Ethylene Glycol Manufacturing Industry. Chemical Business ...
Chemical Manufacturing
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Transcript of Chemical Manufacturing
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Chemical ManufacturingChemical Manufacturing
By: Robert McVicar & Brenna Lindsey-SweckerBy: Robert McVicar & Brenna Lindsey-Swecker
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Main customers of chemical manufacturers are:• Auto industry• Agricultural industry• Housing industry, and • Product manufacturing industry
2The Chemical Industry is a principle contributor to the US economy
2Environment: Industry emits more than 1.5 million tons of categorized air pollutants
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING: 1Raw materials from environment to industry and consumer useful products*Commodity = Large quantities, single chemical*Specialty = Small scale, “made to order”
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Sulfuric Acid Sulfuric Acid 33The Most Important ChemicalThe Most Important Chemical
• Has been manufactured for more than 400 years• 150 million tons of sulfuric acid is produced
annually• A nation’s level of sulfur production can be used
to indicate the nation’s industrial compactly. • Surprisingly inexpensive ($150/ton)
– Each step is an exothermic process– Heat is sold as energy
• Average daily production of sulfuric acid produces 7x106 watts of electric power.
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Uses of Sulfuric AcidAmazing number of applications…
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Sulfuric Acid Production Process1. Obtaining sulfur: modern contact
process is used.
• Claus process utilized: H2S in natural gas is chemically separated then oxidized:
• 2H2S(g)+2O2(g) 1/2S8(g)+SO2+2H2O(g)
• 2H2S(g)+SO2(g) 3/8S8(g)+2H2O(g)
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Sulfuric Acid Production ProcessSulfuric Acid Production Process• When natural gas is not readily available but there
are natural underground deposits the Frasch process is utilized:
• A hole is drilled, superheated water melts the sulfur.• A combination of hydrostatic pressure and the
pressure of condensed air force the sulfur to the surface.
• Produces a very pure substance.
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Sulfuric Acid Production ProcessSulfuric Acid Production Process2. From sulfur to sulfur dioxide.
• Sulfur is burned in air to obtain SO2
• 1/8S8(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)
• ΔH° = -297 kJ
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Sulfuric Acid Production ProcessSulfuric Acid Production Process3. From sulfur dioxide to trioxide: the
contact process oxidizes SO2 with O2 to form SO3
• SO2(g) + 1/2O2 SO3(g)
ΔH° = -99 kJ
• Reaction is exothermic and occurs very slowly at room temperature.
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Sulfuric Acid Production ProcessSulfuric Acid Production Process• Le Chatelier’s principle plays major role in third step.
Yield of SO3 Affected by…
Temperature
T Rate
TYield of SO3
Exothermic reaction therefore
shift to products
Catalyst used to maximize Rate & Yield
Pressure *small effect
ConcentrationDouble O2, Shift to Products. Remove SO3 as produced to encourage more production.
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Sulfuric Acid Production ProcessSulfuric Acid Production Process
4. From sulfur trioxide to acid
• First a hydration step:
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(l)
SO3(g) + H2SO4(l) H2S2O7(l)
H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) 2H2SO4(l)
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http://www.ism.ws/pubs/EmailNewsletters/ChemicalsNewsletter/eDigestChemicalDetail.cfm?ItemNumber=4640
ChlorineChlorineRanked in top ten chemicals produced in the United StatesRanked in top ten chemicals produced in the United States
4Used in over 50 percent of all industrial chemical processes: • 90 percent of pharmaceuticals• 96 percent of crop protection chemicals.
http://www4.uwm.edu/shwec/publications/newsletters/pills.jpg
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ChlorineChlorineThe chlor-alkali process electrolyzes NaCl(aq) to produce Cl2 (and other important chemicals)
• Asbestos Diaphragm• Mercury-Cell • Membrane-Cell
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Electrolysis Plant
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Chlor-alkali Process
Anode: Cl- oxidixedCathode: H20 reduced
Half-Reaction2Cl-(aq) Cl2(g) + 2e- Eo = 1.36v
2 H20 + 2e- 2OH-(aq) + H2(g) Eo = -1.0vTotal Ionic2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + 2 H20 2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + H2(g) + Cl2(g)
Cathode compartment is a mix of NaCl and NaOH - NaCl removed by fractional crystallization
Electolysis of NaCl salt yields Cl2, H2 and NaOH
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Chlor-alkali ProcessAsbestos Diaphragm
Diaphragm separates half cell compartments
* Cl2 and H2 kept apart to prevent explosive combination
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Chlor-alkali Process
Mercury-Cell
Mercury replaced at cathode(favors Na+ reduction) 2Cl-(aq) Cl2(g) + 2e-
2Na+(aq) + 2e- +Hg 2Na(Hg)
Sodium Amalgam treated with water2Na(Hg) + 2 H20 -Hg 2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + H2(g)
Being phased out due to water contamination - 200 g Hg per ton of Cl2 produced!
http://www.geneticmaize.com/2009/02/whats-in-the-corn-syrup-guest-post-by-renee-dufault/
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Chlor-alkali Process
Membrane-CellReplaces Diaphragm with polymeric membrane - Allows cations to move through
Cl- removed at anode to form Cl2
Na+ ions travel through membrane
to cathode
Na+ ions form NaOH
*Uses less electricity and purity of NaOH
greater
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Information ReferencesInformation References
1http://www.libraries.psu.edu/psul/business/industry_guides/chemical.htm
2http://www.epa.gov/ispd/chemical/index.html3Chemistry Textbook4http://worldchlorine.com/products/index.html