Chemical Used in Textile

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What are the textile auxiliaries available in the market?Posted by Thesmarttime | Textile Processing | Tuesday 31 August 2010 2:18 pm

Find

DEMINERALIZATION:

BEST PRODUCTS IN THE MARKET

MANUFACTURER

IONIC NATURE

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

SPECIFIC PROPERTIES

LUFIBROL MSD

BASF MIXTURE OF DISPERSING AND COMPLEXING SUBSTANCES

Extracting and dispersing agent with stabilizing and anticatalytic effect in the

alkaline peroxide bleach. Improves the degree of whiteness and absorbency.

INVATEX AC HUNTSMAN Anionic Preparation based on special organic acids .

INVATEX -

AC cracking agent is easily

miscible with water in all proportions and can be used,

diluted as well as undiluted, for automatic dosing systems.

SIRRIX N LIQUID

CLARIANT An effective neutralizing agent ideal for Core alkali removal and for ensuring an acidic pH in finishing processes.

DESIZING:


MANUFACTURER

IONIC NATURE


SPECIFIC PROPERTIES

REXSIZE WHT500

ROSSARI ENZYME

INVAZYME L40

HUNTSMAN α-amylaze enzyme for selective degradation of starch sizes to facilitate easy subsequent

processing.BACTOSOL TK LIQ;

BACTOSOL PHC LIQ; BACTOSOL HTN.IN; BACTOSOL

CLARIANT α-amylaze enzyme

Economical enzyme for conventional processes.

TK.IN LIQLUZYME PS BASF Enzyme used in

the desizing of textiles at application temperatures

ranging from 60 °c

to 110°C

Luzyme PS is particularly suitable for desizing by the Pad Steam process.

WETTING AGENTS:


MANUFACTURER

IONIC NATURE


SPECIFIC PROPERTIES

LISSOPOL 100X

ICI NON-IONIC 100% NON-IONIC WETTING AGENT

SANDOZIN NITI

CLARIANT NON-IONIC Non-ionic wetting agent and detergent.

SANDOZEN MRA

CLARIANT NON-IONIC Strong wetting , washing & cleaning agent free from solvents for all types of fibers

ULTRVON RW

NON-IONIC Synergetic preparation of special surfactants.

Good resistance to oxidative and

reductive bleaching agents.

Good stability to

Wetting agent and detergent with very good re-wetting action and

extremely low foaming, for discontinuous pretreatment processes on

alkali and acids.

Very good compatibility with

enzymes.

-

cellulosics and their blends with synthetics.

SCOURING AGENTS:


MANUFACTURER

IONIC NATURE


SPECIFIC PROPERTIES

KIERLON JET B CONC

BASF NON-IONIC Mixture of nonionic surfactants.

Low-foaming detergent for wetting and scouring woven and knitted fabrics

in machines with high liquor turbulence (jet-dyeing). Particularly suitable in

finishing liquors with or without pigments.

AMOLLAN FBOL

BASF NON-IONIC

IMEROL PC LIQUID

CLARIANT Sandoclean PC Liquid is a biologically degradable, APEO and solvent-free wetting agent/detergent

with emulsifying and dispersing action for the scouring and removal of mineral oil contamination from textiles.

IMEROL XNI CLARIANT A versatile product for one bath scouring and bleaching of cotton woven and hosiery fabric, scouring aid for wool and specialty product for combined scouring and dyeing of polyester fibers, yarn and fabric.

IMEROL SR CLARIANT An efficient scouring and stain extracting agent for cellulosic, polyester and their blends in knitted and woven form.

MERCERISING AGENTS:


MANUFACTURER

IONIC NATURE


SPECIFIC PROPERTIES

PERMINAL MA SPL

ICI CRODA ANIONIC NON-CRYSELIC WETTING AGENT

Low-foaming, highly alkali stable, noncresylic

mercerizing wetting agent for cotton.

MERCEROL QWNI

CLARIANT ANIONIC NON-CRYSELIC WETTING AGENT

An effective, high active, cresol-free, low foaming wetting agent for mercerization of cotton and cellulosic blends in yarn, woven and knitted form.

DYE-BATH CONDITIONERS:


MANUFACTURER

IONIC NATURE


SPECIFIC PROPERTIES

ALBATEX DBC

HUNTSMAN ANIONIC Mixture of an additional complexing agent and polymers

Improves dye solubility. Surfactant-free, non-foaming

formulation. No demetalization of dyes. Prevents staining of dyeing

machines.

