Chemical NomenclatureChemical Nomenclature

How to write and say chemical How to write and say chemical formulasformulas

General Chemistry 10-11General Chemistry 10-11

ElementsElements Elements are said with Elements are said with

just their namejust their name Mg = magnesiumMg = magnesium Ca = calciumCa = calcium

Some elements never Some elements never exist by themselvesexist by themselves

These are called diatomic These are called diatomic moleculesmolecules There are seven of them There are seven of them

and they make a seven on and they make a seven on the periodic tablethe periodic table

The Diatomic MoleculesThe Diatomic Molecules These would still be said These would still be said

by their elemental name by their elemental name but would be written with but would be written with a subscript of 2a subscript of 2

NN22

OO22

FF22

ClCl22 BrBr22

II22

HH22

CompoundsCompoundsMost elements are not found separately Most elements are not found separately

but combined in a compound with but combined in a compound with something elsesomething else

The reason for this is the octet ruleThe reason for this is the octet rule

We want 8…eight is great!

Octet RuleOctet Rule Noble gases are what Noble gases are what

all elements aspire to all elements aspire to be like electronicallybe like electronically

These elements have These elements have 8 electrons in highest 8 electrons in highest energy levelenergy level

Ionic BondIonic BondAtoms will either give up or take electrons Atoms will either give up or take electrons

to get to have eight in their highest energy to get to have eight in their highest energy levellevel

Hey, can you help me out

and gimme an electron?

Why certainly, I have one I don’t want anyway.

Give up/take away electronsGive up/take away electrons

ChargesChargesSodium now has a +1 charge since it has Sodium now has a +1 charge since it has

lost an electronlost an electronChlorine a minus charge since it gained an Chlorine a minus charge since it gained an

electronelectron

Ionic BondIonic BondOpposites attract, so a bond is formed Opposites attract, so a bond is formed

between the two of them.between the two of them.

(or until water breaks us apart)

Ionic CompoundIonic Compound The combination of NaThe combination of Na++ and Cl and Cl-- form the form the

compound NaClcompound NaCl An ionic compound will always consist of:An ionic compound will always consist of:

A metal ion (also called a cation, the + one)A metal ion (also called a cation, the + one)A non-metal ion (also called an anion, the - one)A non-metal ion (also called an anion, the - one)

CATION ALWAYS COMES BEFORE THE CATION ALWAYS COMES BEFORE THE ANION; both in the name and the formulaANION; both in the name and the formula

Naming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic Compounds When naming ionic When naming ionic

compoundscompounds Just say the name of Just say the name of

the metalthe metal For the non-metal, For the non-metal,

drop the ending and drop the ending and add -ide to it.add -ide to it.

NaCl = sodium NaCl = sodium chloridechloride

Practice Problem #1Practice Problem #1 Name the following Name the following

ionic compoundsionic compounds1.1. ZnOZnO2.2. LiBrLiBr3.3. MgMg33NN22

4.4. BaSBaS5.5. KK33PP

Zinc oxideZinc oxideLithium bromideLithium bromideMagnesium nitrideMagnesium nitrideBarium sulfideBarium sulfidePotassium phosphidePotassium phosphide

Determining metal and non-metal Determining metal and non-metal chargecharge

Where are the metals on the periodic Where are the metals on the periodic table?table?Metals always have what charge?Metals always have what charge?

Where are the nonmetals?Where are the nonmetals?Nonmetals always have what charge?Nonmetals always have what charge?

We’ll see the charges of the different families on

the following slide.

Using the periodic Table to find an Using the periodic Table to find an ion’s chargeion’s charge

We’re going to forget all about the middle of the table for now.

+1+2

-1-2

-3-4

Combining metals and nonmetalsCombining metals and nonmetals

When combining a metal and a non-metal, the When combining a metal and a non-metal, the overall charge of the compound must be zero. overall charge of the compound must be zero.

You must balance out the overall

charge!

Combining metals and nonmetalsCombining metals and nonmetals

Take for instance calcium nitride.Take for instance calcium nitride.What is the charge of the calcium ion?What is the charge of the calcium ion?What is the charge of the nitride ion?What is the charge of the nitride ion?

Combining metals and nonmetalsCombining metals and nonmetals

CaCa+2+2 means each calcium ion has 2 more means each calcium ion has 2 more electrons than it wantselectrons than it wants

NN-3-3 means each nitride ion needs 3 more means each nitride ion needs 3 more electrons.electrons.

Hey buddy, can you spare 3 electrons?

Sorry, I only have two.

Maybe I can help!

YEAH!YEAH!

HEY, What about me?

Hang loose, man. I’ll get one of my

buddies.

YO, YO, YO. Your hero has

arrived.

YEAH!

I still need two more.

I need to get rid of two more.

The ions found they were still attracted to one another due to their opposing charges. And they all

lived happily ever after.

Practice Problem #2Practice Problem #2 Give the formulas for the following Give the formulas for the following

compoundscompounds1.1. Beryllium iodideBeryllium iodide2.2. Potassium sulfidePotassium sulfide3.3. Magnesium oxideMagnesium oxide4.4. Strontium fluorideStrontium fluoride

BeIBeI22

KK22SS

MgOMgOSrFSrF22

Now is the time to learn “SWITCHY SWITCHY”

and reduce!

