chemistry and physics of low dimensional molecular...
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chemistry and physics of
low dimensional molecular conductors
d–(EDT-TTF-CONMe2)2AsF6 cristaux et photo Cécile Mézière
Patrick Batail
UMR CNRS 6200 MOLTECH
Angers
Ecole du GDR MICO
5-11 juin 2010
AUSSOIS
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TMTTF TMTSF
TTF HO
S
S
S
S
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a typical molecular metal: (TMTSF)2+PF6
–
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achieves:
carriers generation
an invaluable tool for the construction of electroactive molecular solids
electrocrystallization
one single, day-to-weeks experiment
carriers stabilization by delocalization/localization within stacks / slabs (intermolecular conjugation)
electrostatic self-assembly / auto-templating into bi-continuous O-I hybrid frameworks
halogen-bonded co-assembly into ternary systems upon engaging neutral functional p-conjugated spacers
allows:
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Best crystals typically under controlled rhythmic reversal of the current flow in the e-cell (0.7 s in oxidation coupled to 0.3 s in reduction), see Hünig et al. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem 1999, 899.
EDT-TTF- I2
with either : • the corner-sharing, perovskite-layer-like 2D polymer (BuNH3
+)2(PbI42–)
or
• the edge-sharing 2D polymer PbI2
in the presence of NaI
associate in CH3CN :
Thomas Devic
Iorg•••Iinorg halogen bonding interactions
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e-crystallization upon controlled rythmic reversal of dc current flow
• poor crystal quality at constant current
1 mm
early example, see Hünig et al., Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 899
1 mm
• rythmic reversal
T. DEVIC, M. ÉVAIN, Y. MOËLO, E. CANADELL, P. AUBAN-SENZIER, M. FOURMIGUÉ, P. BATAIL
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 3295 (2003)
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b-(I2-EDT-TTF)•+2[(Pb5/6□1/6I2)
1/3–]3
• pseudo-intercalation of b-slab into lacunar,
edge-sharing (CdI2-type), [Pb(1-x)I2](–2x) hexagonal single layers
•interfacial Halogen-bonding : C–I•••I = 3.81 and 4.09 Å
• charge balance from lead site occupancy
• a bi-continuous
hybrid composite
Single crystals!!
T. Devic
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d-(EDT-TTF-CONMe2)2AsF6 et d-(EDT-TTF-CONMe2)2Br
b-(EDT-TTF-I2)2•+[(Pb5/6□1/6I2)1/3]3
b-(EDT-TTF-I2)2•+[(Pb2/3+xAg1/3–2xx I2)1/3]3 x 0.05
b’-(EDT-TTF-I2)2PbI3∙H2O
Kagome–(EDT-TTF-CONH2)6[Re6Se8(CN)6]
b-(EDT-TTF-I2)2[HO2C–CH=CH–CO2–]1-x[–O2C–CH=CH–CO2
–]x
[(rac), (R) et (S)-(EDT-TTF-Me-Oxazoline)]2X (X = AsF6, PF6, Au(CN)2)
electrocrystallization laboratory
chemistry and physics of intermolecular interactions act in unisson
single crystals by Cécile Mézière – June 2006
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objectif cet après-midi :
• crystal engineering of p-conjugated systems:
getting familiar with redox chemistry and intermolecular interactions
• how to reveal a hidden structural detail relevant to pertinent features of
a complex electronic structure and lying behind a beautiful low dim physics
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OUTLINE
1. electrocrystallization
2. redox chemistry
3. intermolecular interactions, and their redox activation, direct the structure
4. orbitals and bands (in one dimension)
5. decipher BS of TTF-TCNQ, Bechgaard salts
6. modify / control electronic structure
6.1 tune stoichiometry
6.2 tune anion charge
6.3 ternary phases by halogen bonding
6.5 chemical pressure
6.4 [H+]/[hole] mixed valence
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November 2004 Volume 104 Number 11
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OUTLINE
1. electrocrystallization
2. redox chemistry
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Reversible 2-Steps Redox Systems of the Violene Type
Siegfried Hünig’s
XX
n XX
n XX
n
-e
+e
-e
+e
YY
n YY
n YY
n
-e
+e
-e
+e
Chem. Rev. 104, 5535 (2004)
resonance / conjugation
heteroatom/group Hückel formalism: treat as a perturbation
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S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
-e -e
TTF TTF+ TTF2+
XX
n XX
n XX
n
-e
+e
-e
+e
tetrathiafulvalene
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Reversible Two-Steps Redox Systems of the Violene Type
Siegfried Hünig’s
XX
n XX
n XX
n
-e
+e
-e
+e
YY
n YY
n YY
n
-e
+e
-e
+e
Chem. Rev. 104, 5535 (2004)
CNNC
NC CN
TCNQ TCNQ•–
CN
CN
NC
NC
TCNQ2–
CN
CN
NC
NC
resonance / conjugation
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Hückel formalism: treat as a perturbation heteroatom/group
i j
k
pi
j
pk
j
propene
