Chemistry 11 Unit Test Notes
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Chemistry 11- Reactions
CHEMISTRY 11-REACTIONS
12-04-02 Unit Test Notes
The following notes were produced for educational purposes
only, and not for commercial use. Please ask for consent from
the author before distribution.
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Chemistry 11- Reactions
Chemistry 11- ReactionsU N I T T E S T N O T E S
Table of Contents
UNDERSTANDING REACTIONS ........................................................................................................................... 1
CHEMICAL REACTIONS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1
WORD EQUATIONS ............................................................................................................................................. 1
TYPES OF REACTIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 2
COMBUSTION .................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
SYNTHESIS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
DECOMPOSITION............................................................................................................................................................................. 3
SINGLE DISPLACEMENT .................................................................................................................................................................... 3
DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT ................................................................................................................................................................... 4Precipitation Reactions ............................................................................................................................................................ 4
Reactions Producing a Gas ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
Neutralization Reactions ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
BALANCING EQUATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 5
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................................................. 5
EXTRACTING METALS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5
CORROSION AND PROTECTION....................................................................................................................................................... 5
FAMILIAR ALLOYS............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
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Chemistry 11- Reactions
Page 1
UNDERSTANDING REACTIONSReactions occur all around us today, whether they are physical or chemical. It is important to
recognize the difference between a physical and a chemical change. The following graphic displays clues
that will result in a chemical reaction.
Chemical Reactions
WORD EQUATIONSOnce we have gathered enough information to prove that the reaction was chemical we must
represent it with an equation, the first step to representing a chemical reaction is writing a word equation.
The word equation consists of the name of the reactants and products. For example,
+ +The equation does not require balancing or the correct chemical formula for the respective
compounds. It is important to make sure that reactants are on the left side, while the products are on the
right side of the arrow.
The products of the reaction will be a different colour than the reactants.Change in Colour
The product of the reactions will change in smell.Change in Odour
The products will be in a gaseous form.Formaiton of Gas
The products will form a solid.Formation of Solid
Energy will be given off as heat .Release or Absorption of Heat
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Chemistry 11- Reactions
TYPES OF REACTIONSIdentifying chemical reactions is very simplistic, however it is key to understand reaction before
they occur. This is known as predicting reactions. Reactions can be predicted by their reactants, for
example some reactants will results in a combustion reaction, while some will result in a double
displacement reaction. The following types of reactions are the most common.
Combustion
Combustion reactions are easily recognized by the production of heat energy or a flame.
The reaction can only occur if there are three things present, oxygen gas, a fuel source and heat.
The resultants of this reaction will always be a common oxide of the fuel source compound.
Consider the general form and the example.
+ ! + In the general form AB represents a compound or the fuel source, while AO is a common
oxide of Element A, and BO is a common oxide of element B. Now consider the example.
! + ! ! + !
As displayed in the example, Carbons common oxide is Carbon Dioxide, while
Hydrogens common oxide is DiHydrogen Monoxide. The reactants of the reaction can now be
easily predicted for any combustion reaction. If the fuel source is an element not a compound the
reactants will just be the common oxide of just the element.
Synthesis
Synthesis reactions are the most simple of reactions they take place between two elements
as the reactants. The result of the reaction is the formation of an ionic or molecular compound ofthe two elements. Consider the general form, and the example.
+
In the general form A and B both represent single elements or in case of a HOFBrINCl, the
compound gas. AB represents the compound either ionic or molecular by the reactants. Consider
the example.
! + ! 2
In the example, Oxygen gas, and Nitrogen gas come together to come the molecular
compound Nitrogen Monoxide. In a circumstance where a molecule is to reactant with an elementan synthesis reaction is also possible, however only in certain cases. Consider the example.
2 + ! 2!In the example, Nitrogen Monoxide reacted with more Oxygen gas, to form Nitrogen
Dioxide, this is not a Single Displacement reaction however it is a Synthesis reactions.
Equation not balanced.
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Chemistry 11- Reactions
Decomposition
Decomposition reactions works opposite to synthesis reactions, instead of combining two
elements together into a compound, decomposition reaction break after compounds into either
simpler compounds or the element they were formed with. Consider the general form, and the
example.
+
In the general form AB is a compound, and A and B are the elements. Decomposition
reactions require activation energy and do not just occur on their own. Activation energy is the
energy required to allow a reaction to occur consider the following example.
2! !"!#$%&$' 2! + !In this example Water or DiHydrogen Monoxide can be converted into Hydrogen gas and
Oxygen Gas by electricity (activation energy).
Single DisplacementSingle Displacement reactions occur when an element reacts with a compound to replace a
similar type of element within the compound. The condition for this is that the element must have a
lower electronegativity then the one it is replacing. If the replacing element has a higher
electronegativity (i.e. it is lower on the activity series) than the reaction will not occur. Consider the
general form and example.
+ +
In the general form, A and B are like elements, and BC and AC are compounds. Furthermore A is
higher on the activity series (i.e. It has a lower electronegativity) than B. Now consider the example.
Example 1: + 2 2 + ()!
Example 2: +(!)!
In Example 1, Zinc is higher on the activity series thus it could replace Silver in the in the
reaction. Although, in Example 2 Zinc is not higher than Magnesium on the activity series thus no
reaction occurred. An activity series will be provided on the test.
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Chemistry 11- Reactions
Double Displacement
A double displacement reaction occurs between two different molecules. In general there
are three types of double displacement reactions. All of which follow the general form.
+ +
Precipitation ReactionsA precipitation reaction occurs when two aqueous solutions react and form a
precipitate and a dissolved solution. In order to figure out which product compound will be
dissolved which will be a solid, the solubility table will be give on the test.
Reactions Producing a Gas
Reactions, which produce a gas will have the reactant of two aqueous solution or a
solid and an aqueous solution.
Neutralization Reactions
Neutralization Reactions occur when a base reacts with an acid. This will always
result in a salt (aqueous) and water.
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Chemistry 11- Reactions
BALANCING EQUATIONSBalancing equations is an art, it comes with practice, however the fundamental steps to balance a
chemical equation are exactly the same.
1. Write out the skeleton equation of the reaction that occurred.a.
Ensure your subscripts are correct.b. Ensure you have the right compounds.
()! + ! +!
2. Start balancing the compounds, leave Hydrogen and Oxygen to the end, consider the polyatomicas one if they are on both side, otherwise balance which element.
()! + 2 ! + 2!3. Balance Oxygen and Hydrogen.4. Write the states of the compounds in the reaction.
()!(!) + 2(!") !(!") + 2!(!)PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
There are many real world applications, which are related to reactions. There are three major
applications of reactions in the industry.
Extracting Metals
Metals with high reactivity are usually found as compounds rather then the pure metal.
When these metals are extracted the ore is combined with and acid. The compound that is formed
by this is then reacted with a more reactive metal. Thus separating the pure metal with was
combined with acid before.
Corrosion and Protection
Corrosion is serious problem for metals in the industry today, for example iron reacts with
atmospheric oxygen to make Iron (III) oxide or rust. To prevent this problem a layer of less
reactive metal is placed on the iron. Additionally it might be coated with a more reactive metal in
which case the reactive metal will react with oxygen and not harm the iron.
Familiar AlloysWe are all accustomed to hearing stainless steel as a popular choice in kitchens. Stainless
steel is an alloy, which is made up of steel and other elements to make it harder and rust free. To
measure the purity of an alloy the Karat system is used. 24 K means that the metal is100% pure
while, 24 K or 14K mean that it is an alloy and not as pure.