Transition MetalsTransition Metals The middle block of The middle block of

elementselements All cationsAll cations Most can take on Most can take on

multiple chargesmultiple charges Some ExceptionsSome Exceptions

Zn = +2Zn = +2Ag = +1Ag = +1

Transition metal compoundsTransition metal compounds In order to tell what charge a transition In order to tell what charge a transition

metal has, put its charge in parenthesismetal has, put its charge in parenthesis

For instance Copper (II) Oxide means… For instance Copper (II) Oxide means… the copper ion here has a +2 chargethe copper ion here has a +2 charge

For instance Copper (I) Oxide means… For instance Copper (I) Oxide means… the copper ion here has a +1 chargethe copper ion here has a +1 charge

What are the formulas of What are the formulas of these two ionic these two ionic compounds?compounds?

Practice Problem #3Practice Problem #3 Give the formula of the following Give the formula of the following

compounds:compounds:1.1. Tungsten (IV) ChlorideTungsten (IV) Chloride

2.2. Gold (III) phosphideGold (III) phosphide

3.3. Tin (II) fluorideTin (II) fluoride

4.4. Zinc sulfideZinc sulfide

WClWCl44

AuPAuP

SnFSnF22

ZnSZnS

Polyatomic IonsPolyatomic Ions Sometimes, atoms get together but Sometimes, atoms get together but

can’t quite get to an overall zero can’t quite get to an overall zero charge.charge.

This is where they become a This is where they become a polyatomic ionpolyatomic ion

They’re still a charged particle They’re still a charged particle (mostly anions) so they can combine (mostly anions) so they can combine with an opposing charged ion to with an opposing charged ion to produce a compoundproduce a compound

Naming is easy, we just say the Naming is easy, we just say the name of the polyatomic ionname of the polyatomic ion

With polyatomic ions we don’t have to

change the ending

Ionic Compounds involving a Ionic Compounds involving a polyatomic ionpolyatomic ion

Ionic Compounds involving a Ionic Compounds involving a polyatomic ionpolyatomic ion

Ionic Compounds involving a Ionic Compounds involving a polyatomic ionpolyatomic ion

Practice Problem #4Practice Problem #4 Name the following compoundsName the following compounds

1.1. (NH(NH44))22SS

2.2. CaSOCaSO44

3.3. Ba(NOBa(NO33))22

4.4. KK22COCO33

5.5. MgMg33(PO(PO44))22

Ammonium sulfideAmmonium sulfideCalcium sulfateCalcium sulfateBarium nitrateBarium nitratePotassium carbonatePotassium carbonateMagnesium phosphateMagnesium phosphate

Practice Problem #5Practice Problem #5Write formulas for the following Write formulas for the following

compounds compounds Aluminum nitrateAluminum nitrateBeryllium sulfateBeryllium sulfateCalcium phosphiteCalcium phosphiteAmmonium sulfiteAmmonium sulfiteStrontium nitriteStrontium nitrite

Al(NOAl(NO33))33

BeSOBeSO44

CaCa33(PO(PO33))22

(NH(NH44))22SOSO33

Sr(NOSr(NO22))22

Covalent BondsCovalent BondsCompounds formed by two non-metalsCompounds formed by two non-metalsMore of a sharing of electrons rather than More of a sharing of electrons rather than

a give-take relationshipa give-take relationship

Can you spare an electron?

JINX!

Why don’t you share an electron? You know

sharing is caring!

Co=togetherValent=valence electrons…

therefore, covalent is sharing electrons!

Naming Covalent BondsNaming Covalent BondsPrefixes on back of periodic tablePrefixes on back of periodic table If there is only one of the first element, no If there is only one of the first element, no

prefix. Otherwise attach prefixprefix. Otherwise attach prefixSecond always gets prefix and -ide ending Second always gets prefix and -ide ending

(just like ionic anion)(just like ionic anion)Name theseName these

IClICl55NN22OO

Practice Problem #7Practice Problem #7 Name the following covalent compoundsName the following covalent compounds

1.1. COCO22

2.2. PClPCl553.3. COCO4.4. PP33FF66

Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxidePhosphorous pentachloridePhosphorous pentachlorideCarbon monoxideCarbon monoxideTriphosphorous hexaflourideTriphosphorous hexaflouride

Practice Problem #8Practice Problem #8 Give the formula for the following Give the formula for the following

compoundscompounds Sodium acetateSodium acetate Nickel (II) chlorideNickel (II) chloride Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide Sulfur trioxideSulfur trioxide Triphosphorous tetrachlorideTriphosphorous tetrachloride

NaCNaC22HH33OO22

NiClNiCl22COCO22

SOSO33

PP33ClCl44

One more thing…One more thing… If the ionic compound begins with a hydrogen If the ionic compound begins with a hydrogen

ion, it’s an acidion, it’s an acid We name binary acids by adding hydro as a We name binary acids by adding hydro as a

prefix to the root of the anion and add ic, then prefix to the root of the anion and add ic, then add the word acidadd the word acid

Name these:Name these: HClHCl HIHI HFHF HBrHBr

Acids involving polyatomic anionsAcids involving polyatomic anions

These are even easier,These are even easier,They’ll always involve oxygenThey’ll always involve oxygen If an -ate ion, use root of If an -ate ion, use root of

polyatomic and add -icpolyatomic and add -ic If an -ite ion, use root of If an -ite ion, use root of

polyatomic and add -ouspolyatomic and add -ousThen just add the word acidThen just add the word acid

If I ATE it I would say IC!

Practice Problem #6Practice Problem #6 Write the formulas for these acidsWrite the formulas for these acids

1.1. Sulfuric acidSulfuric acid2.2. Sulfurous acidSulfurous acid3.3. Carbonic acidCarbonic acid4.4. Nitric acidNitric acid5.5. Nitrous acidNitrous acid6.6. Phosphoric acidPhosphoric acid7.7. Phosphorous acidPhosphorous acid

HH22SOSO44

HH22SOSO33

HH22COCO33

HNOHNO33

HNOHNO22

HH33POPO44

HH33POPO33