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propene
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TMTTF TMTSF
TTF HO
S
S
S
S
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characterization of redox properties: cyclic voltammetry experiments
I
V
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Torrance Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1985, 126, 5567
p-donor
vs
p-acceptors
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OUTLINE
1. electrocrystallization
2. redox chemistry
3. intermolecular interactions, and their redox activation, direct the structure
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intermolecular interactions
• weak
• direct the structure
• pp-pp overlap, p-p, vdW, H- and Hal-bonding
―Directing the Structures and Collective Electronic Properties of Organic Metals:
the Interplay of Overlap Interactions and Hydrogen Bonds‖
K. HEUZÉ, M. FOURMIGUÉ, P. BATAIL, E. CANADELL, P. AUBAN-SENZIER
Chem. Eur. J. 5(9), 2971-2976 (1999)
―Activation of Hydrogen and Halogen Bonding Interactions in Crystalline Molecular
Conductors‖
M. FOURMIGUE, P. BATAIL
Chem. Rev. 104, 5379-5418 (2004)
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C. A. Hunter and J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525
p-p interactions
interactions between p-conjugated closed shell molecules
+ +
–
–
quadrupoles – quadrupoles interactions
+ + –
–
repulsion
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C. A. Hunter and J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525
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C. A. Hunter and J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525
pentacene, a paradigm for p-p interactions / stacking
herring-bone pattern of intermolecular interactions
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hydrogen bonds
1) normal hydrogen bonds
2) weak hydrogen bonds: Csp3–H•••X and Csp
2–H•••X
Fourmigué, Batail Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 5379
D–Hd+ Ad–
electrostatic, between an H-bond donor and an H-bond acceptor
directional
vanishes very slowly with distance
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O–H•••O et N–H•••O: normal hydrogen bonds
CH•••X: weaker hydrogen bonds
Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 5382
NH4+•••OH2 19 kcal mole–1 0.8 eV
HO–H•••Cl– 13.5 kcal mole–1 0.6 eV
HO–H••OH2 5 kcal mole–1 0.2 eV
HC≡C–H•••OH2 2.2 kcal mole–1 0.1 eV
H2C=C–H•••OH2 1 kcal mole–1 0.04 eV
1 kcal mole–1 = 4.33641146 10-2 eV
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[Me3–TTF•+–PO3H–]
A. Dolbecq et al. Chem. Eur. J., 2(10), 1275-1282 (1996)
a neutral, zwitterionic radical
[C6H5–NH3+][Me3TTF–PO3H–] –e–
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S
S
S
S
H
S
S
O
N
H
Me
STRONGH-bond acceptor character
SizeableH-bond donor character
• Redox state (off/on)
• Intermolecular interactions
• Molecular recognition (binding strenght)
• Competition : charges and spins localization (magnetism)
vs delocalization (transport)
S
S
S
S
H
S
S
O
N
H
Me- e
+ e
DENIED !
. +ENHANCED !
REDOX ACTIVATION
Chem. Commun. 1820 (2003)
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b’’-(EDT-TTF-CONHMe)2[Cl–•H2O]
S
S
S
S
S
S
N
O
HH
Cl-
.+
d+
d+
Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 1898-1904
I 0.3974 eV II 0.1171 III 0.2259 IV 0.2550 V 0.2216 bHOMO-HOMO
interaction energies
not involved
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b’’-(EDT-TTF-CONHMe)2[Cl– •H2O]
Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 1898-1904
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OUTLINE
1. electrocrystallization
2. redox chemistry
3. intermolecular interactions, and their redox activation, direct the structure
4. orbitals and band (in one dimension)
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low dimensional molecular solids
intermolecular interactions (those which direct the structure: pp-pp overlap, vdW, H- and Hal-bonding) are weak
understanding crystal and electronic structure correlation: easier (back of the envelop arguments) in materials with stronger, covalent and/or ionic interactions
it is a much more delicate task to look for such correlations for systems with weak interactions because we lack the kind of feeling and control of the relative weight of the different interactions, all of which are weak
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anisotropy of the system in the momentum space
exte
nded-H
ücke
l ti
ght-
bin
din
g ban
d s
truc
ture
ca
lcul
atio
ns
Grant Whangbo Hoffmann Burdett Mori Canadell
Purpose: how to reveal a hidden, apparently innocuous structural detail relevant to pertinent features of their electronic structures and lying behind a beautifull physics ?
