Chemistry e Brochure17 6956
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Transcript of Chemistry e Brochure17 6956
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Industrial gases inthe chemical industry
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Together w ith optim um supply of acom plete selection of gases, Lindeprovides the chem ical industry w ithcom prehensive know -how and
extensive supporting services: Process consulting, econom ic
feasibility studies
Advice on safety issues
Process design calculations
Experim ental investigations
D evelopm ent of technologicaland engineering solutions
Im plem entation and start-up
Financing, rental and operation of
gas production and distributionfacilities.
Linde industrial gasespartners to the chemical industry
Industrial gases find vast and versatileapplication in the chem ical industry.They serve as feed m aterials for syn-thesis processes, they ensure and
im prove the econom y of processesand plants, they enhance productquality and plant safety, and they helpto protect the environm ent.
Supply of gases m ust be m atchedspecifically to the diversity of pro-ducts, processes and productioncapacities. Essential factors in thisare dependability, econom y andw ide-ranging applications solutions.
Q uality, safety and environm entalprotection are key ingredients in all ofLindes w ork. O ur integrated Q SEm anagem ent system based on D IN
EN ISO 9001, D IN EN ISO 14001and SC C assures consistently highquality and safety of our productsand services as w ell as environm en-tal com patibility in the applicationof industrial gases and their disposalw here required.
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Industrial gases components for synthesis processes
Applications in general
In the chem ical industry industrial
gases are used principally
as chem ical reactants
for assuring plant safety
for protection of the environm ent
in analytical chem istry
for industrial service.
O xygen, hydrogen, carbon m onoxide,
carbon dioxide and synthesis gas
are reactants in a large num ber of
im portant synthesis processes. The
accom panying charts sum m arize
com m on reactions w orking w ith oxy-
gen, hydrogen, carbon m onoxide
and carbon dioxide.
3
Carbon dioxide Metal hydroxides
Hydrocarbons
Sodium phenolate
Urea
Salicylic acid
Carbonates,
hydrocarbonates
Esters
Alkylene carbonates,polyalkylene carbonates
Ammonia
Alkylene oxides
Hydrogen
Ammonia
Methanol
Short-chain and desulphurizedpetroleum products
Hydrogenatedhydrocarbons
Aldehydes
Hydroxylammonium sulphate
Metals
Hydrogen peroxideAir (anthraquinone process)
Carbon monoxide,carbon dioxide
Hydrocarbons
Metal oxides
Nitrogen
Petroleum products
CO + olefins
NO + sulphuric acid
Methanol
Aldehydes, alcohols
Hydrogen
OlefineOlefins
Chlorine
Carbon monoxide
Metals
Hydrocarbons
Carboxylic acids
Phosgene
Metal carbonyls
Oxygen
Paraffins, olefins
Paraffins, olefins
Olefins
Olefins, aldehydes
Petroleum refining residues
Hydrogen sulphide Sulphur
Synthesis gas
Carboxylic acids
Epoxides
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Reactions with carbon monoxide
Reactions with oxygen
Reactions with carbon dioxide Reactions with hydrogen
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4
30
25
20
15
10
5
020 22 24 26 28 30
Oxygen concentration in vol%
Capacityincreasein%
90% H2S 70% H2S 30% H2S50% H2S
Central supply pipeline
On-site oxygen plant
Tank
Air
Gas distributor
Air andoxygen toClaus plant
Claus plant processcontrol system
Controller
Measuringand
controlunit
Vaporizer
Oxygen
Oxygen for oil refineries
O xygen is used at oil refineries for the
partial oxidation of petroleum resi-
dues, to regenerate catalysts in FC C
plants, and to im prove the perfor-m ance of C laus plants.
In the C laus process, hydrogen
sulphide is converted to elem ental
sulphur. R em oval of sulphur com -
pounds is required in the processing
of petroleum , natural gas and coal
to m otor fuels, synthesis gas and
fuel gas.
Its purpose is to ensure com pliance
w ith both the em ission levels stipu-
lated under environm ental law s and
the m axim um concentrations of
sulphur com pounds im posed by
technological constraints.
At present, the oxygen content of
atm ospheric air is prim arily utilized for
the oxidation of hydrogen sulphide.
Adding oxygen to the air or using
pure oxygen results in a num ber of
benefits:
Increased plant capacity
H igher oxidation tem peratures
R educed load on off-gas treat-
m ent system s due to low erconcentration of inert nitrogen
N ew plants can be built sm aller.
