Chemistry Concepts for understanding the plasma membrane Ions Polarity v. non-polarity Solubility...
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Transcript of Chemistry Concepts for understanding the plasma membrane Ions Polarity v. non-polarity Solubility...
Chemistry Concepts for understanding the plasma membrane
• Ions
• Polarity v. non-polarity
• Solubility
• Hydrophilic v. hydrophobic
Atoms Molecules Cells
If charged = ions
Polar and Non-polar Molecules
• Non-Polar = electrons are shared equally – the entire molecule is neutral and uniformly charged.– Tends to mix well with other non-polar substances– Don’t mix well with water
• Polar = electrons are not shared equally– then entire molecule is neutral overall, but has regions/areas that
are + or – charged– Tends to mix and dissolve well with other polar things– LIKES WATER/mixes with water
Polar molecules and ions
HydrophilicWater soluble
Nonpolar molecules
HydrophobicNot water
soluble(lipid soluble)
Cell Structure and Function Part 1:Cell intro and the plasma membrane
Cell Factoids (not on test)• 37 trillion per body
– 37,000,000,000,000 • 11732.6 years analogy
• 200+ different types– Each is structurally and functionally different
• 7µm – 120µm in size– 7/10,000th – 12/1000th of a cm– 7/125,000 -120/125,000ths of an inch
• We introduce a “generic”, or prototypical, cell
* estimated that we have 10 times more bacterial cells in our body than human cells
Cell Theory (for AP150)
• All known living things are made up of one or more cells
• Cells are the fundamental structural and functional unit of the body.
– Cells are responsible for the fundamental structure of the human body
– Cells are responsible for the fundamental functions of the human body
• The structure (and function) of higher levels of organization (e.g., tissues, organs) reflects the activities and structures of cells
• The activity of an organism/the whole body depends on the total activity of independent cells.
• Cells contain DNA which is passed from cell to cell during division
• Energy processing and most chemical reactions occurs in cells
• Cells only come from other, pre-existing cells.
Things Cells Do:
• Obtain nutrients and O2 from its environment
• Perform chemical reactions and process nutrients to release energy (metabolism)
• Eliminate cell waste
• Regulate their internal environment
• Move (external or internal)
• Sensitive to and responds to surroundings
• Grow
• Reproduce
9
A Prototypical/Generic Cell
The Generic CellThe major parts of the cell include• Plasma membrane — the outer boundary of the cell• Cytoplasm — within PM, performs most cell activities• Nucleus— contains protects DNA
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Parts/Components of cell
Cell = Plasma Membrane + Cytoplasm + Nucleus
Cytosol + organelles + inclusions
Body/Fluid Compartments
• intracellular v. extracellular compartments– Intracellular = inside cells– Extracellular = outside cells– Plasma Membrane separates
1-45
A.
B.
intracellular
extracellular
Body/Fluid Compartments
• Extracellular :– blood plasma – interstitial fluid or tissue fluid
1-45
• The extracellular and intracellular environments can be very different
• Example is extracellular v. intracellular Na+ and K+ concentration
Functions of the Plasma Membrane (PM)those from text in blue
• Forms a physical barrier (that separates):– separates inside of cell from outside (forms a compartment).– Selectively Permeable allows some things through but not others
• regulation of movement– Actively regulates or influences what can enter/exit cell
• Connection (Attachment)– connects cells to other cells and/or surrounding structures– connects to internal cell parts
• Communication regulation/coordination– allows cell-cell communication/signalling for coordination of activity
• Chemical reactions – chemical reactions take place on the PM
• Cell recognition– The PM “labels”/identifies the cell
*italicized words represent the four functions the book describes, I have elaborated and reworded
PM Structure:Composition of the PM
• Three types of molecules make up the PM1. Lipids—about 45% of PM (by mass/weight), more by surface area
• 5-10% of lipids have carbohydrates attached2. Proteins—about 55% of PM (by mass)
• Includes glycoproteins
The PM is mostly Lipids and Proteins and these two molecules exist in relatively equal proportions.
* Carbs make up about 3%of overall PM by weight/mass
Membrane Lipids2 primary types of Membrane Lipids
1. Phospholipids—Most abundant (~70-75%),
2. Cholesterol—less abundant (~20%),
3. Glycolipids—5-10% of lipids
Phospholipids have 2 regions• Head—hydrophilic, attracted to water• Tails—hydrophobic, repelled by water
Phospholipid
Head
Tails
Extracellular (outside cell)
Intracellular (inside cell)
Lipid bilayer
CholesterolSpans hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. Doesn’t pass through both sides of PM
Non-polar tail region: Impermeable to ions and polar moleculesExcept Water
20
Two different ways to describe membrane proteins
• structural classifications– Integral proteins
• deeply embedded• extend from both inner and
outer surfaces
– Peripheral proteins • only attached to a single
side of PM
– Glycoproteins• Sugar+protein• 90% of membrane carbs• Glycocalyx
• Functional Classifications– Transport
• Into/out of cell
– Connection• Intercellular• Intracellular—to cytoskeleton
– Enzymes• Chemical rxns
– Recognition– Receptors
• (signal transduction)
structure
Transport Proteins• Move substances that cannot pass through phosolipid bilayer
– Ions
– Polar molecules
Examples:
Transport Proteins• Allow ions and polar molecules to pass through membrane.
– Selective permeability
proteins
CELL
CBA
K+K+K+
K+K+
K+
K+K+
K+K+
K+K+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+ Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+Na+
Transport Protein Composition
• Types of transport proteins influences permeability
Ion Channels• Protein based tubes• Allow ions to pass through membranes• Can be ion and direction specific• Types
A) Non-gated/leak channels: always open
B) Gated: open and close under specific conditions
A B
•Temperature•Ligands/chemical•Voltage•Mechanical distortion
Ligand Gated Channels
Closed open
CarriersA. Carriers (facilitated diffusion)
B. Ions pumps (also a type of carrier)
ATP
ATP
Ion pump
Characteristics of Carriers
• Can transport ions and polar molecules
• Specific
• Due to shape
• Can be Direction specific
• Some require/use ATP
• Can be activated and deactivated
or channel
Attachment Proteins
• Holds/attaches the PM to surrounding structures• E.g., Hold a cell to an extracellular structure• E.g., Connects plasma membrane to cytoskeleton
Cell A
Cell B
Connection/Anchoring/Attachment• Often contain a carbohydrate component (glycoproteins)• Cell to Cell connections• Cell to extracellular material• Cell to intracellular material
Recognition/Marker Proteins• Identify the cell
– E.g., “self”, to prevent immune response on cell
• Often have carb component (glycoproteins)– Glycoproteins
– Part of glycocalyx
I’m a liver cell I’m a kidney cell I’m a bone cell
Cell A Cell B Cell C
Marker Proteins can indicate cell type
This cell belongs here
This cell is OK too…leave it alone
Foreign cell, ATTACK!!!!
Lets go look for some pathogens!
Cell A
Cell B Cell C
Marker Proteins can be used to distinguish between harmful cells and normal body cells
Receptor Proteins• Binding sites for specific chemical messengers/signals (i.e., ligands):
– Typically polar messengers/signallers
• Specificity based on:– Shape
• Enables cellular communication/coordination and responsiveness to environment
Possible Actions of Receptor Proteins
• Opening/activating transport proteins
• Activate enzymes
• Activate DNA/proteins synthesis
• Activate movement of vesicles to the PM
Alters activity/behavior of receiving cell
I’ll stop secreting
Receptors and endocrine signaling
ADCB
Now, I’ll uptake nutrients
I’ll work faster
OK, I’ll start making proteins
Receptors and (paracrine) cell signaling
A DCB
I need more oxygen
I’m hurt
Everyone release nutrients
Everyone start growing
OK
I hear ya!
Will do!I’ll get
on it
Nervous & endocrine system signaling, both rely on membrane receptors to work
• Nervous system: receptors for neurotransmitters on post-synaptic cell
• Endocrine system: hormone receptors on target cells
Neurotransmitters and Receptors
censored
Neurotransmitters: -- released by neurons -- bind target cell -- cause change/signal target cell
Enzymes
• Perform chemical reaction on PM surface• Breakdown molecules• Create molecules
• Extracellular• intracellular
Membrane-bound enzymes perform specific reactions on inner or outer PM surface
enzymes
Membrane Carbohydrates: make the glycocalyx
• outermost/most external part of the cell’s membrane.
• Made of carbs bound to lipids (glycolipids) and proteins (glycoproteins)
• Functions in:
– cell identification (its type and in self/non-self)
– attachment of the cell to other cells/structures
Relationship between membrane components and cell function
Membrane Component Membrane Function it Enables
Phospholipids • Creates primary boundary between inside and outside of cell.• Allows non-polar things to cross, prevents movement of polar and ions
Proteins • Identifies cell• Allows communication with other cells (parts of body)• Allows movement (regulation) of substance across membrane• Anchors cells (including to cytoskeleton
Carbohydrates • Identifies cell•Anchors/adheres PM to surroundings