Free from APEO and phosphates

Not toxic to the environment.

DRIMAGEN ERI

CLARIANT Leveling agent and dye bath conditioner

with complexing and dispersing properties for dyeing with reactive dyes.

DEPSO DYE LDVRD

ICI Leveling agent and dye bath conditioner with complexing and dispersing properties for dyeing with reactive dyes.

DEKOL SN NEW

BASF Acrylate copolymer, sodium salt in water.

Pumpable dispersing agent, protective colloid and complexing agent for all

stages in the dyeing of textiles of cotton and cotton blends

SEQUESTERING/DISPERSING/SOAPING AGENTS:


MANUFACTURER

IONIC NATURE


SPECIFIC PROPERTIES

METAXIL ADW

ICI (CRODA) ANIONIC SODIUM SALT OF POLYACRILYC ACID

powerful dispersing agent to remove unfixed and hydrolysis reactive dye and side by side acts a chelating agent also( it work as a protective

colloid for elimination of problem caused by redeposit ion of insoluble calcium and magnesium salt without any demetalizing effect on dyestuff) .it is also good washing off agent for reactive dyeing

DEKOL SN BASFSANDOPUR RSK LIQ

CLARIANT Sandopur RSKI Liquid Conc. is the novel washing

off agent which is very efficient in the washing

of hydrolyzed reactive dyes. It improves the hard

water stability of sensitive dyes. It doesn’t foam,

therefore it is suitable for jets/soft flow machines.

It is APEO free and ecofriendly product.

CIBAPON R HUNTSMAN ANIONIC Modified Polyacrylic Acid Sodium Salt in

WaterALBATEX AD

HUNTSMAN Anionic Sodium salt of a polyacrylic acid

Highly efficient dispersant for

insoluble and sparingly soluble

calcium salts, pectins and other

impurities such as cotton linters. Dissolves hydrolysed dyes during soaping.

LADIQUEST 1097

CLARIANT Anionic Scouring additive with dispersing,sequestering and washing offproperties.

Foam free.

Promotes removal of unfixed dye.

Acts as a protective colloid.

High washing and dispersing power.

SOAPING AGENTS:


MANUFACTURER

IONIC NATURE


SPECIFIC PROPERTIES

LISSOPOL D PASTE

ICI CRODA ANIONIC CHLOROSULPHONATED FATTY ALCOHOLS

POWER FUL DETERGENT AND WETTING AGENT COMMONLY

USED FOR SOAPING.

SANDOPUR RSK LIQ

CLARIANT Sandopur RSKI Liquid Conc. is the novel washing

off agent which is very efficient in the washing

of hydrolyzed reactive dyes. It improves the hard

water stability of sensitive dyes. It doesn’t foam,

therefore it is suitable for jets/soft flow machines.

It is APEO free and ecofriendly product.

ALBATEX DSI CONC

HUNRSMAN Anionic Sodium salt of a polyacrylic acid

Improves the quality and reproducibility of virtually every textile, wet process.

Washing off agent for reactive dyeings and prints on cellulosic fibers.

CIBAPON R HUNTSMAN ANIONIC Modified Polyacrylic Acid Sodium Salt in Water

METAXIL ICI CRODA ANIONIC SODIUM SALT OF powerful

ADW POLYACRILYC ACID dispersing agent to remove unfixed and hydrolysis reactive dye and side by side acts a chelating agent also( it work as a protective colloid for elimination of problem caused by redeposit ion of insoluble calcium and magnesium salt without any demetalizing effect on dyestuff) .it is also good washing off agent for reactive dyeing

STAIN REMOVERS:


MANUFACTURER

IONIC NATURE


SPECIFIC PROPERTIES

ASTOL A ICI CRODA Stain removing agent to remove oil borne stains from textiles.

IMEROL XNI CLARIANT A versatile product for one bath scouring and bleaching of cotton woven and hosiery fabric, scouring aid for wool and

specialty product for combined scouring and dyeing of polyester fibers, yarn and fabric.

IMERAOL SR CLARIANT An efficient scouring and stain extracting agent for cellulosic, polyester and their blends in knitted and woven form.