Gases for oil refineries greater efficiency,cleaner environment
Claus plant
Capacity increase
through oxygen enrichment
Schematic diagram of oxygen enrichment
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Lef t :
Product ion of syn-
thesis gas and
methanol f rom oi l
ref in ing res idues
Linde hydrogen plant
Above:
Gasif icat ion of oi l
res idues w i th oxygen
Hydrogen for oil refineries
An oil refinery is both a producer and
a consum er of hydrogen, the volum es
consum ed usually exceeding those
internally produced.
H ydrogen is needed as a reactant in
hydrorefining and hydrocracking.
Since refineries are shifting their out-
put to larger quantities of low -sulphur,
low -arom atics and brighter products,
dem and for hydrogen w ill continue
to grow .
The m ain processes for production
of hydrogen are:
Steam reform ing of m ethane
G asification of oil refining residuesand recovery from synthesis gas
R ecovery from refinery off-gases.
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Oxidat ion of amm o-
nia for product ion of
ni t rogen monoxide
Product Feed Air Oxygen Enriched air
Ac eta ld ehyd e Et hy le ne
B enzo ic a c id To lue ne
C y clo he xa n on e C yc lo he xa n e
Ac etic a c id Ac eta ld ehyd e
E thylene ox ide Ethy lene
Propylene oxide P ropylene Nitrogen monoxide Ammonia
Terephthalic acid p-Xylene
Vinyl a ce ta te Ethy lene , a ce t ic a c id
Vinyl chloride Ethylene, hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen
Oxygen:Improving economy reducinginvestment costs
Increasing use is being m ade of in-
dustrial oxygen in oxidation processesfor the m anufacture of oxides, alde-
hydes, and also acids and alcohols.
It can greatly im prove the econom y
of existing plants and reduce capital
expenditure for new plants. The m eth-
ods used are oxygen enrichm ent of
the oxidizing air, adding oxygen to the
feed stream and substituting pure
oxygen for air.
The benefits of oxygen are:
Larger throughput in the sam e
size of plant by low ering theconcentration of inert nitrogen
H igher tem peratures in the
reacting stream
Accelerated reactions due to
higher oxygen concentration
H igher selectivity of the oxidation
process in parts
Sm aller off-gas flow s
Low er energy consum ption.
Oxidation processes using oxygen
Economical reactants for production ofbasic chemicals and intermediates
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Hydrogenat ion
of phenol to
cyclohexanone
Product ion of
epoxy resins
using carbon
dioxide
Carbon dioxide:reactant, solvent,pH control agent
C arbon dioxide is used, for exam ple,
in the m anufacture of urea, salicylicacid, carbonates and polyalkylene
carbonates, and in several other or-
ganic chem istry synthesis processes.
Supercritical carbon dioxide is a
prospective replacem ent for environ-
m entally hazardous solvents as
currently required in a num ber of
chem ical synthesis reactions and
is capable of im proving the properties
of som e products m ade by poly-
m erization.
B eyond that, carbon dioxide is w idelyused for pH -value control and neu-
tralization of liquids.
7
LiquidSolid
103
102
10
1
10-1
173 223 273 323 373
Pressure,p,
inbar
Temperature, T, in K
p, T diagram
Criticalpoint
Triple point
Gaseous
Supercritical
Hydrogen:Basic chemicals, hydrogenation,catalyst production
H ydrogen is a reactant in the m anu-
facture of basic chem icals andinterm ediates as w ell as sp ecialty
chem icals and pharm aceuticals.
Synthesis gas, a m ixture of hydrogen
and carbon m onoxide, is em ployed
above all for synthesis of m ethanol and
in the hydroform ylation of olefins to
aldehydes and alcohols. Am m onia is
m anufactured from a different syn-
thesis gas m ixture of hydrogen and
nitrogen.
Another process of considerable im -
portance is hydrogenation, w hich
involves the hom ogeneous or
heterogeneous catalytic addition of
hydrogen to organic com pounds.
Exam ples are:
H ydrogenation of adipic acid
dinitrile to hexam ethylene diam ine
H ydrogenation of benzene
to cyclohexane
H ydrogenation of phenol to
cyclohexanone.
Industrial hydrogen is also used inthe m anufacture of catalysts for
reducing m etal oxides to the active
m etallic form and to regulate chain
length in the polym erization of pro-
pylene to polypropylene and in the
m anufacture of polyethylene.
