Chemical Bonding: Names and Formulas
Transcript of Chemical Bonding: Names and Formulas
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Chemical
Names & Formulas
Water Ammonia Methane
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Why “Systematic Names” ?
# atomic particles 3 (p, n, e)
# elements 110+
# elements in
earth’s crust (99%)
8
# elements in all
living things
25
# compounds >14,000,000
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Why “Systematic Names” ?
Water H2O
Lime CaO
Lye NaOH
Potash K2CO3
Table Salt NaCl
Laughing Gas N2O
Baking Soda NaHCO3
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Atoms and Ions
Atom:
neutral
no net charge
(# p+ = # e-)
e.g. Na 11 p+ and 11 e-
Cl 17 p + and 17 e-
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Ion:
atom (or group of atoms)
has + or – charge
has more or less e-
only the # of e-
changes
e.g. Na+ 11 p+ and 10 e
-
Cl- 17 p + and 18 e-
Atoms and Ionse-
e-e-
e-
e-
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Atoms and Ions
Na vs. Na+
and
Cl vs. Cl-
Very
different
Demo: Fe vs. Fe+3
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Ions
Positive charge: “cation”
Na+ Ca2+ Al3+
Negative charge: “anion”
Cl- O2- SO42-
These atoms lost electrons
These atoms gained electrons
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Compounds
Substances composed of 2
or more different atoms
HCl NaCl CO2
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Chemical Formulas
Shows the kinds and
numbers of each type of atom
in a chemical compound.
Water = H2O
two atoms of H one atom of O
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Compounds
•Atoms
bonded
as a unit
•Ions held
together by +
and - charges•nonmetals •metal + nonmetal
Molecular Ionic
e.g. H2O e.g. NaCl
Charges NOT shown
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Molecular &
Ionic Compounds
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1. Molecular FormulasMolecules are represented by
molecular formulas: discrete
units of bonded nonmetals.
e.g H2O & CO2
“covalent”
bondO
H H
“structural” formula for water
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Naming Molecular
Compounds
(bonded nonmetal atoms)
prefix-1statom-prefix-2ndatom-ide
number
N2O5 = dinitrogen pentoxide
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Number Prefix
1 Mono
2 Di
3 Tri
4 Tetra
5 Penta
6 Hexa
7 Hepta
8 Octa
9 Nona
10 Deca
Note: don’t
use ‘mono’ for
the first atom.
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Try It
CO2 N2O
PCl3 SF6
SO3N2O4
H2ODangerous
chemical
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Ionic Formulas
NaCl
“ionic” bond
Na+ and Cl-
Ionic compound is represented
by a formula unit, the lowest
ratio of atoms in the compound.
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Naming Ionic Compounds
(positive metal ion +
negative nonmetal ion)
First must
learn ion
names and
charges!
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Monatomic Ions
(single atom ions)
Charge from Periodic Table
Metals form cations (+)
Mg loses two e- to form Mg+2
Nonmetals form anions (-)
The name ends in “ide”
Cl gains one e- to form Cl-
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1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
Li+ Be2+ N3- O2- F-
Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ P3- S 2- Cl-
K+ Ca2+ As3- Se2- Br-
Rb+ Ba2+ I-
Common Monatomic Ions
end in --ide
+1 +2 +3 -3 -2 -1
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Monatomic Ions: Try It!!!When the following elements
become ions, state:
ion name
charge
number of e- lost or gained
Ca
S
K
Br
P
Al
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Monatomic Ions:
Some metals can form
two different types of ions.
Iron: Fe+2 and Fe+3
Copper: Cu+1 and Cu+2
•See Periodic Table for charges.
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•Stock System:
“atom (charge)”
Multiple Charges: Names
Fe2+ is Iron(II) ion
Fe3+ is Iron(III) ion
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•Classical System:
Latin name ending in
“ous” for lower charge
“ic” for the higher charge
Fe2+ is Ferrous ion
Fe3+ is Ferric ion
Multiple Charges: Names
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Ion Stock Classic
Cu+ Copper(I) Cuprous
Cu2+ Copper(II) Cupric
Pb2+ Lead(II) Plumbous
Pb4+ Lead(IV) Plumbic
Sn2+ Tin(II) Stannous
Sn4+ Tin(IV) Stannic
Others
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Polyatomic Ions
Some atoms group together
as a unit to form an ion.