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE STABILIZERS:


MANUFACTURER

IONIC NATURE


SPECIFIC PROPERTIES

STABILIZER AWNI

CLARIANT Economical, eco-friendly, effective Peroxide Stabilizer.

TINOCLARITE CBB

HUNTSMAN Non silicate stabilizer for use in peroxide cold pad-batch, pad-steam bleaching without silicate as well as the alkaline discontinuous long liquor peroxide bleach process.

CATIONIC DYE FIXING AGENTS:


MANUFACTURER

IONIC NATURE


SPECIFIC PROPERTIES

SANDOFIX WEI

CLARIANT Cationic CATIONIC DYE FIXING AGENT

FIXONOL PN ICI CRODA Cationic CATIONIC COST EFFICIENT DYE FIXER

CATIONIC FORMALDEHYDE FREE DYE FIXING AGENTS:


MANUFACTURER

IONIC NATURE


SPECIFIC PROPERTIES

TINOFIX ECO

HUNTSMAN Cationic AQUEOUS SOLUTION BASED ON POLYETHYLENE POLYAMINE

No formaldehyde dye fixing agent

TINOFIX FRD HUNTSMAN Cationic Cationic Quaternary Polyamine;

No formaldehyde dye fixing agent

LADIQUEST 4321

CLARIANT CATIONIC No formaldehyde dye fixing agent

FINISHING AIDS:

NON-IONIC SOFTNERS


MANUFACTURER

IONIC NATURE


SPECIFIC PROPERTIES

AVIVAN SFC HUNTSMAN NON-IONIC Non yellowing softening agent for textiles. Does not impair water

absorbency of treated goods.

CERANINE HINI

CLARIANT NON-IONIC Non-ionic softener, gives a smooth filling handle.

CATIONIC SOFTNERS


MANUFACTURER

IONIC NATURE


SPECIFIC PROPERTIES

CERANINE HCS

CLARIANT CATIONIC Cationic softener with excellent soft bulky fee

SAPAMINE OC

HUNTSMAN CATIONIC Amide derivative of an aliphatic carbon acid

I

• Gives fabrics a warm luxurious feel

• Low sublimation

• Reduced contamination of machinery parts and

condensation sports on the fabric

• Anti-soiling properties

• Can help to reduce fabric seconds during

manufacturing

• Helps to keep the fabric looking newer

and fresher

for long during wearing and washing of the

garment

• Very high degree of exhaustion • Excellent product efficiency

• Low waste water contamination

• Product can be used even form long liquor ratio

CIRRASOL CS

ICI CATIONIC

ANIONIC SOFTENERS


MANUFACTURER

IONIC NATURE


SPECIFIC PROPERTIES

LUSIL XLHW

ICI ANIONIC

SILICONE SOFTNERS


MANUFACTURER

IONIC NATURE


SPECIFIC PROPERTIES

LUBRICATING AGENTS


MANUFACTURER

IONIC NATURE


SPECIFIC PROPERTIES

Depsolube ACS

ICI ANIONIC LOWFOAM PROCESS BATH ANTICREASING LUBRICANT AND EMULSIFIER.

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How to identify the fibers in a blended fabric?Posted by thesmarttime | Textile Processing | Saturday 28 August 2010 1:02 pm

Introduction

(more…)

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Polyester getting tinted while dyeing Reactive Turquoise Blue combination of a poly/cot blended knit fabric. How to dye without tint?Posted by thesmarttime | dyeing | Saturday 30 January 2010 5:13 pm

Given below may be the best route for processing a knit poly-cot blend:

Pretreatment:

1. Wetting off:

Recipe:

Wetting agent (No foaming) = 0.5%

Treat @ 70°C for 10 minutes.

Drain.

2. Scouring & Bleaching:

a. Recipe:

i. Soda Ash = 0.5%

ii. Caustic Soda = 0.7%

iii. Non foaming detergent = 0.5%

iv. Peroxide Stabilizer = 0.5%

v. Hydrogen Peroxide(50%) = 1.5%

1. @ 85°C for 1 hour.

2. Drain and do cold wash

3. Neutralization:

a. Recipe:

i. Acetic Acid = 1 ml/liter

1. Treat @ cold for 10 minutes.

2. Wash cold 10 minutes

3. Check pH and let it be 6

4. Heat Setting:

a. Do heat-setting in a stenter @ 200°C for 30 seconds (split open) with 3% overfeed on pins at 15 meters/minute speed.

5. Mercerising:

a. Recipe:

i. Caustic lye = 50°TW

ii. Permenol N = 10 ml/liter (Mercerizing Wetting Agent)

Wash free from residual alkali

6. Polyester Dyeing: (Optional)

a. Recipe:

i. Lyogen PESI = 1.0 g/l (Dispersing & Leveling Agent)

ii. Acetic Acid = 1.0 g/l

1. Run @ 50°C for 10 minutes

iii. Add dissolved dyestuff @ 50°C and run 10 minutes

iv. Raise the temperature from 50 to 115°C @ 2°/minute – 30 minutes

v. Raise the temperature from 115 to 135°C @ 0.5°C/minute – 40 minutes

vi. Cool to 80°C and drain

7. Reduction Clearing (R.C.):

a. Recipe:

i. Cyclanon ECO = 2 grams/liter (Reduction Clearing Agent from BASF)

ii. Acetic Acid = 2 grams/liter

1. Treat at 80°C for 10 minutes

2. Wash cold

8. Reactive Dyeing:

a. Set pH to 6 by addition adequate quantity of Acetic acid ( may be up to 0.3 to 0.5 cc/liter)

b. Cotfix Turq Blue H2GP = 3.0%

c. Cotfix Yellow ME4GL = 1.0%

d. Glauber’s Salt = 80 grams/liter OR

e. Soda Ash = 20 grams/liter

i. Dye using Special Turquoise Blue Dyeing Method

a. Cotfix Turq Blue H2GP = 3.0%

b. Cotfix Yellow ME4GL = 1.0%

c. Glauber’s salt = 80 grams/liter

d. Soda Ash = 10 grams/liter

e. Caustic Soda Flakes = 2.75 grams/liter

Dye using the Special Turquoise Blue Preconditioning Method:

9. Neutralize:

Acetic Acid 2.5 grams/liter (instead of 1 g/l)

10. Soaping:

a. Method -1:

I – Soaping:

Recipe:

Lissopol D paste 2 grams/liter @ 80°C for 20 minutes.

II – Soaping:

Recipe:

Lissopol D paste 1 gram/liter @ 80°C for 20 minutes.

b. Method – 2:

I – Soaping:

Recipe:

Sandopon RSK Liq 2 grams/liter

Lyocol RDN 1 gram/liter (dispersing agent for Disperse dyes – used here for better soaping)

@ 80°C for 20 minutes.

II – Soaping:

Recipe:

Sandopon RSK Liq 1 gram/liter

Lyocol RDN 0.5 gram/liter


c. Method- 3:

I – Soaping:

Recipe:

Cyclanon X-CW NEW = 2 gram/liter

Lyocol RDN = 1 gram/liter


II – Soaping:

Recipe:

Cyclanon X-CW NEW = 1 gram/liter

Lyocol RDN = 0.5 gram/liter

@ 80°C for 20 minutes

Hot Wash

Cold Wash

11. Acetic Acid treatment:

Acetic Acid 0.5 cc/liter

12. If necessary use Formaldehyde free Cationic fixing treatment.

a. Sapamine OC = 1%

b. Cationic Fixing = 1%

i. @ Cold treat for 30 minutes.

ii. Wash cold

iii. Drain & unload the batch.

Note:

If a dose of 0.3 cc/liter of Acetic acid is incorporated in the soaping bath, the staining of reactive dyes on polyester during soaping may be completely avoided. Soaping bath pH should be 5 to 6.

A final wash after Soaping with 1 gram/liter of Acetic Acid or 0.5 gram/liter of Formic acid and maintaining a pH 5 to6 during drying would avoid tinting of reactive dyes by migration in to polyester.

Even after taking all precautions, if the polyester part still gets stained, treat the tinted fabric with:

Acetic Acid = 2grams/liter

Alcosperse AD = 2 grams/liter

Cibapon R liq = 2 grams/liter

At 80°C for 30 minutes; this would remove the stains from the polyester.

Summary:

1. In preparation no residual chemicals of the pretreatment should remain on the fabric. The RFD fabric should be checked for a pH of 6 at the end of pretreatment and before dyeing.

2. The pH should be 6 at the beginning of reactive dyeing.

3. After dyeing is over, neutralization with Acetic acid should be done and check the pH to 6.

4. Ensure sufficient hot wash to reduce the electrolyte (salt) concentration to a minimum of 1 g/l before soaping, otherwise imperfect soaping would be done.

5. During soaping maintain a pH of 6 to avoid staining of polyester.

6. The soaping temperature should be maintained strictly at 80°C. More than this would open the polyester fiber and create a tendency for unfixed reactive dye to enter into polyester fiber as stain.

7. The final pH should be 6 before drying and it may be controlled by using 0.5 cc/liter of Formic Acid.

Notes on Resin finishing:

Recipe:

Resin KVS = 45 g/liter

PV Acetate = 25 g/liter

PVA = 25 g/liter

PE = 20 g/liter

Acetic Acid = 1 cc/liter

Pad 2 dip 2 nip – pressure 35 kgs/sqcm. – speed 25 mtrs/minute and temperature – 170°C – No over feed.

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Package dyeing of yarn with HE dyestuffsPosted by thesmarttime | dyeing | Sunday 17 January 2010 9:29 pm

Start Dyeing @50°C; ensure the starting bath pH be 6; adjust with Acetic Acid if necessary.

Add salt (vacuum or Glauber’s salt) and hold for 15 minutes Add ½ the volume of dissolved and filtered dyestuff and hold 10 minutes. Add ½ the volume of dissolved and filtered dyestuff and hold 10 minutes. Raise the temperature @2°C/minute to 80°C and hold for 20 minutes. Add ½ alkali (Soda ash) and hold 25 minutes. Add ½ alkali (Soda ash) and hold for 30 minutes. Check sample Drain Cold wash (10 + 10 minutes) Neutralize @ 40°C with adequate qty of Acetic acid. Cold wash – 10 minutes Hot Wash @ 70°C (2°C/minute) – 10 minutes Soap @ 95°C – 15 minutes (1st soap) Soap @ 95°C – 15 minutes (2nd soap) Soap @ 95°C – 15 minutes (3rd soap) Hot Wash Sample check for shade and wash fastness Cold wash (10 + 10) minutes Acid wash with 1 gpl of acetic acid In the same acid bath – cationic softener treatment – 20 minutes Check pH – 6 Unload.

http://thesmarttime.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/ht-hp-dyeing-chart.jpg

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Cotton-Nylon fabric/yarn dyeingPosted by thesmarttime | dyeing | Sunday 17 January 2010 9:14 pm

Cotton and Nylon blended fabrics may be dyed using the above process diagram. Machinery: (Cheese dyeing machine or Soft-flow machine)

Set the dye bath with1.5 to 2.5 gpl acetic acid at room temperature. Add the total quantity of Glauber’s salt for reactive dyeing in two portions. This will

function like a leveling agent for acid dyeing. Add the dyestuff mixture of acid and reactive dyes in two portions. Raise the temperature to 80°C @ 1°/minute. Hold at 80°C for 30 to 45 minutes according to the recipe/depth of nylon dyes (acid

dyes). Then check the shade for nylon portion by carbonizing the cellulose in 70% Sulphuric

acid. If not ok, make required additions and continue dyeing otherwise reduce the temperature

to 60°C @ 2°/minute. At 60°C add alkali in two portions as mentioned above. Check pH. It should be 10.8 to

11.2. Continue dyeing for 45 to 90 minutes according to depth. Drop the bath. Cold wash twice for 10 minutes each. Neutralize with 1gpl of acetic acid at 40°C – Drain. Hot wash at 70°C – 10 minutes. I- Soaping with Sandopur RSK Liq – 2 gpl at 90°C II – Soaping with Sandopur RSK Liq – 1 gpl at 90°C Hot wash at 70°C Cold wash – twice for 10 minutes each. Acid wash with 1 gpl acetic acid at cold. Unload or take it for finishing.

Few suggestions for continuous dyeing are:

http://thesmarttime.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/cotton-nylon-blend-dyeing.jpg

1. Continuous Dyeing of Nylon and cotton blends may be done using disperse and reactive dyes in the same way we do for polyester and cotton. Thermosolling may be done at 80 to 90°C instead of 135 to 150°C. A bottleneck with disperse dyeing is, you can produce only light and medium shades only. With disperse dyestuff you may not get proper yield and washing fastness.

2. With Clariant there is a dyestuff called ‘Forosols’ that can be used for dyeing both cotton and polyester for solid shades. You can make a lab trial in consultation with Clariant people and then finalize your process for continuous dyeing.

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Guide to Select the Right Fiber for the Right ProductPosted by thesmarttime | Uncategorized | Wednesday 13 January 2010 9:08 pm

One of the most important aspects of a textile product is the fabric. There are a number of criteria upon which the fabric selection is based. In the world of fashion, color, texture and pattern are paramount. However, less apparent but equally important is fiber type. Fibers have specific properties that can influence the performance and comfort of a garment. In order to produce a product with the desired characteristics, the appropriate fiber must be selected. (more…)

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What are the benefits of Hot Mercerization?Posted by Thesmarttime | Cotton Pretreatment, Textile Processing | Friday 23 October 2009 10:32 pm

Short and hot …During hot impregnation the lye penetrates faster and more evenly into the yarn core. Swelling therefore does not take place only on the fabric surface. As Compared with cold impregnation the swelling behavior is considerably better and has a positive influence on the dimensional stability. The more uniform swelling gives, with dyed goods, a more equal appearance. With the wet-on-wet method the exchange factor is increased thus permitting a shorter impregnation zone than with conventional processes. In addition, the lye volume is kept very low. The lye concentration is simple to control. The lye bath has been kept purposely small and under it there is one single lye tank integrated into the machine. (more…)

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Useful Hints on Reactive Dyeing

Posted by thesmarttime | Cellulose & its blend dyeing, Textile Processing | Thursday 22 October 2009 4:35 pm

General:

Since sodium sulphate generates less sodium ion with respect to NaCL, cotton surface becomes less substantive, that is precondition for light shades. So sodium sulphate is preferred;

o -Light shadeso -Blue 19 and Blue 21o -Viscose fibero In case low bath ratio and high circulation dyeing machines, electrolyte

concentration should be decreased.o If bath ratio is increased, e.g. in sample dye units, salt amount should be

increased.o After the addition of salt and dye, at least 40 min. should be elapsed, to obtain

perfect dye distribution and migration.o In case of high bicarbonate content of process water, final pH is around 10,2-10,4

which is very low for good fixation and shade repeatability. Optimum pH should be around 10,8-11,2. After soda addition, after 15 min., 1-3 g/lt NaOH is supplied in 15 min. and processed 15 min. more. (more…)

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How to improve the tear and tensile strength of a fabric?Posted by thesmarttime | Cotton Pretreatment, Textile Processing | Thursday 22 October 2009 11:21 am

1. How to improve the tear and tensile strength of the fabric? 1. i. There are many reasons for the loss of tensile and tear strength. Right from

singeing, if the intensity and height of the flame is higher than the required; the fabric is likely to be scorched. To avert this, various speeds ranging from 70, 80, 90 meter/minute are to be tried in singeing and the efficiency can be ascertained by pilling test over specified measurements (10 x 10 sq.in).

2. ii. Excessive emerizing may lead to strength loss.3. iii. Resin finishing (for DP value) : A loss of 20 per cent fabric strength is

unavoidable if the chemicals after application and curing are not properly washed by suitable alkali treatment (2 gpl soda ash in cold water and then washing etc.). We also suggested a suitable recipe for obtaining a better DP value onn their fabric. (more…)

Comments (2)

Right Procedure for dyeing Turquoise Blue G on Viscose rayon substratePosted by thesmarttime | Cellulose & its blend dyeing, Textile Processing, Uncategorized | Wednesday 21 October 2009 9:55 pm

Some general characters of viscose fiber:

Viscose has lower tenacity than cotton when it’s dry and wet. SO more care should be taken in wet processing of the fabric or yarn made of viscose fiber to prevent fabric tears and breakages. It has more elongation in wet and conditioned state than cotton fiber.

Both viscose and modal are being supplied by the manufacturers almost in pure state and mostly do not need any bleaching operation for dark and medium shades. However viscose cotton blends need some mild bleaching before dyeing.

The water retention value (swelling index) is more than cotton and modal fibers. It swells within 10 seconds when immersed in water even at lower temperatures. It is to be noted that the fabric acquires stiffness when it is wet because of the high swelling that makes the fabric compact and hence stiff. (more…)

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