with a

    protein membrane that has negative charges on its surface.Acids havehydrogen ions,H+, with a positive charge of the membrane which causes the

    coagulation of latex.

    Sequence of changing unvulcanised rubber to vulcanised rubber

    Coagulation of latex can be prevented by adding ammonia solution.The

    vulcanisation process is a process where sulphur is added to natural rubber to

    increase its toughness,elasticity and heat resistance.


Organic Compounds Carbon containing compounds Carbon containing compounds Form covalent Form covalent bonds with (usually) other carbon or hydrogen atoms.

Organic Compounds Carbon containing compounds Carbon containing compounds Form covalent Form covalent bonds with (usually) other carbon or hydrogen atoms.

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Carbon-based compounds

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2-3 Carbon Compounds. Carbon Compounds Organic chemistry – the study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.

2-3 Carbon Compounds. Carbon Compounds Organic chemistry – the study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.

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Organic Compounds Carbon compounds Made by living organisms A few carbon compounds are considered inorganic: carbon oxides, carbides, carbonates.

Organic Compounds Carbon compounds Made by living organisms A few carbon compounds are considered inorganic: carbon oxides, carbides, carbonates.

Carbon Compounds Lecture

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Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells. Organic Chemistry: Carbon Based Compounds A. Inorganic Compounds: Compounds without carbon. B. Organic Compounds: Compounds.

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2.3 Carbon compounds. Compounds can be classified into two categories. 1.Inorganic Compounds – Compounds with NO Carbon element in it. 2. Organic Compounds.

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Short Note Chemistry Forn 5-Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Short Note Chemistry Forn 5-Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

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