Online Version ISSN: 1314-412XVolume 4, Number 1

March 2012

2012

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Georgi Zhelyazkov (Bulgaria)

2012

Online Version ISSN: 1314-412X Volume 4, Number 1March 2012

Impact of mineral fertilization in carp ponds on dependant environmental factors

L. Hadjinikolova*, D. Terziyski, A. Ivanova

Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 248 Vasil Levski , 4003 Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Abstract. . This study is related to the development of mineral fertilization schemes aimed at balancing the content and the N:P ratio in the water of carp ponds and its impact on main physicochemical and hydrobiological environmental factors. It was established that a triple introduction of mineral fertilizers in ponds

-1 -1with predetermined nitrogen and phosphorus ratio of 16:1 and the background level before fertilization of 0.52 mg.l – 1.11 mg.l , inorganic nitrogen increased -1 -1from 10.3 to 65.7 times which provides optimum average seasonal levels within 6.06 mg.l – 7.04 mg.l typical for application of mineral fertilization. Increase in

st -1 -1 -1 the levels of phosphates was recorded in the 1 day after fertilization within 0.87 mg.l – 1.15 mg.l , as the background level before fertilization was 0.05 mg.l – -10.13 mg.l .

Keywords: mineral fertilization, carp ponds, biogenic elements, chlorophyll а.

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 4, No 1, pp 49 - 53, 2012

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and Aquaculture, Plovdiv under the following scheme: Version 1, test Introduction (Ponds No 6 and No 8) with application of mineral fertilization; version 2, control (Ponds No 3 and No 4) - ponds without fertilization.Biogenic elements nitrogen and phosphorus are of greatest

For the purposes of the experiment was formed the following importance for autotrophic plant nutrition. They are needed for the implantation structure of the fish involved in the experiment: Carp normal development of life in the aquatic ecosystem, and their

-1larvae (Cyprinus carpio L), (Ko) – 60 000 un.ha ; Bighead Carp absence or scarcity limits the development of life in the aquatic -1larvae (Aristichthys nobilis Rich.), (To) – 20 000 un.ha and one-year ecosystem. The investigations done by many authors have treated

-1old Carp (K ) – 500 un.ha . During the growing season fish feeding besides biogenic quantity of nitrogen and phosphorus, also the ratio 1

N:P and the phytoplankton growth (Baranov, 1982; Miheeva, 1983). was carried out with fishmeal, sunflower meal, ground wheat grain It has been reported that the most intensive phytoplankton growth and pelleted feed.

-1 During the experiments were recorded physico-chemical and has been observed at nitrogen contents of 1.5 – 2.0 mg.l and at -1 hydrobiological water parameters in the test ponds in order to phosphorus contents of 0.15 – 0.20 mg.l , at a ratio of 10:1, while in

assess its quality and their bioproduction evaluation, as the surveys other investigations the ratio of 15:1 has been determined as normal. are conducted on pre-determined scheme.The insufficient content of nitrogen and phosphorus reduced the

For fertilization of ponds were used mineral fertilizers with the biological productivity of the pond, and the natural fish productivity of following characteristics: Nitrogen fertilizer – ammonium nitrate the ponds is determined by the amount of plankton and benthos, (NH NO ) – total nitrogen – 34.4%; ammonia nitrogen – 17.0%; which serve as fish food (Culver and Geddes, 1993). Their 4 3

development depends on the availability of basic biogenic elements nitrate nitrogen – 17.4%; Phosphorus fertilizer - superphosphate - such as nitrogen and phosphorus. That's why in fish farming is often water-and citrate-soluble P O – 45.5%; water soluble P O – not less 2 5 2 5

resorted to fertilization of the ponds with mineral or organic than 43%; free acid (as P O ) – max. 3.5%.2 5

fertilizers, as the goal is to achieve the desired ratio of nutrients (Qin Fertilization rates were determined after analysis of water in fish et al., 1995a). ponds in accordance with the needs of the required quantities of

The need to determine both the minimum dose of mineral fertilizers to maintain the optimum level and ratio of nitrogen and fertilization, which influences the development of phytoplankters phosphorus. The necessary quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus and the nitrogen and phosphorus ratio of fertilizers for stimulation of fertilizers per unit water area (dka) are calculated using the following vegetation of different species of phytoplankton organisms are formula:outlined by many authors (Culver, 1991; Qin et al., 1995b).

In this regard the purpose of this study is related to the development of mineral fertilization schemes aimed at balancing the content and the N:P ratio in the water of carp ponds and its impact on Where: A is required quantities of fertilizers (kg); B – required

-1main physicochemical and hydrobiological environmental factors. concentration of biogenic element in the sample, mg.l ; C – quantity -1of biogenic element in the sample, mg.l ; D – pond depth, m; P -

quantity of biogenic element in the fertilizer, %.Doses for fertilization were calculated with purpose to achieve

Material and methods N/P ratio = 16:1. Mineral fertilizers were introduced into the ponds evenly in solved state, as at the time of fertilization is sustained low-

To conduct the research were used carp ponds with an area of flow in the ponds.0.13 – 0.38 ha in the experimental base of the Institute for Fisheries Methods for the survey of water include:

* e-mail: lhadjinikolova@yahoo.com

(B–C).D

P

Figure 1. Dynamics of phosphorous and nitrogen level in the water for pond No 6

29.061.07

2.073.07

6.078.07

10.0710.08

12.0813.08

14.0817.08

19.0821.08

2.093.09

4.097.09

9.0911.09

15.0931.08

40.00

35.00

30.00

25.00

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00

TN,mg/I P-PO4,mg/I

50

Physicochemical parameters: water transparency, cm – growth in them.recorded according to Secchi disk; water temperature and the The level of inorganic nitrogen, reflected as the sum of amount of dissolved oxygen are measured with WTW 315i/SET ammonium and nitrate nitrogen (TN), is in the range of 0.74 – 0.81

-1 -1 -1microprocessor oximeter; hydrogen index (active reaction), pH – mg.l for the control ponds, and 6.06 mg.l –7.04 mg.l in the test measured with WTW 315i/SET pH-meter; amonium nitrogen (N- pools, in which times mineral fertilization was administered. The

+ -1NH ), mg.l concentration has been measured spectro- minimum and maximum values in the control ponds ranged within 4-1 -1 -1 -1 0.31 mg.l – 1.54 mg.l , and within 0.09 mg.l – 34.14 mg.l ,photometrically, by using Nesler`s reagent after (BSS-341377) –the

respectively. In the control ponds the recorded levels of nitrogen Bulgarian State Standard (ISO synchronized), and of nitrate -1 were under the optimum for development of the natural food base in nitrogen (N-NO ), mg.l – spectro-photometrically after BSS-3758-3

-1carp type ponds (2.0 mg.l ). Higher levels of total nitrogen in the test 85 (ISO synchronized). Phosphorus concentration (phosphate 3- -1 ponds are due to higher levels of nitrate nitrogen.phosphorus P-PO ), mg.l has been measured spectro-4

The average seasonal values of inorganic phosphorus photometrically, by using molybdenic reagent (BSS 7210-838). -1 -1

-1 (phosphate) were within 0.18 mg.l – 0.21 mg.l for ponds No 6 and Chemical oxygen demand (COD, mg 0.l ) has been measured after -1 -1No 8 and in the range of 0.12 mg.l – 0.18 mg.l for Ponds No 3 and a standard analytical method (BSS-3413-77).

-1 No 4, which values are 2-3 times lower than the optimum levels of 0.5 Hydrobiological parameters: chlorophyll-а, μg.l – measured -1mg.l . Minimum and maximum values recorded during the growing spectrophotometrically with ethanol extract from phytoplankton (ISO

-1 -1 period, which are between 0.01 mg.l and 0.96 mg.l were in a wider – 1/1980 и ISO 5667-2/1991); zooplankton – taxonomic composition range of differentiation.and the number are determined by Dimov's method (1959), and the

The dynamics of modification in the level and ratio of nitrogen biomass by Prikyl's method (1980).and phosphorus after fertilization is shown in Figures 1 and 2. During the conducted triple-fertilization with mineral fertilizers, ammonium nitrate and superphosphate for fertilized ponds No 6 and No 8 was

stResults recorded that in the 1 day after fertilization the level of inorganic -1 -1 ndnitrogen (TN) is within 11.46 mg.l – 34.14 mg.l in the 2 day after

-1For the period of the experiment June–October was recorded fertilization the rate decreased in the range of 8.46 mg.l – 23.10 -1 rd -1 -1that the factors with limiting effect for reared fish species and age mg.l in the 3 day, it reached values of 6.24 mg.l – 18.02 mg.l .