Phase diagram for CO2
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Neutralization of alkalineeffluents with carbon dioxide(SOLVOCARBprocess)
B efore alkaline effluents from an in-
dustrial plant can be dischargedto the m unicipal sew age system ,
they m ust be neutralized.
C arbon dioxide has several advan-
tages over m ineral acids in neutralizing
alkalies. To begin w ith, it is not classi-
fied as a m aterial w hich is hazardous
to w ater. M oreover, it is not associated
w ith high salt loads, w hich m ay be
penalized by special charges, and the
flat neutralization curve excludes
risk of over-acidification.
N eutralization of w astew ater w ithcarbon dioxide is carried out w ith the
Linde SO LVO C AR Bprocess.
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Neutra l izat ion w i th
a SOLVOCARB
reactor in a
chemical plant
Oxygenat ion of
wastew ater using the
SOLVOX-B process
Environmental protectionand resource recovery reliable, efficient, economical
Oxygen for wastewater treatment(SOLVOXprocess)
M any prob lem s occurring in the
treatm ent of w astew ater are due to
a deficit of oxygen. In the chem icalindustry especially, w here effluents
are usually heavily contam inated, this
can cause considerable trouble such
as degraded treatm ent perform ance
or appreciable odor nuisance due to
anaerobic decom position processes.
Industrial oxygen is often capable of
rem edying such situations.
The necessary oxygen is injected into
the w astew ater by the Linde SO LVO X
process. Particular advantages of
this process are its low investm entcosts and flexible adjustm ent of oxy-
genation to actual needs.
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ClinkerSpent sulphuric acid,solvent
Primary air + O2
Planetary cooler(secondary air)
Gypsum,fly ash (Al, Si, Fe),coal
Exhaust gas
Processing spent
sulphur ic acid in
rotar y ki ln
Cleaning acetone-
contam inated waste gas
by cryocondensat ion
wi th l iqu id ni t rogen
Raw gas, 0C40 g/m3of acetone
Clean gas, approx. 20C
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Nitrogen
Heat exchanger
Inert gas grid
Pump
Coolantreturn
Coolantsupply
Reactor
Reactors cooled wi th
l iquid ni t rogen
Iner t ing in storage of
chemical products
Inerting in chemical processes
Low ering oxygen concentrations to
a safe level by inert gases (nitrogen
and carbon d ioxide) is a proven
m ethod of preventing oxidation, firesand explosions.
A cushion of inert gas is frequently
placed over liquids in storage tanks.
Silos are purged w ith inert gas as a
precaution against dust explosions.
Another im portant application is for
explosion protection on reactors in
w hich oxidation takes place in the
liquid phase. D ue to the risk of an
explosive m ixture form ing in the head
of the reactor, it m ust be purged
continuously w ith inert gas so as todilute the gas m ixture below its ex-
plosion lim it.
Cooling vessels and reactors
C ontrol of tem perature is often
vital to achieving high yield and good
quality of chem ical com pounds
m anufactured by synthesis. Liquidnitrogen enables low -tem perature
synthesis of chem ical and pharm a-
ceutical products to be carried out
conveniently at -80 C or such other
tem perature as m ay be required.
C ooling can be perform ed by three
m ethods:
Injecting liquid nitrogen directly
into the reactor.
C ooling the reactor contents by
nitrogen flow through an external
jacket or an internal cooling coil.
Indirect cooling by a secondary
circuit.
The benefits of liquid nitrogen cooling
are:
C ooling capacity variable over a
w ide range
Low investm ent and operating
costs
Absence of environm entally
dam aging refrigerants or noisenuisance .
Safe inerting andefficient cooling
Reactor cooling by secondary circuit
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Cataly t ic reactor for
deoxygenat ion of
boi ler feedwaterSOLVOGEN
contro l panel
Laboratory in the
chemical indust ry
Gas and equipment supply forlaboratories and pilot plants
U ltra-pure gases, gas m ixtures and
calibration gases are required by
laboratories and pilot plants in thechem ical industry for analytical
and m easuring applications and test
operation.
Linde has a stock range of standard
gas m ixtures.
C alibration gases precision gas
m ixtures of custom er-specified
com position and certified analysis for
use in calibrating m easuring and
analytical instrum ents are supplied
in pressure cylinders.