-
NO3-
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nitrate ion
NO3- PO4
3-
phosphate ion
sulfate ion ammonium ion
SO42-
NH4+
Polyatomic Ion: Charged
group of atoms acting as a unit
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Regents Table ‘E’Note “ite” & “ate” pairs
--ite --ate
sulfite: SO32- sulfate: SO4
2-
nitrite: NO2-
nitrate: NO3-
chlorite: ClO2- chlorate: ClO3
-
Be able to recognize them !!!
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Ionic Formulas
Name: cation then anion name
•Potassium chloride
K+ Cl-
KCl
Charges must “balance”
But don’t write charges!
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Ionic Formulas•Calcium bromide
Ca2+ Br-
CaBr2(balance charge)
•Copper(I) sulfate
Cu+ SO42-
Cu2SO4
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Shortcut “Criss Cross”
Cu+ SO42-
Cu2(SO4)1 = Cu2SO4
Copper(I) sulfate
Need to recognize polyatomic ions
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Shortcut “Criss Cross”
Ca2+ S2-
Ca2S2 = CaS (reduce)
Calcium sulfide
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Shortcut “Criss Cross”
Fe3+ CO32-
Fe2(CO3)3
Iron(III) Carbonate
(brackets needed
for polyatomic ion
with subscript)
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Name or Give the Formula
of That Compound!!!
Silver chloride
CuBr2
Ammonium bromide
Mg3(PO4)2
Calcium chromate
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Try Some More!!
N2O5
PCl3
AlCl3
Sodium hydrogen sulfate
SnO2
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General PropertiesMolecular Compounds
Weak “intermolecular forces”
(molecular attractions)
Low melting & boiling points
Ionic Compounds
Strong ionic attractions
High melting & boiling points
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Naming Acids•Acids are a special class of
compounds with H+ as the cation.
Example:
H+ with Cl-
HCl(aq)
where (aq) = dissolved in water
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Naming AcidsAcids are named
according to the anion.
1. If the anion ends in –ide,
the acid is hydro----ic acid.
Cl-
is chloride
HCl(aq) is hydrochloric acid
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Naming Acids
2. If the anion ends in –ite,
the acid is ----ous acid.
SO32- is sulfite
H2SO3(aq) is sulfurous acid
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3. If the anion ends in –ate,
the acid is –ic acid.
Naming Acids
NO3- is nitrate
HNO3(aq) is nitric acid
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Naming Acids: Try It
Name
HCN(aq)
HClO4(aq)
HClO(aq)
HCl(aq)
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Naming Acids: Try It
Write the formula for:
carbonic acid
nitrous acid
Regents Table K
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Summary:
Names & Formulas•Atoms vs. ions
Na Na+
•Compounds:
-molecular (nonmetals)
-ionic (metal + nonmetal)
cation(+) anion(-)
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Summary:
Names & Formulas
•Molecular compound:
-prefix-atom-prefix-atom-ide
N2O5 = dinitrogen pentoxide
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Summary:
Ionic compounds
-know names & charges
•monatomic ions (PeriodicTable)
•transition metals
-stock system: iron(II)
•polyatomic ions: NO3-
•compound name: cation+anion
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Warm-up
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How many p+ and e- in Ca and Ca+2?
Is Ca+2 and anion or cation?
What are the two general types of
compounds?
How do you recognize each?
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Warm-up
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Name NO2 and N2F4
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Warm-up
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Give the symbol and the name of the ion
that each element forms:
Mg Al P Br
How do you know NH4NO3 is ionic even
though it has only nonmetal atoms?
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Warm-up
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2. Name N2O and Al2(SO4)3.
Molecular Ionic
Types of atoms
Name of formula
Name of bond
1. Fill in the table:
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Name or give formula:
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gold(I) sulfate S2Cl5
barium phosphide Fe3(PO4)2
calcium hydrogen carbonate
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Warm-up
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Write the formula unit for
sodium sulfate.
Why can’t this formula be
reduced?
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Name or give formula:
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NH4+ magnesium nitride
S-2 calcium sulfate
SO3-2 aluminum hydrogen sulfate
NaCN barium phosphate
SnO FeC2O4
PBr3 N2O
SO3 Au2SO4
OH-
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Warm-up
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Name or write formula:
•H2SO3
•Hydroiodic acid
•N2S4
•FeSO3
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Warm-up
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Name or write formula:
•lead(IV) carbonate
•barium nitride
•CO
•SnS2•sulfurous acid