thwere retained within the technological or acceptable rates for water Depletion of the nitrogen level in the 10 day after fertilization 0

thof carp ponds, namely: temperature was within 22.24–22.85 С; occurred in varying degrees for both ponds. In 6 day the nitrogen -1 -1hydrogen index varied between 7.78 and 8.17; the amount of level in pond No 6 was in the range of 1.6 mg.l – 1.78 mg.l , and from -1

th th -dissolved oxygen ranged between 4.70–7.28 mg.l ; chemical 8 to 10 day, the level drops to values of approximately 1.48 mg.l-11 -1 thoxygen demand was within 4.54–8.70 mg.l . –0.37 mg.l . For pond No 8 the inorganic nitrogen (TN) level from 6

th -1 -1 thThe average seasonal value of transparency in the test ponds to 8 day remained within 2.07mg.l – 5.50 mg.l , and at the 10 day was in the range of 21–23 cm and in the control ponds it was about -1 -1levels were suboptimum (2.0mg. l ) and within 0.52 mg.l – 1.49 34 cm. Minimum and maximum absolute values within 17 to 50 cm, -1 stmg.l T he level of phosphates was in the optimal range in the 1 day were recorded. Based on the average depth of the observed ponds, nd rdafter fertilization in 2 and 3 portion of fertilization, by reaching the water transparency can be formulated as optimal in the range -1 -1values of 0.87 mg.l – 1.15 mg.l .15–25 cm. The surveyed ponds were within the abovementioned

For non-fertilized ponds the inorganic nitrogen level is within the variations, while the reported higher value of transparency in the -1 -1 -10.23–1.31 mg.l for pond No 3 and between 0.31mg.l and 1.54mg.l ponds of the control version is an indirect sign of low phytoplankton

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

1.00

0.40

0.800.15

0.60

0.100.40

0.050.20

0.000.00

29.061.07

2.073.07 6.07

8.0710.07

3.0812.08

13.0814.08

17.0819.08

21.082.09

3.094.09

7.099.09

11.0915.09

31.08

TN,mg/I P-PO4,mg/I

Figure 4. Dynamics of phosphorous and nitrogen level in the water for pond No 4

1.20

1.40

0.50

0.60

1.000.40

0.800.30

0.60

0.200.40

0.100.20

0.000.00

29.061.07

2.073.07 6.07

8.0710.07

3.0812.08

13.0814.08

17.0819.08

21.082.09

3.094.09

7.099.09

11.0915.09

31.08

TN,mg/I P-PO4,mg/I

Figure 3. Dynamics of phosphorous and nitrogen level in the water for pond No 3

29.061.07 2.07

3.07 6.078.07

10.0710.08

12.0813.08

14.0817.08

19.0821.08

2.093.09

4.097.09

9.0911.09

15.0931.08

25.00

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00

1.20

1.40

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00

Figure 2. Dynamics of phosphorous and nitrogen level in the water for pond No 8

TN,mg/I P-PO4,mg/I

51

52

series varied quite widely (7.43–276.43). Higher levels of phosphates in the first 1–3 days after fertilization allowed reaching an N/P ratio of 15.83 to 35.56 in this period. In the control ponds the N/P ratio ranged within 1.13 and 25.62.

The level of chlorophyll-a has higher values in fertilized ponds, both individually by ponds, and as options. More clearly is outlined the effect of the fertilization performed on 30.06.2009 and 11.08.2009. In this period the average temperature values (above

018 С) and oxygen are optimal for the development of chlorophyll-a. More than double increase in the level of chlorophyll-a in the test ponds was reported, as the values are above optimal for eutrophic ponds (Uzunov, 2000). Fertilization in early September had no positive impact. It is assumed that at the end of growing season with decrease of daylight length and average daily temperatures, algal populations did not reacted immediately on biogenic elements in the environment.

