chemical of the cell.ppt
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Inorganic elements
State the name of elements
State the function of each elements in
animal and plant cell
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Water molecules
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List the importance of water in the
cell:
1. Biochemical reaction
2. Solvent
3. Transport medium
4. Maintaining osmotic balance
5. Support
6. Moisture alveoli7. Lubrication mucus
8. Maintaining body tempt
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Organic compound in the cell
Basic element:
C, H, O
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Always contain carbon andhydrogen
Usually contain covalent
bonds Usually large, unique
molecules with complexfunctions
Make up 40% of body mass
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Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
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Carbohydrates
Substances formed from C, H, and O
Main function is source of energy for ATP
formation
Forms only 2-3 % of total body weight glycogen is storage in liver and muscle tissue
sugar building blocks of DNA & RNA(deoxyribose & ribose sugars)
Only plants produce starch for energy storage
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Monosaccharides
GlucoseFructose
Galactose
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Characteristic of the
monosaccharide
Water soluble
Crystallization
Colorless Sweet to taste
Food test:
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Disaccharide
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
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Fatty acid
Glycerol
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List the importance of lipids
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List the importance of proteins:
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Amino acid
Essential
Need to take by food
Can be synthesized
by body First class protein
Found in animals
Non-essential
Almost found in plant
Can be synthesized by
our body
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Peptide bond can be broken by:
Heat
Dilute acids
Enzymes
Denaturation: Loss of three dimensional structure
By heat or chemical
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Polypeptide
chain
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Various protein structures
e.g.: hormone insulin
e.g.: hormone,
antibodies, enzyme
e.g.: hemoglobin
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DNA Structure
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DNA Structure
Huge molecules containing C, H, O, N and P
A molecule of DNA is a chain of nucleotides
Nucleotide
nitrogenous base (A-G-T-C), a 5- carbon sugar,
and a phosphate group
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Answer:
1. Proteins: most enzymesare proteins, primarilytertiaryandquaternary structures.
2. Catalyst: chemical agentthat acceleratesa
reaction without being permanently
changed in the process.
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3. Selective: enzymes are specific for which they
will catalyze (Specificity - dependsupon 3D shape).
4. Recycled: enzymes are reusable.
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Work rapidly
Not destroyed after reaction Can work both direction
Extremely specific
Denatured by high temperature
Sensitive to pH
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aseendings:
sucrase
maltase
lactase
Name according to substrate it catalyst
A few enzymes are named before : pepsin, trypsin, rennin
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Lock and key hypothesis
Enzyme is specific to its substrate
When pH change, the charge of active
sites change,
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Huge molecules
containing C, H, O, N and
phosphorus Each gene of our genetic
material is a piece of DNA
that controls the synthesis
of a specific protein
A molecule of DNA is a
chain of nucleotides
Nucleotide = nitrogenousbase (A-G-T-C), a 5-
carbon sugar, and a
phosphate group
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Factors affecting the rate of
enzymatic reactions
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pH [acidity and alkalinity]
Enzymes are affected by changes in pH
Most work best at pH 7
A change of pH, will change the active site
charge of enzyme molecules,
not able to form enzyme substrate
complex
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Rate of enzyme reaction
pH71 14
Pepsin
[stomach]
Amylase
[mouth]
Amylase
[duodenum]
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Heat
Most work best at optimum temperature
37 C
Extreme heat (above) denaturation of
enzyme molecule
Active site altered not able to form
enzyme substrate complex
In cold condition [below 20] enzyme
inactive
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TEMPT [c]
Rate of enzyme reaction
37 600
S b t t t ti
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Substrate concentration
If the concentration of substrate increase,
the chance for enzyme-substrate collision will increase .
When all active sites filled with substrate,
the rate remains constant.
Rate of enzyme reaction
Substrate concentration
E t ti
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Enzyme concentration
If the concentration of enzyme increase,
the chance for enzyme-substrate collision will increase .
When all substrate are used at one time,
the rate remains constant.
Rate of enzyme reaction
Enzyme concentration
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Design an experiment :
The effect of pH/ temperature
on enzymatic activities
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Enzymes in daily life
State the use of enzyme in:
Food production
Dairy industry
Biological detergent
Textile industry
Leather industry
Paper industry