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basic concepts: orbitals and bands in one-dimension
working with small, simple things:
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c0 c1 c2 c3 c4
n 0 1 2 3 4
a
Roald Hoffmann Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1987, 26, 846-878
k = eikna cn n
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Band Width
that the bands extend unsymmetrically around their
―origin‖ (energy of a free H atom at -13.6 eV) is a consequence of
the inclusion of overlap:
for two levels, a dimer:
the bonding E+ combination is les stabilized than the
antibonding one E–
is destabilized
E± = HAA ± HAB
1 ± SAB
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orbitals and bands in one dimension
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see how they run:
the band of p orbitals runs down from zone center to zone edge
k = eikna cn
px along x : x ?
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the Pt–Pt distance has been shown to be inversely related to the degree of oxidation of the materials
try predict the approximate band structure of
K2Pt(CN)4 and K2Pt(CN)4Br0.3
without calculation st
ack
of s
quar
e p
lana
r d
8 P
tL4 c
ompl
exes
eclipsed
staggered
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topology of d block orbitals
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types of overlap
type : strong, axis of rotation
p
type p: medium, lateral, co-planar
d
type d: weak, face-to-face
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inventory of all possible modes of overlap within pairs of orbitals s, p or d along z
z
overlap type only between orbitals
s, p or dz2
p px, py, dxz or dyz
d dx2
–y2 or dxy
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try and see how they run (along z)?
a p band out of N p orbitals:
a p band out of dxz’s:
a band out of dz2’s:
a d band out of dxy’s:
runs up, moderate yet sizeable dispersion
runs down, moderate yet sizeable dispersion
runs up, dispersion is large
runs up, barely (not quite flat though)
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Bloch functions at the zone center (k = 0) and the zone edge (k = p/a)
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(2pz)i orbitals of the 4 carbon atoms (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) of cyclobutadiene
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z
x
y
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dz2
1
2 3
4
x
y
dx2
–y2
dx2
–y2 interacts strongly with 4 (–type)
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the ―d ‖ orbitals of square-planar ML4 unit
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p
d
d
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predicted considerations of band width
and orbital topology
extended Huckel calculation at Pt–Pt = 3.0 Å
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where are the electrons?
K2[PtII(CN)4]3H2O K2[PtII(CN)4]Br0.33H2O
Pt(II) d8
eF
││ ││
││
││
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chemists fold bands too !
more than one unit per unit cell :
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More than one electronic unit in the unit cell. Folding bands.
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butadiene
A
S
A
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butadiene
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butadiene
•
•
S
A
S
A
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a
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V that goes in = V that goes out
stays still there before going back down (equilibrium)
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goes through a mid-point in energy where the net number of bonding states equals that of antibonding states
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folding bands
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a’ = 3a a’ = 4a
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the chemist’s intuitive feeling for what a model chain of hydrogen atoms would do:
band diagram of a dimerized system. Peierls. electron count. 2kF
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Hn, uniform chain Hn, dimerized chain
orbitals at the Fermi level for the chain (H2)n’
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band diagram of the dimerized system (H2)n’
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a
2 molecules Pt(CN)4 per unit cell
eF
electron count
K2[PtII(CN)4]Br0.33H2O
4 – 2 3
= 10 3
2p a
x 3 10
4 =
6a
5p 2 x
3p/6a
4p/6a
5p/6a
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eF
electron # is:
6a
5p 2 x
2 kF = 3a p
= 3 a*
3p/6a
4p/6a
…in the momentum space
K2[PtII(CN)4]Br0.33H2O
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2.4 polyacetylene
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N
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HOMO
LUMO
low lying states
frontier p orbitals
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N
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N N
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discrete, fully ionic dimers in [(TTF•+)2][(I3
–)2]
HOTTF ·+ HOTTF ·+
HOTTF ·+ + HOTTF ·+
HOTTF ·+ – HOTTF ·+
strong bonding: type pp – pp overlap
eclipsed and diamagnetic
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discrete, mixed valence dimer in
(TTF)2•+[Re6S5Cl9
–]
HOTTF HOTTF ·+
HOTTF ·+ + HOTTF ·+
HOTTF ·+ – HOTTF ·+
milder bonding: p type pp – pp overlap slipped and paramagnetic
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vdW p–p recouvrements pp – pp ()
(TTF)22+ (TTF)2
•+
3.4
26 Å
+ p
3.3
60 Å