-1for pond No 4. The level of phosphates ranged between 0.03 mg.l After stocking the ponds in June and until the end of the season, -1 -1 -1 and 0.57 mg.l for pond No 3 and between 0.01 mg.l and 0.35 mg.l the number of crustaceans was greatly reduced, which is an

for pond No 4 (Figures 3 and 4). indication for strong trophic press by the reared fish species. This is The recerved values of chlorophyll-a increase in the test pools the main factor, manifested in all ponds, respectively – versions,

-1are shown in Table 1. Minimum values are within 29.6 g.1 (pond No which determined the low level of zooplankton biomass - below 0.85 -1

-33, control) and 55.50 g.1 (pond No 6, test) and in the test ponds g.m The average zooplankton biomass in the fertilized ponds is -1were recorded maximums in the range of 145.04–174.64 g.1 . The significantly higher than in pools without fertilization and in generally

increase of the chlorophyll-a level in the test ponds after the is due to the higher biomass of zooplankton in the beginning of the application of mineral fertilizers, averages 18.84% for the season season and the prevalence of cladocerans throughout the entire compared to its level in non-fertilized, control pools. season.

The species composition of zooplankton included 7 species of Rotatoria, 5 species of Cladocera and two types of Copepoda, including their larval stages and it is typical of carp ponds. ConclusionCrustacean zooplankton is traditionally well developed in the early summer with main types of Moina micrura, Bosmina sp., D.

It was established that a triple introduction of mineral fertilizers longispina and D. magna. The registered maximum number in the

in ponds with predetermined nitrogen and phosphorus ratio of 16:1 -3test ponds was in the range of 121 900 to 197 160 units.m . -1 and the background level before fertilization of 0.52 mg.l – 1.11 mg. In terms of percentage the importance of zooplankton forming -1l , inorganic nitrogen increased from 10.3 to 65.7 times which

groups for the final biomass is as follows: Rotatoria –36%, -1provides optimum average seasonal levels within 6.06 mg.l – 7.04 Cladocera – 46% and Copepoda –18% non-ferrtilized ponds; -1mg.l typical for application of mineral fertilization. Increase in the Rotatoria –23%. Cladocera – 60% and Copepoda –17% in fertilized stlevels of phosphates was recorded in the 1 day after fertilization ponds. Overall the applied fertilization has formed better -1 -1within 0.87 mg.l – 1.15 mg.l , as the background level before development of the cladocerans.

-1 -1fertilization was 0.05 mg.l – 0.13 mg.l .In regard with the zooplankton biomass average seasonal -3 In the conditions of the conducted experiments in test ponds values ranged from 0.16 to 0.19 g.m for the control, non-fertilized

-3 was recorded increased level of chlorophyll-a by 18.8% at registered ponds, and from 0.35 to 1.19 g.m for test fertilized ponds (Table 1). -1maximums within 145.04-174.64 g.l . The increase of zooplankton The increase in zooplankton biomass in the test version is on

biomass on average by 4.3 times at registered maximums of the average 4.3 times the reported biomass of the control version.-3plankton count and biomass of 121 900 – 197 160 units. m and 1.4 –

-37.51 g.m , respectively, and better development of cladocerans.

Discussion

ReferensesComprehensive studies of the aquatic ecosystem of 4 ponds with a single area of 0.13–0.38 ha were carried out, by application of

Baranov IV, 1982. Fundamentals of Hydrochemistry Bioproduction, fertilization with mineral nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers for Light and Food Industries, pp 109 (Ru).rearing of Common Carp and Silver Carp fry in polyculture. It was Culver D and Geddes M, 1993. Limnology of Rearing Ponds for recorded that the factors with limiting effect for reared fish species Australian Fish Larvae: Relationships Among Water Quality, and age were retained within the technological or acceptable rates Phytoplankton, Zooplankton and the Growth of Larval Fish. for water of carp ponds.Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 44, 537-Nutrient levels are in optimum up to 3–8 days after fertilization, 551.also a wide range of nitrogen-phosphorus ratio was reported mainly

-1 Culver D, 1991. Effects of the N:P ratio in fertilizer for fish hatchery due to the sharp decrease in phosphorus levels (0.01 mg.l ), rather ponds.Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie, 24, than the increase of the overall level of inorganic nitrogen. In 1503-1507.fertilized ponds, due to low levels of phosphate, the N/P ratio of the

nd th Miheeva TM, 1983. Succession of Species in Phytoplankton: studied periods from the 2 to the 10 day after fertilization in all three Determining Factors. Minsk, Publ. of BGU “Lenin”, pp. 69 (Ru).

-1Table 1. Chlorophyll-а (µg.l ) and zooplankton -3(g.m ) biomass

Versions ІІ (control)

Pond No

-1 Chlorophyll-а , µg.l

-3Zooplankton, g.m

Average for the pond

Average for the version

Average for the pond

Average for the version

І (test)

6

89.08

89.77

0.35

0.77

8

90.47

1.19

3

71.32

75.54

0.19

0.18

4

79.76

0.16

53

Qin J, Culver D and Yu N, 1995a. Effect of organic fertilizer on implications for larval fish culture. Aquaculture, Elsevier Science BV, heterotrophs and autotrophs: implications for water quality 130, 51-65.management. Aquaculture Research, 911-920. Uzunov Y and Kovachev S, 2000. Hydrobiology, Pensoft, pp 342 Qin J, Madon Sh and Culver D, 1995b. Effect of larval walleye (Bg).(Stizostedion vitreum) and fertilization on the plankton community:

Genetics and Breeding

Polymorphism of storage proteins in malting barley lines developed at Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute – General ToshevoG. Mihova, D. Yordanova, D. Valcheva, S. Doneva, I. Ivanova

N. Petrovska

I. Stoeva

H. Al-Ahmed, R. Mahood, G. Bonev, S. Georgieva

Nutrition and Physiology

Z. Zlatev, T. Kolev

Z. Zlatev

J. Mitev, T. Penev, Zh. Gergovska, Ch. Miteva, N. Vassilev, K. Uzunova

Production Systems

P. Yankov

D. Terziyski, L. Hadjinikolova

T. Hubenova, A. Zaikov, I. Piskov, I. Iliev

D. Guglev, M. Vassileva

L. Hadjinikolova, D. Terziyski, A. Ivanova

T. Stoyanova, I. Minev, P. Minkov

Agriculture and Environment

V. Harizanova, A. Stoeva, M. Mohamedova

D. Petrova, D. Gerdzhikov

E. Petrova, St. Stoykov

Combining ability for grain yield of mid-late maize inbred lines

Technological evaluation of new common winter wheat lines developed at Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute – General Toshevo

Effects of antioxidant (Salvia officinalis L. extract) on in vitro fertilization and micromanipulation intracytoplasmic sperm injection in Albino mice

Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf gas exchange of durum wheat under low positive temperatures

Leaf gas exchange and water relations of two sunflower cultivars under drought

Comparative investigation on some welfare indicators of cattle under different housing systems

Vertical distribution of wheat seeds in the soil layer depending on the type of pre-sowing tillage

Chemical composition of sediments from fish ponds as a natural biological product

Meat yield of stone crayfish Austropotamobius torrentium (Schrank, 1803)

Parameters of the soil chip of a vertical rotational soil-cultivating organ with active drive

Impact of mineral fertilization in carp ponds on dependant environmental factors

Susceptibility of black currant varieties grown in Troyan to Antracnose (Gloeosporium ribis) Mont. et Desm

Preliminary study on the invasive Acizzia jamatonica (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and its predators in Bulgaria

Dynamics in the qualitative composition of phytoplankton from different water areas along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast in 2009

Investigations of the macrozoobenthos in Burgas Bay (Black Sea)

CONTENTS 1 / 2

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CONTENTS 2 / 2

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 3, No 4, 2011

Monitoring of pest populations – an important element of integrated pest management of field crops

Acute toxicity of benzoates for different species

Changes in the chemical composition of some pieces of pork stored at different temperatures

Sensory and nutritive quality of fermented dry sausages produced in industrial conditions

Influence of the disk angle adjustment on the condition soil surface using surface tilling machine

V. Arnaudov, S. Raykov, R. Davidova, H. Hristov, V. Vasilev, P. Petkov

Y. Koleva

Product Quality and Safety

A. Kuzelov, O. Savinok, T. Angelkova, Dijana Naseva

Kuzelov, O. Savinok, T. Angelkova, M. Mladenov

Short communications

M. Dallev, I. Ivanov

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85

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t hperformance in dairy cows, IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, Sept.11 – 14, Berlin, Germany, p. 302 (Abstr.).Thesis:Penkov D, 2008. Estimation of metabolic energy and true digestibility of amino acids of some feeds in experiments with muscus duck (Carina moshata, L). Thesis for DSc. Agrarian University, Plovdiv, 314 pp.

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Volume 4, Number 1March 2012