Chemical Signals in Animals. 2 communication systems in body. 1 Nervous system, 2 endocrine system....
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Chemical Signals in Animals
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• 2 communication systems in body.
• 1Nervous system, 2endocrine system.
• Endocrine system - glands and tissues that secrete hormones, chemical messengers produced by cells to act on other cells.
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http://scienceblogs.com/clock/upload/2006/06/endocrine%20system.jpg
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• Some hormones act on nearby cells (paracrine signals) others on same cells that made them (autocrine signal).
• Signals in endocrine system take longer to reach destination (carried by blood), longer lasting than nervous impulses.
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• Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into bloodstream.
• Exocrine secretions do not contain hormones; released through ducts into body compartment.
• Example - pancreas in digestion.
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• Hormones classified into 2 groups: steroid hormones, peptide hormones.
• Both must bind to protein receptor on target cell, peptide hormones must bind to receptors on cell surface since they cannot cross membrane.
• Causes signal to be transmitted to inside of cell.
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• Signal can activate 2nd messengers, which amplify signal and alter cell activities - called signal transduction cascade because process amplified as it continues down path.
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• Steroid hormones usually smaller and can pass through membrane.
• Most come from cholesterol and usually enter nucleus of cell, altering protein synthesis (transcription).
• Steroid hormones not stored, unlike protein hormones - need to be regulated in order to be secreted.
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Endocrine glands
• Regulation of production and secretion of hormones done through feedback loop.
• Some hormones regulate release of other hormones.
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• 1Hypothalamus and pituitary – found in forebrain, located above pituitary gland.
• Pituitary has 2 parts: anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary.
• Posterior - vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone or ADH) - acts on kidney to conserve water; oxytocin - aids in childbirth.
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• Hormones made in hypothalamus, pass through posterior pituitary - secreted.
• Anterior pituitary regulated by hypothalamus through portal blood circulation - carries blood directly from hypothalamus to pituitary.
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• Hypothalamus stimulated - releasing factors into portal blood circulation carried to pituitary - cause release of hormone from anterior pituitary.
• Growth hormone promotes growth in body tissues.
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• Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates thyroid to secrete thyroxin.
• Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids in response to stress.
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• Prolactin - responsible for milk production.
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) promotes maturation of seminiferous tubules in males, ovaries in females.
• Luteinizing hormone (LH) - promotes testes to secrete testosterone in males; causes ovulation of egg in females.
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• Endorphins act on central nervous system to block pain signaling (like opiates).
• 2Thyroid gland – thyroxine accelerates metabolism.
• Person deficient can develop goiter, lethargy, obesity.
• Hyperthyroidism causes profuse sweating, weight loss, increased BMR.
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• Thyroxine secretion stimulated by hypothalamus in response to environment (like cold), acts on thyroid gland.
• Thyroid gland also produces calcitonin - regulates calcium concentration in blood.
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• Calcitonin increases stimulates bone formation, decreases bone destruction.
• Calcitonin opposed by parathyroid hormone.
• 3Parathyroid glands – located on backside of thyroid gland, secretes parathyroid hormone - regulates calcium, phosphate balance between blood, other tissue.
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• Increased parathyroid hormone increase bone resorption, elevates plasma calcium.
• Decreased calcium in blood causes secretion of parathyroid hormone which increases activity of osteoclasts (bone breaking cells) - remodels bones to release calcium.
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Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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• 4Pancreas – performs both exocrine, endocrine functions.
• Endocrine function occurs in islets of Langerhans which contain alpha and beta cells that secrete glucagon and insulin.
• Insulin stimulates muscles and other cells to release glucose from blood.
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• Causes muscles and liver to convert glucose to glycogen (storage form of glucose).
• Glucagon responds to low levels of blood glucose - stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
• Diabetics cannot control levels of insulin.
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• 5Adrenal glands – found on top of kidneys, consist of adrenal cortex on exterior + adrenal medulla on inside of gland.
• Medulla responsible for epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress.
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• Epinephrine responsible for adrenaline release as well as causing blood to shunt away from skin, digestive organs, kidneys; increases blood flow to heart, brain, skeletal muscle.
• Also increases metabolic activity.
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• Cortex responsible for secretion of corticosteroids - regulated by nervous system in response to stress, 3 types.
• AGlucocorticoids help to raise blood glucose levels.
• High doses help in inflammation response.
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• BMineral corticoids - promote reabsorption of Na+, excretion of K by kidneys.
• CSex hormones – androgens responsible in part for female sex drive.
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• 6Ovaries, Testes - testes produce testosterone in males, estrogen and progesterone in females.
• 7th week of development, information on Y chromosome (if present) starts to produce testosterone.
• Absent - female hormones are produced.
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• ATestes – releases androgens (like testosterone) responsible for production of sperm and secondary male sex characteristics.
• BOvaries – secrete estrogen and progesterone.
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• 1Estrogen responsible for stimulating lining of uterus to grow and secondary sex characteristics of females.
• 2Progesterone responsible for promoting lining of uterus to grow.
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• 7Pineal gland - small mass of tissue near center mammalian brain.
• Secretes melatonin - aids in reproduction and cycle of light and dark.
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