Chemistry Final Review. Gas Laws Assignment Chapter 14 Take the data and graph the three Gas Laws....
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Transcript of Chemistry Final Review. Gas Laws Assignment Chapter 14 Take the data and graph the three Gas Laws....
Gas Laws AssignmentChapter 14
• Take the data and graph the three Gas Laws.
-Can convert temperature data to Kelvin.
K = 273.15 + 0C
(kelvin) (celsius)
• Interpret the graph by answering the questions.
•Use the Gas Laws graphs to answer questions on the final.
•Due on Monday (5/14)
Measurement and Scientific Method:Precision vs. Accuracy
Label each picture as precise, accurate, both, or neither.
Bohr’s Model of the Atom
• The electron cloud consists of energy levels.
• Electrons reside and move around in these energy levels.
• Electrons can move to other energy levels when absorb photons.
Electron Movement
1.Ground state of H Atom (lowest energy level for e-)2.A photon (light particle) is absorbed by H’s electron. Electron becomes excited and jumps to higher energy
level.3. E- returns to ground state and emits (releases) the
photon.
Emitted photon’s wavelength can be detected by scientists.
(Infrared region at room temp; Visble region at higher temps.)
1. 2. 3.
Types of Chemical Reactions
1. Synthesis (A+ B ----> AB)
2. Decomposition (AB------> A + B)
3. Single Replacement (A+ BC ---> B + AC)
4. Double Replacement (AB + CD ---> CB + AD)
5. Combustion (CxHx + O2 ----> CO2 + H2O)
6. Neutralization (Acid + Base--> H2O + Salt)
Chemical Reactions Rates• Reaction Rates = how fast the reactants
chemically change into the products.
• Collision Theory: Reactant particles will form products when reactants collide:
- at the right position.
- and exchange the right amount of kinetic energy.
Chemical Quantities
number ofrepresentative
particles
mass
1 mol22.4L
22.4L1 mol
6.02 x 10 particles1 mol
23
6.02 x 10 particles231 mol
1 molmolar mass
molar mass1 mol
moles
volumeat STP
Metric and English Conversions
• Sara ran 2 miles in 16 minutes. How far did she run in kilometers? (1mi= 1600m)
Scientific Method
• Determine which of the following sets of data is most precise.
a. 2.5, 6.0, 4.0
b. 2.5, 3.0, 2.0
c. 2.5, 2.4, 2.3
Scientific Method
• A student wanted to know how temperature affected the rate of a chemical reaction. She observed and recorded the time it took for a chemical reaction to occur at three different temperatures.
What is the independent variable?
What is the dependent variable?
Calculating using Significant Figures
• How many significant figures are in the answer?
1.21 g x 0.50g =
Calculating using Signficant Figures
• How many significant figures are in the answer?
0.45m + 2.140m + 1.3g+ 4g =
Mixtures
• Determine if the following mixtures are heterogenous or homogenous mixtures.
a. Saltwater
b. Vegetable soup
Compounds
True or False: Compounds composition is always varied.
True or False: A compound’s properties are similar to the elements making up the compound.
Physical or Chemical Change
• Determine if the following are chemical or physical changes
a. Boiling water
b. Digesting food
c. Burning fire wood
d. Dissolving sugar in water
Atomic Theory
• Who believed matter consisted of air, wind, fire, and earth?
• Who was the first to propose that matter is composed of atoms?
Atomic Theory
• Who was the first person to confirm using the scientific method that matter was composed of atoms?
Atomic Subparticles
• Nitrogen is a neutral atom. It has 7neutrons and 7 electrons.
• What is Nitrogen’s number of protons?
• What is Nitrogen’s atomic number?
• What is Nitrogen’s mass number?
Atomic Subparticles
• Ca 2+ has a mass number of 40 and an atomic number of 20.
• How may protons does Ca 2+ have?
• How many electrons does Ca 2+ have?
• How many neutrons does Ca 2+ have?
Bell Ringer
• How many significant figures?
a. 0.040020____
b. 1.0200_____
c. 10,840______
d. 24.09/ 4.2______
e. 4.25 + 4.0 = ______
Isotope
• C-12 and C-13 are isotopes.
What subatomic particle has the same value with each isotope of carbon above?
What subatomic particle has different values with each isotope of carbon above?
Radioisotope
• What is a radioisotope?
• What are the three types of radioisotope particles we talked about?
Alpha ParticlesAlpha rays(α) = Emission of a He nucleus. • alpha particles are (+) charged .• large mass and charge prevents alpha particles from
traveling and penetrating far.
1.
parent decays α + daughter isotopeisotope particle (stable) (unstable) (He nucleus)
Nuclear Decay with α Particles
• Mass number decreases by four
• Atomic Number decreases by two
(Daughter isotope that is more stable)
Nuclear Decay: Beta Particles• Beta Rays (β) = A neutron breaks into a p+
and e-
• p+ remains in nucleus and e- is emitted.
• Beta rays have a (-) charge.
• Beta rays travel and penetrate farther because smaller charge and no mass.
Nuclear Decay with β particles
• Mass number remains the same
(proton switches with a neutron)
• Atomic number increases by one.
(proton formed in nucleus; stable daughter isotope).
Nuclear Decay: GammaGamma Rays(ϒ) = high energy particle with no mass or charge.Does not have a charge or mass, therefore travels and penetrates the farthest.Most dangerous rays because penetrates skin.Usually emitted with alpha and beta particles.
parent decays α + daughter isotope + ϒ
isotope particle (stable) (unstable) (He nucleus)
+ϒ
Nuclear Decay with ϒ rays
• Mass number remains the same
(ϒ rays has no mass)
• Atomic number remains the same
(ϒ rays has no mass or charge)