G ases of high-grade quality are
essential for reliable and accurate
operation of gas analyzers. Linde
supplies operating gases for gas
chrom atography, flam e photom etry,
chem ilum inescence, spark spec-
troscopy, EC D analysis and atom ic
absorption, and filling gases for
counter tubes.
Linde designs and builds com plete
gas supply system s for laboratories
and pilot plants as either standard
or custom ized units.
Deoxygenation of boilerfeedwater (SOLVOGENprocess)
B ecause it corrodes piping and ves-
sels, oxygen m ust be rem oved from
boiler feedw ater, hot w ater systemrecirculating flow s and chem ical
process w ater. The S O LVO G EN
process has been designed for this
purpose.
The process is based on converting
dissolved oxygen w ith hydrogen over
a pallad ium catalyst at am bient
tem perature.
Linde supplies SO LVO G EN system s
to treat w ater flow s as sm all as
10 m 3/h in the food industry or as
large as 1000 m 3/h in pow er stations.
Other gas applicationsfor the chemical industry
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Pig t rap and
n i t rogen feed ing
point in Rong el len,
Swi tzer land
All of the com prehensive services and
service processes available from
Linde are designed to m inim ize the
tim e required for inspection and
m aintenance of com plete system s,
equipm ent and com ponents.
They also satisfy increasingly stringent
environm ental dem ands. All gases
em ployed are non-flam m able, non-
toxic and non-corrosive. M oreover
they reduce fire and explosion risks,
perm itting safe start-up of equipm ent.
Services available are:
Piping and pipeline cleaning bythe Sandjetprocess
This is a blast cleaning m ethod usingnitrogen to force the abrasive through
the piping system . The abrasive is
recovered for re-use.
Leak testing
A nitrogen-helium gas m ixture is used
for leak testing of com plete system s
or individual com ponents at operating
pressure.
System drying
D rying of pipings, com plete produc-tion system s or individual com ponents
is carried out w ith nitrogen, w hich
m ay be heated to relatively high tem -
peratures as required.
Reactor cooling
R apid cooling of reactors is achieved
by controlled injection of liquid nitrogen
to prepare them for servicing. Tim e
saved for cooling greatly reduces the
duration of system shutdow n.
Service processes quicker inspections, reduced fire risk,environmentally compatible
Leak test on pip ing
assembly for
hydrogen plant
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Cleaning m olds
used in product ion
of polyurethane
foam
Agi tator used in
paint manufact ure
pr ior to being
cleaned
Agi tator af ter
being cleaned by
the CRYOCLEAN
process
Pigging and pipeline renewal
A pig is a m echanical device forced
through a pipeline system by intro-
ducing nitrogen at high p ressure,
displacing the oil or other fluid intoa receiving tank and cleaning the
pipe. At the sam e tim e the pipeline is
inertized by the nitrogen. C leaning
can be com bined w ith rem ote visual
inspection by video cam era.
Mobile natural gas supply
Long-distance or regional gas pipe-
lines have to be taken out of service
w hen m odernization, rerouting or
repairs becom e necessary. For the
chem ical industry this m ay norm ally
necessitate tem porary shutdow n of
production facilities. During such
tim es, continuous supply of gas can
be m aintained w ith Linde m obile nat-
ural gas stations, self-contained units
operating at a high level of safety and
reliability.
Blast cleaning with dry ice
In the CRYO C LEAN process, dry ice
pellets frozen to -78 C are propelled
at high velocity onto the surfaces of
w ork to be cleaned. O n im pact, the
dry ice im m ediately vaporizes, rem ov-
ing dirt and im purities w hile leaving
the cleaned surface clear of grit or
sludge residue. Typical applications
in the chem ical industry are for clean-
ing heat exchangers, piping and
agitators.
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Tanker d el ivering
l iqu id hydrogen
Gas cyl inders
in various sizes
W ith our tightly knit production, sales
and distribution netw ork w e can
guarantee fast, reliable and econom -
ical supply of gases to users by
facilities ranging from tw o-litre steel
cylinders to on-site units, from
75,000-litre liquid tanks to direct
pipelines.
Gas cylinders
U pw ards of four m illion gas cylinders
displaying the Linde nam e are in
circulation in Europe. They are deliv-
ered to users by road truck or trailer,
depending on the quantities required.
To enable custom ers to m aintain a
running inventory of gases, Linde pro-
vides the LIB AS cylinder trackingsystem , w hich continuously m onitors
m ovem ent of all cylinders.
