Chemical and Biological Responses in the North Fork of Clear … · 2019-05-13 · Chemical and...
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Chemical and Biological Responses in the North Fork of Clear Creek Following Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Inputs
James Ranville Colorado School of Mines Department of Chemistry
NIEHS Superfund Research Program (SRP) Progress in Research Webinar May 13th, 2019
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Acknowledgements
Investigating Biogeochemical Controls on Metal Mixture Toxicity Using Stable Isotopes and Gene Expression
• Grant 5RO1 1ES024358
Co-PIs & Students
Colorado School of Mines J. Ranville, J. Meyer, E. Lloyd, J Murphy
Colorado State University W. Clements & Chris Kotalik
University of Florida C. Vulpe and Dani Cucchiara
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Overall Study Objectives/Approaches We wish to better understand how metal mixtures affect aquatic toxicology and metal bioavailability and how the presence of metal mixtures influence the remediation effectiveness for mining impacted waters
We are using a laboratory and field based-approach.
Laboratory studies of mixture toxicity utilize D. magna, with mortality, metal uptake (measured and computed by BLM), and gene expression as endpoints.
Bioavailability of metals from sediments utilize 65Cu isotope labeling with snails as the test organism.
We are directly measuring the biological and chemical responses to remediation of the mining effluents (todays presentation).
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Talk Outline • Background • Site Description/hydrology • Water Chemistry Response • Biological Recovery • Outreach • Summary
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Introduction • North Fork of Clear Creek
(NFCC) located 50 km west ofDenver, Colorado USA
• Mining activity 1850s – 1950s • Acid mine drainage (AMD) and
mining solid wastes (sulfideweathering)
• Mixtures of toxic metals (Cu,Zn) enter stream effectingwater column and sediment chemistry
• Stream life highly impacted (absent)
Black Hawk, CO 1987
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Welcome to the North Fork Clear Creek-2016
Armoring
Flocculant bed and suspended sedimentsDissolved metals
Aquatic Life ?
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Treatment Plant
• High Density Sludge• Operational March 2017• Capture and treatment of
two point sources of AMD entering stream
• Gregory Incline and National Tunnel
• Initial cost of $19.66 millionPhoto Credit: Heather Henry
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Flow
Flow
Gauge
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Research Goals (Chemistry)
• Monitor water chemistry and biology pre- and post-remediation
• Understand effectiveness of treatment plant in decreasing total metal
loading in stream
• Understand geochemistry of changes in water chemistry (dissolved)
since implementation of remediation
• Evaluate potential aquatic toxicity of dissolved metals
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Discharge
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Disc
harg
e (L
/sec
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Sampling Dates
Scouring ScouringBase Flow Base Flow
2017 2018 2018 2019
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March 23 May 1 May 16 August 29 October 27
Visual Improvement in Stream Appearance March-October 2017 @ Downstream Site
March 28: treatment of one source begins, periodic shutdowns occur, second source treatment begins in July
September 15: 24/7 treatment begins
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Decrease in Total Metal Loading
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Iron
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Zinc
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CopperDecrease by factor of 1600 Decrease by factor of 50 Decrease by factor of 150
Spring Scouring Event
Pre-Treatment
Pre-Treatment
Pre-Treatment Post-Treatment
Post-Treatment
Post-Treatment
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Multiple Remaining Sources with Differing Metal Compositions REF 1 REF 2 ANT RAP
TPFlow
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REF 1 to REF 2 REF 2 to ANT ANT to RAP
Perc
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ncre
ase
Betw
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s Cu Zn
BDL
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Multiple Remaining Sources with Differing Metal Compositions
REF 1 REF 2 ANT RAP
TPFlow
RBP ARG USGS
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Tota
l Iro
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Post-TreatmentPre-Treatment
Total Iron Concentration: Near Complete Removal
Matchs Visual Improvement
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Only Partial Lowering of Dissolved Copper
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Diss
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(ug/
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Particulate Iron is Your Friend For Copper
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0.01 0.1 1 10 100Pe
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Stumm 1992
Pre-remediation
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Predicted Toxicity of Instream Cu + Zn to Daphnia magna• Based on measured dissolved Cu
and Zn in stream• Cu and Zn EC50s taken from
previous 48-h lethality tests with D. magna neonates(EC50 = 50% mortality conc.)
• Toxic units• TUCu = [Cu]/EC50Cu
• TUZn = [Zn]/EC50Zn
• ΣTU = TUCu + TUZn
• Predicted mortality = f(ΣTU)
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Predicted Toxicity of Instream Dissolved Copper and Zinc (considering effects of multiple metals)
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Mor
talit
y (%
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Dilution DilutionBase Flow Base Flow
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Chemistry Conclusions
• Total Copper, Iron, and Zinc loads have decreased to different degrees since treatment began
• Multiple and variable sources of uncaptured metals continue to enter NFCC in variable ratios
• Particulate Iron is your friend for Copper but not Zinc • Predicted toxicity of Zinc and Copper to Daphnia magna remains
elevated post remediation • Cannot treat what we do not capture
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Field Biomonitoring Hypotheses for AMD Remediation
• H(1): Algal biomass will increase
• H(2): Benthic macroinvertebrates will increase in abundance and taxa richness
• H(3): Benthic and emerging adult biomass will increase
• But how quickly?
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TreatmentPlant
Flow direction
Sampling Locations
Golden 30 km
CSM/CSU Study Objectives• Measure chemical and biological
stream parameters• Identify chemical and biological
processes that drive post-remediation stream conditions
• Determine remediation effectiveness for stream ecological health
”Recovery” Sites
”Impact” Sites
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North Fork Clear Creek, ColoradoAlgal Colonization
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North Fork Clear Creek, ColoradoLarval Colonization
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North Fork Clear Creek, ColoradoBenthic vs Emergence Biomass
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Field Biomonitoring Results and Conclusions to date--
• Discrepancies in algal colonization at AMD remediation sites, likely due to top-down control by grazer aquatic insects
• Increased abundance and taxa richness at downstream sites, but richness is still far below Reference site observations
• Benthic and adult emergence biomass improved at downstream sites from Year 1 to Year 2. This suggests increased benthic production and increased subsidy export to terrestrial environments following remediation
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Outreach to Local STEM K-12 SchoolsCSM Summer programs engineering
Treatment
Sources
Impacts on Aquatic Life
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CSM Environmental Chemistry Field Session
Site investigations for local stakeholders
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Questions