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OUTLINE
1. electrocrystallization
2. redox chemistry
3. intermolecular interactions, and their redox activation, direct the structure
4. orbitals and band (in one dimension)
5. decipher BS of TTF-TCNQ, Bechgaard salts
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C
N
C
N
C
N
C
N
TCNQ
LUMO
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TTF–TCNQ
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between C2pz’s
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(k = 0)
antibonding
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Y (k = p/b)
bonding
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TTF–TCNQ
k
E(k
)
0 p/b kF
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at = 0, the in-phase combination
is bonding
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TTF–TCNQ
k
E(k
)
0 p/b kF
= 0.59
uncommensurate band filling
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TTF–TCNQ
recent first principles BS calculation by
Pablo Ordejón and Enric Canadell Barcelona
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TTF-TCNQ
Jérome Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 5565
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TMTSF-DMTCNQ
= 0.5
instead of 0.59 in TTF-TCNQ
‼ Metallic down to liquid helium temperatures under 10 kbars
‼ Peierls transition suppressed at 9 kbars
Jérome Chem. Rev. 104, 5575 (2004)
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Jérome
Chem. Rev. 2004, 104
p. 5575
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TMTSF-DMTCNQ
= 0.5
instead of 0.59 in TTF-TCNQ
‼ Metallic down to liquid helium temperatures under 10 kbars
‼ Peierls transition suppressed at 9 kbars
Jérome Chem. Rev. 104, 5575 (2004)
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a typical molecular metal: (TMTSF)2+PF6
–
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TMTTF
TMTSF TTF
HO
S
S
S
S
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3.6
6 Å
3.6
3 Å
2 to 1
2 molecules per unit in chain along a
the m
olecu
le is
sym
met
ric
•
•
•
centers of symmetry allow for any amount of dimerization
Se
Se Se
Se Bechgaard and Fabre salts
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a typical molecular metal: (TMTSF)2PF6
4 – 1 = 3
eF
p/4a
0 p/a’
a’ = 2a p/a 0 p/2a
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(0,0) (a*/2, 0) (0, b*/2) (a*/2, b*/2) (– a*/2, b*/2)
(TMTSF)2PF6 dim
eri
zati
on
EF
slightly dispersed in transverse direction also
2 bands 3 electrons
half-filled band
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nesting vector
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Jérome Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, p. 5576 and p. 5577
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Jérome Chem. Rev. 2004, 104
p. 5578
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OUTLINE
1. electrocrystallization
2. redox chemistry
3. intermolecular interactions, and their redox activation, direct the structure
4. orbitals and band (in one dimension)
5. decipher BS of TTF-TCNQ, Bechgaard salts
6. modify / control electronic structure
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Roald Hoffmann How Chemistry and Physics Meet in the Solid State Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1987, 26, 846-878
Roger Rousseau, Marc Gener, Enric Canadell Step-by-step construction of the electronic structure of molecular conductors: Conceptuals aspects and applications Adv. Funct. Mater. 2004, 14, 201
Christophe Iung, Enric Canadell Description orbitalaire de la structure électronique des solides 1. De la molécule aux composés 1D Ediscience international, Paris, 1997
Jeremy K. Burdett Chemical Bonding in Solids Oxford University Press, 1995
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Chem. Rev. 1991, 91, 965-1034
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1D / 2D Band Structures and Fermi Surfaces
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very pure samples
the combination of very pure samples and admixtures of 1D/2D FS makes for a rich low dimensional physics, especially under high B’s
see, Mark V. Kartsovnik Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 5737
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some exhibit a density wave instability:
a-(BEDT-TTF)2[M+Hg2+(QCN–)4]
–
M = Tl, K, NH4; Q = S, Se
see also Organic Superconductors by Ishiguro, Yamaji, Saito Springer-Verlag 1998
all exhibit giant SdH oscillations:
a series of 2D metals
yet with two different types of
charge carriers
with different dimensionality
Rousseau, Figueras, Canadell J. Mol. Struct. (Theochem) 1998, 424, 135
rooom temperature
crystal structures,
BS and FS very similar
Mark V. Kartsovnik Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 5737
2D closed sections of FS
(16% of first Brillouin zone)
nested 1D parts of FS
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modifying the electronic structure
0 p/a
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OUTLINE
1. electrocrystallization
2. redox chemistry
3. intermolecular interactions, and their redox activation, direct the structure
4. orbitals and band (in one dimension)
5. decipher BS of TTF-TCNQ, Bechgaard salts
6. modify / control electronic structure
6.1 tune anion charge
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[Ta2F11]– [Ti2F8(C2O4)]
2–
(TMTSF)3 [Ti2F8(C2O4)]
Synth. Met. 1988, 22, 201
(TMTSF)3 [Ta2F11]
Synth. Met. 1991, 41-43, 1939
[ ]2(+) [ ]+
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0 p/b’ k 0 p/b’ k
predict band diagram and conductivity
3:12– 3:1– b’ = 3b
uniform chains
insulating
metallic
6 – 2 i.e.
4 electrons in
three bands: highest one
is empty
6 – 1 i.e.
5 electrons in
three bands:
highest one is
half-filled
p/6a
eF
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3:12– 3:1– b’ = 3b
insulating
metallic
p/6a
eF
trimerized chains
predict band diagram and conductivity
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[Ta2F11]– [Ti2F8(C2O4)]
2–
(TMTSF)3 [Ti2F8(C2O4)] (TMTSF)3 [Ta2F11] [ ]2(+) [ ]+
Y
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molecular engineering and band filling
• change the anion charge
• change electron count by tuning the stoichiometry
―Modulating the Framework Negative Charge Density in the System
BDT-TTP•+/[Re6S5Cl91–]/[Re6(S/Se)6Cl8
2–]/[Re6S7Cl73–]: Templating by Isosteric
Cluster Anions of Identical Symmetry and Shape, Variations of Incommensurate
Band Filling, and Electronic Structure in 2D Metals‖
S. PERRUCHAS, K. BOUBEKEUR, E. CANADELL, Y. MISAKI, P. AUBAN-SENZIER,
C. PASQUIER, P. BATAIL
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(11), 3335-3348 (2008)
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OUTLINE
1. electrocrystallization
2. redox chemistry
3. intermolecular interactions, and their redox activation, direct the structure
4. orbitals and band (in one dimension)
5. decipher BS of TTF-TCNQ, Bechgaard salts
6. modify / control electronic structure
6.2 tune stoichiometry
6.1 tune anion charge
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Morita-Nakasuji’s TTF-imidazole
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43, 6343 (2004)
NN
S
S
S
S
HNN
S
S
S
S
H
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Morita-Nakasuji’s TTF-imidazole
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43, 6343 (2004)
NN
S
S
S
S
HNN
S
S
S
S
HNN
S
S
S
S
HO
Cl
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
redox activated hydrogen bonding allows to control stoichiometry
e–
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NN
S
S
S
S
HS
S
S
S
O
O
O
O
NN
S
S
S
S
HNN
S
S
S
S
H
redox activated hydrogen bonding allows control of stoichiometry
e–
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(TTF-Im)2(CHL)
redox activated hydrogen bonding allows control of stoichiometry
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(TTF-Im)2(CHL)
P–1
uniform stacks
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(TTF-Im)2(CHL)
TTF–Im+ spin only
Heisenberg chain of spins on uniform chloranil stacks
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(TTF-Im)2(CHL)
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OUTLINE
1. electrocrystallization
2. redox chemistry
3. intermolecular interactions, and their redox activation, direct the structure
4. orbitals and band (in one dimension)
5. decipher BS of TTF-TCNQ, Bechgaard salts
6. modify / control electronic structure
6.2 tune stoichiometry
6.1 tune anion charge
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redox active, luminescent, hexanuclear, molecular chalcogenide cluster
vs Re6Se8(CN)6]4—/3—• EDT-TTF-CONH2
Batail et al.
Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 2037
0.3 V/SCE
Sasaki, Fedorov et al. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1121
how H-bonding express octahedral symmetry
of inorganic cluster anion
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6 EDT-TTF-CONH2 + Re6Se8(CN)6]4–/3–•
3 –
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R3
a = 15.019(2) Å
a =
61.465(2)°
V = 2474.5 Å3 Kagome net
S = 1/2
–
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b HOMO-HOMO
intradimer
0.7062 eV
interdimer
0.1375 eV
(EDT-TTF-CONH2)6(4-)+ [Re6Se8(CN)6]
(4-)–
Canadell
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(EDT-TTF-CONH2)6(4-)+ [Re6Se8(CN)6]
(4-)–
Canadell
NO OVERLAP
2D
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(EDT-TTF-CONH2)6(4-)+ [Re6Se8(CN)6]
(4-)–
eF ( = 0)
Canadell
eF ( = 1)
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H
H
single crystal esr
Coulon, Clérac
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d 0 / 2 1/ 2
= 8 S cm-1
ESR conductivity
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carriers
(EDT-TTF-CONH2)6(3.92)+
[Re6Se8(CN)6(4)–]0.98
24 e– cluster, diamagnetic
[Re6Se8CN)63(•)–]0.02
23 e–, Jahn-Teller active, paramagnetic S = ½ cluster
at room temperature:
(EDT-TTF-CONH2)6(4)+ [Re6Se8(CN)6]
(4)–
(EDT-TTF-CONH2)2(1)+
(EDT-TTF-CONH2)2(1)+
(EDT-TTF-CONH2)2(2)+
below transition
charge disproportionation charge ordering
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(TTF)22+
(TTF)2+
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[EDT-TTF-CONH2+•]2
charge localization
coupled to
molecular motion
triclinic structure @ 100 K
[EDT-TTF-CONH2]2+•
Stéphane Baudron Lika Zorina
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Mott localization below 200 K T(K) 300 100
mixed valence, slipped
fully oxidized, more ecliped
2+
2+
2+
2+
XRD vs P: Sandra Carlsson, Dave Allan, Paul Attfield - U of Edimburg
charges are ordered
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Conclusion: Mott localization
M-I transition coupled to phase transition
molecular motion (softness of interfacial H-bond interactions) S. A. BAUDRON, P. BATAIL, C. COULON, R. CLERAC, E. CANADELL, V. LAUKHIN, R. MELZI, P. WZIETEK, D. JEROME,
P. AUBAN-SENZIER, S. RAVY, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127(33), 11785-11797 (2005)
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try and control the property
• keeping with Kagome lattice
• change anion charge !
HOW ?
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substitute one Re(III) for one Os(IV)
Baudron, Batail + Tulski, Long
France-Berkeley Program 2001-02
[ReIII5OsIVSe8(CN)6]
3–
[ReIII6Se8(CN)6]
4–
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(EDT-TTF-CONH2)6(4)+ [Re6Se8(CN)6]
(4)–
(EDT-TTF-CONH2)4(3)+ [Re5OsSe8(CN)6]
(3)–
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OUTLINE
1. electrocrystallization
2. redox chemistry
3. intermolecular interactions, and their redox activation, direct the structure
4. orbitals and band (in one dimension)
5. decipher BS of TTF-TCNQ, Bechgaard salts
6. modify / control electronic structure
6.2 tune stoichiometry
6.1 tune anion charge
6.3 ternary phases by halogen bonding
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O–H•••O et N–H•••O: normal hydrogen bonds
CH•••X: weaker hydrogen bonds
halogen bonds: comparable to normal hydrogen bonds
Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 5382
NH4+•••OH2 19 kcal mole–1 0.8 eV
HO–H•••Cl– 13.5 kcal mole–1 0.6 eV
HO–H••OH2 5 kcal mole–1 0.2 eV
HC≡C–H•••OH2 2.2 kcal mole–1 0.1 eV
H2C=C–H•••OH2 1 kcal mole–1 0.04 eV
C–Cl•••N≡C 2.4 kcal mole–1 0.1 eV
CF3–I•••NH3 6 kcal mole–1 0.3 eV
1 kcal mole–1 = 4.33641146 10-2 eV
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halogen bonding in the solid state: as strong and even more directional than hydrogen bonding
X C rmin
rmax
+d
–d
–d polar flattening
Fourmigué, Batail Chem. Rev., 104(11), (2004)
direction of maximum
attractive electrostatic
interaction towards
electron-rich (lone pairs)
region of Lewis bases
—O—, C=O —S—, C=S sp3 and sp2 amines (pyridine) N≡C— goups I>Br>Cl
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halogen bonding in the solid state: as strong and even more directional than hydrogen bonds
C
X X C
Fourmigué, Batail Chem. Rev. 104, (2004)
C X
C X
2
1
type I 1 = 2
type II 1 = 90°, 2 = 180°
Desiraju et al. JACS, 111, 8725 (1989)
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EDT–TTF+
[Re6Se8(CN)6]4–
C–I
*C–I CN
also probing the extend of a covalent component to halogen bonding:
a current crystal engineering issue II
S
S
S
S S
S
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(EDT-TTF)8(p-BIB)[Re6Se8(CN)6]
Anne-Lise Barrès
8:1:1
n:2:1
n:3:1
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(EDT-TTF)8(p-BIB)[Re6Se8(CN)6]
IIhalogen-bonded co-polymer
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(EDT-TTF)8(p-BIB)[Re6Se8(CN)6]
A.-L. BARRÈS, A. EL-GHAYOURI, L. V. ZORINA, E. CANADELL, P. AUBAN-SENZIER, P. BATAIL Chem. Commun. 2194 - 2196 (2008)
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OUTLINE
1. electrocrystallization
2. redox chemistry
3. intermolecular interactions, and their redox activation, direct the structure
4. orbitals and band (in one dimension)
5. decipher BS of TTF-TCNQ, Bechgaard salts
6. modify / control electronic structure
6.1 tune stoichiometry
6.2 tune anion charge
6.3 ternary phases by halogen bonding
6.5 chemical pressure
6.4 [H+]/[hole] mixed valence
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d–(EDT-TTF-CONMe2)2X, X = AsF6–, Br–
K. HEUZÉ, M. FOURMIGUÉ, P. BATAIL, C. COULON, R. CLÉRAC, E. CANADELL,
P. AUBAN-SENZIER, S. RAVY, D. JÉROME
Adv. Mater. 15, 1251-1254 (2003)
genuine 3/4-filled band Mott insulators
S
S
O
NMe2S
S
S
S H
H
H
H
HC1 symmetry
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Me2N
S
S
S
SS
S
O
H
Me2N
S
S
S
SS
S
O
H
Me2N
S
S
S
SS
S
O
H
Me2N
S
S
S
SS
S
O
H
[±c/2] NMe2
S
S
S
S
S
S
O
H
NMe2
S
S
S
S
S
S
O
H
NMe2
S
S
S
S
S
S
O
H
NMe2
S
S
S
S
S
S
O
H
apply
glide plane
P21/c
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glide plane imposed by the C1 Molecular Symmetry
P21/c @ 150 K
glide planes @ 1/4 and 3/4 along b
t = + 71 meV despite criss-cross overlap:
t
t
glide plane imposes stack uniformity
non dimerized, 2 molecules, 1 hole per unit along chain:
band is ¼-filled with holes
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X
Z
Transfer integrals Br– vs [AsF6–]
band structure and Fermi surface: a sizeable t
Enric Canadell
along
stack
total bandwidth is 0.31 eV for AsF6– : very similar to (TMTTF)2Br
which, however, has a small dimerization gap of 0.027 eV
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Mott insulator!!: the underlying mechanism for fermions localization
can only come from the quarter-filling umklapp
Mott gap mostly controlled by the on-site and nearest neighbor interactions
Adv. Mater. 15, 1251-1254 (2003)
Auban-Senzier Jérome
AsF6-
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V (AsF6–) = V (Br –) + 76 Å3
decrease Mott gap by applying
chemical pressure:
7 kbar
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X
Z
Transfer integrals Br– vs [AsF6–]
band structure and Fermi surface: a sizeable t
Enric Canadell
along
stack
total bandwidth is 0.31 eV for AsF6– : very similar to (TMTTF)2Br
which, however, has a small dimerization gap of 0.027 eV
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(EDT-TTF-CONMe2)2X
0 5 10 15 20 250
50
100
150
200
X = Br
X = AsF6
(EDT-TTFCONMe2)2 X
T = 295K
Cond
uctiv
ité (
.c
m)
-1
Pression (kbar)
0 5 10 15 20 250.01
0.1
1
10
100X = Br
X = AsF6
(EDT-TTFCONMe2)2 X
T = 295K
Cond
uctiv
ité (
.c
m)
-1
Pression (kbar)
forte augmentation de (P) à basse pression (régime
localisé)
puis dépendance linéaire (idem (TM)2X) (régime
métallique)
à partir de X= AsF6: décalage de 7 kbar / X=Br
et de 15 kbar / (TMTTF)2PF6
(TMTTF)2PF6)
(1bar) = 40 (.cm)-1
Transport sous pression : c(P) à T ambiante
X = AsF6 (1bar) = 0.03
(.cm)-1
X = Br (1bar) = 1 (.cm)-1
AsF6− Br− = − 7 kbar
P. Auban-Senzier
C. Pasquier
D. Jérome
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-5 0 5 10
10
100
1000
FL
TCO
(P))
PCO
(P))
TMI
(S)
TAF
(13
C T1)
Insulator CO
X = Br
Conductor
2D
Insulator
CDW
TMI
()
Conductor
1D
T*T
TAF
(1H T
1 ) T
MI (
//)
Antiferromagnetic
Tem
pera
ture (
K)
Pressure (kbar)
X = AsF6
(EDT-TTF-CONMe2)2X, X=AsF6, Br
Q-1D ¼ filled systems
Ddim = 0
CO with AF ground state, no SP, no SDW, no SC
―Phase diagram of quarter-filled band organic salts, [EDT-TTF-CONMe2 ]2 X, X =AsF6 and Br‖
P. AUBAN-SENZIER, C. R. PASQUIER, D. JEROME, S. SUH, S. E. BROWN, C. MEZIERE, P. BATAIL
Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 257001 (2009)
NON-DIMERIZED
CO / AF → CDW → FL
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13C NMR Spectrum recorded at T = 200 K and applied field B = 10.007 T.
For arbitrary orientations, there are four non-equivalent sites (labelled A1, A2, B1, B2)
Steve Suh, Stuart E. Brown, UCLA
AsF6
SINGLE CRYSTAL 13C NMR
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T1-1(B) / T1
-1(A) = (B / A)2
large and T independent charge ratio rB / rA= 9 / 1 10 <T< 200K
100
101
102
100
101
102
103
temperature(K)
T1-1
(s
-1)
sites A1,A2
sites B1,B2Charge rich
site B
Charge depleted
site A
A B
Charge ratio 3 / 1 in
(DI-DCNQI)2Ag, K.Hiraki, K. Kanoda., PRL 80, 4737 (1998)
(TMTTF)2AsF6, F. Zamborszky et al., PRB 66, 081103(R) (2002)
B / A= 9 / 1
13C T1-1 (T) AsF6
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full refinement and analysis of symmetry of
3D CO structure
based on single crystal synchrotron X-ray data
identify
an anti-phase, static modulation wave of Br - atoms,
in synchronicity with on-site localization of holes
Leokadiya Zorina, Sergey Simonov, Cécile Mézière, Enric Canadell, Steve
Suh, Stuart E. Brown, Pierre Fertey, Pascale Foury-Leylekian, Jean-Paul
Pouget, Patrick Batail J. Mater. Chem. 19, 6980-6994 (2009)
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REFINED WIGNER STRUCTURES
T. Kakiuchi, Y. Wakabayashi, H. Sawa, T. Itou, K. Kanoda, Phys. Rev. Lett.,
2007, 98, 066402.
(DI-DCNQI)2Ag
M. Watanabe, Y. Noda, Y. Nogami, H. Mori, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 2004, 73,
921.
-(BEDT-TTF)2RbZn(SCN)4
a-(BEDT-TTF)2I3 T. Kakiuchi, Y. Wakabayashi, H. Sawa, T. Takahashi, T. Nakamura,
J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 2007, 76, 113702.
(EDO-TTF)2PF6 S. Aoyagi, K. Kato, A. Ota, H. Yamochi, G. Saito, H. Suematsu, M. Sakata,
M. Takata, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2004, 43, 3670.
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PAUL ATTFIELD’s WORK ON CO IN INORGANICS
powder neutron diffraction studies on half-doped manganites
(Pr0.5Ca0.5MnO3, TbBaMn2O6, YBaMn2O6)
and magnetite (Fe3O4)
J. P. Attfield, Solid St. Sc., 2006, 8, 861-867
R. J. Goff, J. P. Wright, J. P. Attfield, P. G. Radaelli,
J. Phys. Cond. Mat., 2005, 17, 7633-7642
R. J. Goff, J. P. Attfield, Phys. Rev. B, 2004, 70, 140404
J. P. Wright, J. P. Attfield, P. G. Radaelli,
Phys. Rev. Lett., 2001, 87, 266401
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one independent molecule in asymetric unit
do NOT allow for charge ordering
Pmna at 300 K for averaged structure Br —
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Pmna
P21/a
twinned monoclinic structure below 190 K
keeps with local two-fold axial symmetry about a
Lika Zorina
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Change in the γ lattice angle across the structural phase transition.
Blue rhombuses and red circles below the transition are data points for
the two different twin domains in the monoclinic phase.
ORTHORHOMBIC
Pmna
MONOCLINIC
P21/a
Br
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P21/a 150 K
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18647
2333
0.0331 R1 [I>2(I)]
Pmna, 2
collected
independent
Bruker 4-circle
CCD, Angers
?, 4
42335
12895
0.0521
Synchrotron
SOLEIL
a large collection of systematic absences reflections
to work with in orthorhombic symmetry
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analysis of synchrotron data
P2nn
Pmnn, P2nn, P22121
compatible with
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two independent molecules in asymetric unit
2b
in agreement with CO
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mixed valence
metallic Wigner structure
Mott insulator
activation of large collections of CH···O hydrogen bonds
in synchronicity with CO:
charge
disproportionation
carriers
crystallize
• concerted mechanism
• long range electrostatic modulation
activated
de-activated
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modulation of Br‒ displacements
synchrotron data collected at
Br absorption hedge
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anti-phase modulation
P2nn
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P2nn
compatible with ferroelectricty
3D charge ordered structure
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Br ¯ static modulation wave
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Pmna
P2nn
despites the occurrence of CO,
stacks appear to remain
essentially uniform
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Résumé
chimie et physique des interactions intermoléculaires
faibles à l’unisson dans les conducteurs moléculaires
en basse dimension