Liquefied gas tanks
C ustom ers w hose requirem ents
exceed the capacity of cylinder deliv-
eries are supplied w ith liquefied
gases transported by tanker truck andstored for use in tanks installed on
their prem ises.
Linde furnishes vaporizers and all
other associated equipm ent together
w ith the storage tanks and assum es
responsibility for the entire installation,
m aintenance and inspection w ork.
Electronic rem ote m onitoring of tank
level ensures that an adequate
supply of gases is available at all tim es.
ECOVAR
on-site unitsAbove a certain consum ption rate,
supply of gases by road tanker is
not a satisfactorily econom ical prop-
osition. In such instances w e
recom m end installation of a plant
for on-site production.
Gas supply complete and functional
ECOVAR-M p lan t
ECOVAR-A plant
ECOVAR-C plant
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Merseburg
Buna
Halle
Dessau
Bitterfeld
Leipzig
Leuna
Rodleben
HydrogenNitrogenOxygen
Plesteritz
15
Pipeline supply is particularly eco-
nom ical in industrial regions w here
several users are linked to a supply
grid served by a central production
facility.
Linde is w ell positioned for pipeline
business. Through its Process Engi-
neering and C ontracting D ivision the
com pany has access to an extensive
range of equipm ent. Air separation
plants are designed and built for pipe-
line supply of oxygen and nitrogen
as w ell as plants for production of
hydrogen, carbon m onoxide and
synthesis gas.
The EC O VAR supply concept
com bines an on-site production unit
and liquid storage tank for supply
of nitrogen or oxygen. B asic dem and
is covered by the capacity of the
production unit w ith a reserve supply
available in the storage tank to m eet
peak consum ption and em ergency
situations. C ustom ers can choose
am ong three alternatives according
to the required product, purity and
prod uction capacity: EC O VA R -C
(cryogenic process), EC O VA R -A
(adsorption process) or EC O VA R -M
(m em brane process). All three types
are m arked by high reliability of supply,
econom ical production cost and a
high level of flexibility.
Pipeline grid
D irect delivery by pipeline from one
of our production centers is the m ost
econom ical form of supply for com -
panies using large tonnages of gases.
A grow ing num ber of high-volum e
users have endorsed this option by
reason of its obvious advantages.
Linde p uts up the cap ital for new
plants, invests its m any years of
experience acquired in operation of
num erous com parable facilities,and m oreover guarantees reliab le
supply in tim es of peak dem and
or em ergencies through its backup
resources of large tank farm s and
extensive distribution capabilities.
Steam reformer producing
hydrog en in M ilazzo, Sici ly
Linde pipel ine sys-
tem in Germany
tota l l ing more than
400 ki lomet res
suppl ies hydrogen,
n i t rogen, carbon
monoxide and oxy-
gen to high- ton nage
users
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Performance on site
Linde Industrial Gases
Linde A G
W erksgruppe Technische G ase
Export H ead O ffice
Seitnerstrae 70
82049 H llriegelskreuth/G erm any
Phone: + 49/89/74 46 -0
Fax: + 49/89/74 46-12 30
http://w w w .linde.com /linde-gas
8785/8
0
899-
1.3m
a
S
ubjecttoalteration.P
rintedonchlor
ine-free
bleachedpaper.
Linde industrial gases are encountered in
applications as varied as w elding, freezing,
propulsion, heating, industrial cleaning, res-
piration or testing.They im prove the
quality of life and they help to secure the
future by m aking production operations
m ore efficient and econom ical.
Supply of the gases them selves is supported
by expert counselling and know -how , custom -
ised hardw are, custom -application testing,and the com plete handling associated w ith
industrial gases.
G ases can be supplied in any form appropri-
ate to custom ersrequirem ents: in cylinders
or m ulti-cylinder batteries, from liquefied gas
tanks, through EC O VARon-site production
units, by pipeline.
Industrial cleaning
MetalworkingFood industry
Fuel and power
Applicationsand supplyequipment
On-site servicing
Qualified andcomprehensive advice
Metallurgical andchemical industries
Microelectronics
Environmental engineering
Pipelines
ECOVAR
on-siteproduction
units
Air separation plants
Gas cylinders
Site tanks
Medicine
Glass industry
Know-how
Supply
Counselling
Production
Service
Applications
Your local supply center: