Chemical Analysis of Polymeric Materials Using Infrared Spectroscopy
Transcript of Chemical Analysis of Polymeric Materials Using Infrared Spectroscopy
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University of Zagreb, Croatia, November 3, 2011
Charles YangDepartment of Textiles
The University of GeorgiaAthens, Athens, GA 30602, USA
Chemical Analysis of Polymeric Materials
Using Infrared Spectroscopy
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Outlines
Basic Theory of Infrared SpecrtrocopyMolecular vibrational energy, infrared spectroscopy and its selection rulesInterpretation of Infrared spectra, group frequency and finger print region Dispersive versus Fourier transform infrared spectroscopyThe sampling techniques for solids
Applications of FT-IR spectroscopy to polymers: qualitative analysis Applications of FT-IR spectroscopy to polymer: quantitative analysis
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M1 M2
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Vibrational Energy of A Diatomic Molecule
V - vibrational quantum number, 0, 1, 2…
H - Plank constant
Vm- vibrational frequency
µ- reduced mass
k- force constant
M1M2M2M1
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Wavenumber (cm-1) of An IR Absortion Peak
a. Force constant - 105 dynes/cm
b. Reduced mass - 1.673 x 10-24 g
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An Absorption Peak in An Vibrational Spectrum
CO (gas)
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An Absorption Peak with Rotational Fine Structure in An Vibrational Spectrum
CO (gas)
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Electric Magnetic Radiation
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Near-, Mid-, and Far-Infrared Region
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Selection Rules of Infrared Spectroscopy
Excitations from V=0 (ground state) to V=1 (1st excited state (fundamentals) by absorption of IR radiationAbsorption can occur only when there is a change in the magnitude and direction of dipole moment of the bond
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Vibrational Modes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy
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Infrared Spectra Interpretation: Group Frequency
Start in the group frequency region: 4000-1250 cm-1 (-OH, -NH, =C-H, -CH2, -CH3, >CH-, >P-H, >C=O…) Easy to interpret, little interferencePeak assignment
Peak position (wavenumbers)Peak heightPeak shape
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Infrared Spectra Interpretation: Finger Print Region
More complex and more difficult to interpretSmall structural differences results in significant in spectral differencesComplete interpretation impossibleComplete identification requires 100% match between sample’s and standard’s spectra in the finger print region
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Infrared Spectroscopy: Group Frequency
http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/Spectrpy/InfraRed/infrared.htm
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C-H bending &ring puckering
str-med690-900C-H (may be several bands)C=C (in ring) (2 bands)
(3 if conjugated)
varmed-wk
30301600 & 1500
Arenes
C-H deformationstr600-700C-H (usually sharp)C≡C (symmetry reduces
intensity)
strvar
33002100-2250
Alkynes
=C-H & =CH2
(out-of-plane bending)
cis-RCH=CHR
strmedmed
880-995780-850675-730
=C-H & =CH2 (usually sharp) C=C (symmetry reduces
intensity)
C=C asymmetric stretch
medvar
str
3020-31001630-1680
1900-2000
Alkenes
CH2 & CH3
deformationCH3 deformation
CH2 rocking
medmedwk
1350-14701370-1390720-725
CH3, CH2 & CH2 or 3 bands
str2850-3000Alkanes
AssignmentIntensityRange (cm-1)AssignmentIntensityRange (cm-1)Functional Class
Bending VibrationsStretching Vibrations
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C-O-H bending
N-H (1°-amide) II band
N-H (2°-amide) II band
med
medmed
1395-1440
1590-1650 1500-1560
O-H (very broad)C=O (H-bonded)
O-C (sometimes 2-peaks)
C=OC=O (2-bands)
O-CC=O
O-C (2-bands)C=O (amide I band)
strstr
med-str
strstrstrstrstrstr
2500-3300 (acids) overlap C-H1705-1720 (acids)1210-1320 (acids)
1785-1815 ( acylhalides) 1750 & 1820 (anhydrides)
1040-1100 1735-1750 (esters)
1000-1300 1630-1695(amides)
Carboxylic Acids& Derivatives
α-CH3 bendingα-CH2 bendingC-C-C bending
strstr
med
1350-13601400-1450 1100
C-H (aldehyde C-H)C=O (saturated
aldehyde) C=O (saturated
ketone)
aryl ketoneα, β-unsaturationcyclopentanonecyclobutanone
medstrstr
strstrstrstr
2690-2840(2 bands)1720-17401710-1720
1690 1675 1745 1780
Aldehydes & Ketones
NH2 scissoring (1°-amines)
NH2 & N-H wagging
(shifts on H-bonding)
med-strvar
1550-1650660-900
N-H (1°-amines), 2 bands
N-H (2°-amines)C-N
wkwk
med
3400-3500 (dil. soln.)3300-3400 (dil. soln.)
1000-1250
Amines
O-H bending (in-plane)
O-H bend (out-of-plane)
medvar-wk
1330-1430650-770
O-H (free), usually sharp
O-H (H-bonded), usually broad
C-O
varstrstr
3580-36503200-3550970-1250
Alcohols & Phenols
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http://orgchem.colorado.edu/hndbksupport/irtutor/tutorial.html
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Presentation of Infrared Spectra
T% = It/I0 A = -Log10T%
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Instrumentation of Infrared Spectrometer
SourceMonochromator (dispersive IR spectrometer) or Interferometer (FT-IR spectrometer) Sample deviceDetectorData processing, presentation and storage device
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Dispersive Infrared Spectrometer
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FT-IR Spectrometer
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FT-IR Spectrometer
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Advantages of FT-IR Spectrometry
Multiplex advantage, shorter data acquisition time, high S/N ratio by multiple scansHigh throughput advantageHigh resolutionMore accurate frequency/wavelength measurement
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Sampling Techniques for Solids: Transmission Spectra
Pressed KBr pellet methodUsed for all solid samplesWater interferenceSample/matrix quantity (2-3%, 200 mg KBr)Fully grinding for sample homogeneity for chemically treated fabrics/fibers
Cast film For polymeric sample soluble in a volatile organic solventChoosing the right window materials
KBrZnSe
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Infrared Spectroscopy Window Materials
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Sampling Techniques for Solids: Reflectance Methods
Diffuse reflectance (DRIFTS)Good for samples which can be ground to fine particlesCan be used as a quantitative methodHigh energy throughput and fast data collectionHomogeneous particle size, accessory alignment and sample mounting are important experimental parameters
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Sampling Techniques for Solids: Reflectance Methods
Diffuse reflectance (DRIFTS) Quantitative Analysis
F(R∞) – maximum peak valuec – concentrationK’ – related to particle size and molar absorptivity
Use of KBr to collect a reference spectra
F(R∞) = c/k’
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Sampling Techniques for Solids: Reflectance Methods
Internal total reflection A thin and flexible film (e.g., elastomer) is placed with pressure against the crystal, good optical contact is necessary. It can be used as a near-surface method (left)Single bounce, small area diamond crystal is developed for a variety of solid samples (right)
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Sampling Techniques for Solids:Photoacoustic Method
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FT-IR Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
µs – Thermal diffusion length (cm)
α – Thermal diffusivity (cm2·s-1)
ω – Angular modulation frequency (redians· s-1)
k – Thermal conductivity (cal·cm-1·s-1·°C-1)
ρ – Density (g·cm-3)
C – Specific heat (cal·g-1·°C-1)
f – modulation frequency (Hz)
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FT-IR Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
No sample preparationNear surface analysisDepth profilingLow sensitivityInterferences (water, vibration…)
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C. Q. Yang, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 31, 617-621 (1992)
C. Q. Yang, Appl. Spectrosc., 45, 102-108 (1991)
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Qualitative Analysis of Polymers and Textiles by FT-IR Spectroscopy: Part 1
Identification of unknown contaminants of rayon fiberUV-induced oxidation of polyethylene nonwoven fabric
Identification the functional groupsDistribution of the functional groups
Thermal oxidation of polyethylene nonwoven fabric
Identification the functional groupsDistribution of the functional groups
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The Dyed 2-ply Rayon Yarn with Unknown Contaminations
Previously scoured Dyed with a fiber reactive dyeContaminant unknown
Spin finishAnother contaminant unknown
The yarn was extractedMethylene chloride (polar solvent)Hexane (nonpolar solv
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DRIFTS Spectra of the Dyed 2-ply Rayon Yarns
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C. Q. Yang, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 33,2836-2839 (1994).
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Photo Oxidation of Polyethylene Film
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L. Martin, C. Q. Yang*, J. Environ. Polym. Deg., 2, 153-160 (1994).
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Thermal Oxidation of PE Film
L. Martin, C. Q. Yang, J. Appl. Polym. Chem., 51, 389-397 (1994).
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Qualitative Analysis of Polymers and Textiles by FT-IR Spectroscopy: Part 2
Esterification of cellulose by polycarboxylic acidsReactant Productintermediate
Mechanism of esterification of cotton by polycarboxylic acidsDevelopment of new and more effective DP finishing systemIn-situ polymerization of unsaturated bifunctionalcarboxylic acidsCatalysis of NaH2PO2 for estertification of cellulose by polycarboxylic acids
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C. Q. Yang, Textile Res. J., 61, (1991), pp433-440.
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Esterification of Cotton by a Polycarboxylic acid
C CCO
HO
H
C
H
OH
O
C C
CO
HO
H C
H
OHO
Maleic Acid (cis-isomer)
Fumaric Acid (trans-isomer)
C. Q. Yang, Textile Res. J., 61, (1991), pp433-440.
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Succinic Acid Maleic Acid
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C. Q. Yang, J. Polym. Sci. Part I Polym Chem, 31, (1993), pp1187-1193.
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Cis-Aconitic Acic (CAA)
C. Q. Yang, X. Wang, Textile Res. J., 66, (1996), pp595-603.
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BTCA
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BTCA Bifunctional Acids
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cis-1,2-cyclo-hexanedicarboxylic acid
(cis-1,2-CHA)
C. Yang, G. Zhang, Res. Chem. Intermediates, 26, 515-528 (2000).
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cis-1,2-CHA
NaH2PO2
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trans-1,2-cyclo-hexanedicarboxylic acid
(trans-1,2-CHA)
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1,3-hexanedicarboxylic acid(1,3-CHA, mixtures of cis-
and trans-isomers)
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Formation of Cyclic Anhydride of CHA
Cis-1,2-CHA forms 5-membered anhydride at temperatures significantly lower than trans-1,2-CHANaH2PO2 catalyzes the formation of anhydride of cis-1,2-CHA1,3-CHA forms 6-membered cyclic anhydride at much higher temperatures1,3-CHA forms could not for cyclic anhydride
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C. Q. Yang, J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym Chem,31, (1993), pp1187-1193.
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C. Q. Yang, X. Wang, J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym Chem, 34, (1996), pp1570-1580.
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trans-aconitic acid
(TAA)
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X. Gu, C. Yang, Re. Chem. Intermediates, 24, 979-997 (1998).
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Formation of the Cyclic Anhydride by Polycarboxylic Acids
A polycarboxylic acid, which can form both 5-and 6-membered cyclic anhydride intermediates on cotton, forms 5-membered cyclic anhydride The hydrogen-bonded carboxyl groups in a polycarboxylic acid forms its anhydride at high temperatures than the free carboxyl groups
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Esterification of Cotton by a Polycarboxylicacid: Reaction Mechanism
COOHHOOC
COOH
HOOC
O
O
OCOOH
HOOC
COOHHOOC
O
O
OBTCA
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O
O
OCOOH
HOOC
COOHHOOC
O
O
O
Or Cellulose
HO
OH O
O
OH
HO
O
HO
OH
O
O
OH
O
HOOCCOOH
HOOC
O
Esterification of Cotton by a Polycarboxylic acid: Reaction Mechanism
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Esterification of Cotton by a Polycarboxylicacid: Reaction Mechanism
Cellulose
HO
OH O
O
OH
HO
O
HO
OH
O
O
OH
O
HOOC
O
O
HO
OH O
O
OH
HO
O
HO
OH
O
O
OH
O
COOH
HO
OH O
O
OH
HO
O
HO
OH
O
O
OH
O
HOOC
O
O
O
O
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The Formation of 5-Membered Cyclic Anhydride Intermediate
CH
CH
CH
COOH
COOH
COOH
2
2
CH
CH
CH
CH2
2
2COOH
COOH
COOH
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic Acid (PCA)
1,2,4-Butanetricarboxylic Acid (BTA)
Scheme 1
Mao Z., Yang, C. Q.,J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 81, (2001), pp2142-2150.
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PCA heated 140-200ºC for 2 min.
200ºC
180ºC
160ºC
150ºC
140ºC
BTA heated 140-200ºC for 2 min.
200ºC
180ºC
160ºC
150ºC
120ºC
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Ester carbonyl band intensity of the cotton fabric treated with 6% PCA and that treated with 6.5% BTA versus curing temperature.
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
150 160 170 180 190 200
Curing Temperature (oC)
Este
r Car
bony
l Ban
d In
tens
ity
BTA
PCA
Figure 4
Esterification of Cotton by PCA and BTA
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PCA Forms Two 5-membered Anhydride Intermediates
CH
CH
CH
OCOOH
COOH
COOH
CH
CH
CH
C
C
COOHO
O
HO-Rcellulose2
2
2
2
2-H OCH
CH
CH
COO-Rcellulose
COOH
COOH
2
2
-H2
O
CH COO-Rcellulose
CH
CH
OO
O
2
2
C
C 2
2COOH
COO-Rcellulose
CH
CH
CHHO-Rcellulose
COO-Rcellulose
PCA
Scheme 2
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BTA Forms only One 5-membered Anhydride Intermediate
BTA
COO-Rcellulose
COOHHO-Rcellulose
2
2
COOH
CH
CH
CH
CH22CH
2O-H
2
2
2 CH
CH
CH
C
C
COOH
O
O
2
2
OCOOH
COOH
CH
CH
CH
CH
COOH
Scheme 3
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PCA Forms Two 5-membered Anhydride Intermediates
CH
CH
CH
OCOOH
COOH
COOH
CH
CH
CH
C
C
COOHO
O
HO-Rcellulose2
2
2
2
2-H OCH
CH
CH
COO-Rcellulose
COOH
COOH
2
2
-H2
O
CH COO-Rcellulose
CH
CH
OO
O
2
2
C
C 2
2COOH
COO-Rcellulose
CH
CH
CHHO-Rcellulose
COO-Rcellulose
PCA
Scheme 2Second Anhydride
First Anhydride
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(A) Cotton/PCA; (B) 180ºC 2min; (D) Cotton/PCA/NaH2PO2, 150ºC 2min, washed, (E) sample above, 180ºC 2min.
First Anhydride
Second Anhydride
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1. C. Q. Yang, "FT-IR Spectroscopy Study of the Ester Cross-linking Mechanism of Cotton Cellulose," Textile Research Journal, 61, 433-440 (1991).
2. C. Q. Yang, "Infrared Spectroscopy Studies of the Cyclic Anhydride as the Intermediate for the Ester Cross linking of Cotton Cellulose by Polycarboxylic Acids: I. Identification of the Cyclic Anhydride Intermediate,"Journal Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry Edition, 33, 1187-1193 (1993).
3. C. Q. Yang, X. Wang, "Infrared Spectroscopy Studies of the Cyclic Anhydride as the Intermediate for the Ester Cross linking of Cotton Cellulose by Polycarboxylic Acids: II. Comparison of Different PolycarboxylicAcids", Journal Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry Edition, 34, 1567-1580 (1996).
4. C. Q. Yang, X. Wang, "Formation of the Cyclic Anhydride Intermediates and Esterification of Cotton Cellulose by Multifunctional Carboxylic Acids: An Infrared Spectroscopy Study", Textile Research Journal, 66, 595-603(1996).
5. X. Gu, C. Yang, “FT-IR and FT-Raman Spectroscopy Study of the Cyclic Anhydride Intermediates for the Esterification of Cellulose: I. Formation of Anhydride without A Catalyst”, Research on Chemical Intermediates, 24, 979-997 (1998).
6. C. Q. Yang, X. Wang, "The Formation of Five Membered Cyclic Anhydride Intermediates by PolycarboxylicAcids Studied by the Combination of Thermal Analysis and FT-IR Spectroscopy", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 70, 2711-2718 (1998).
7. C. Yang, X. Gu, “FT-IR and FT-Raman Spectroscopy Study of the Cyclic Anhydride Intermediates for the Esterification of Cellulose: II. Formation of Anhydride with Sodium Hypophophite as a catalyst”, Research on Chemical Intermediates, 25(5), 411-424(1999).
8. X. Gu, C. Yang, “FT-IR Study of the Formation of Cyclic Anhydride Intermediates of Polycarboxylic Acids Catalyzed by Sodium Hypophosphite”, Textile Research Journal, 70, 64-70 (2000).
9. C. Q. Yang, G. Zhang, “FT-IR and FT-Raman Spectroscopy Study of the Cyclic Anhydride Intermediates for the Esterification of Cellulose: III. Cyclic Anhydrides Formed by the Isomers of CyclohexanedicarboxylicAcid”, Research on Chemical Intermediates, 26, 515-528 (2000).
10.Z. Mao, C. Q. Yang, "IR Spectroscopy Studies of the Cyclic Anhydride as the Intermediate for the Ester Cross linking of Cotton Cellulose by Polycarboxylic Acids: V. Comparison of 1,2,4-Butanetricarboxylic Acid and 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 81, 2142-2150 (2001).
Esterification Mechanism of Cotton by Polycarboxyic Acids
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The Traditional PMA
CH CH
CC OOO
nBenzoyl Peroxide
CH3
CH CH
COOHCOOHn
n = ~6
H2O
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The BTCA-treated cotton shows lower amount of anhydride intermediate, but higher ester formation and higher WRAThe PMA-treated cotton shows higher amount of anhydride intermediate, but lowerer ester formation and lower WRA
C. Q. Yang*, X. Wang, I. Kang, Textile Res. J., 67, 334-342 (1997).
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Citric Acid (CA)
No Toxicity and low PriceLow DP Performance Low Laundering DurabilityFabric YellowingAll are contributed to the –OH group CA
C
CH2
CH2
HO COOH
COOH
COOH
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CA and Poly(maleic Acid) (PMA)
PMA form 5-membered anhydride intermediate on cotton, but has low reactivity to esterify cotton due to its large molecular weight (M.W. ~ 1,000-2,000)CA has low reactivity because of the hindrance by its -OH groupPMA’s anhydride group esterify CA on cotton under curing conditions
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The Synergistic Effect of CA and PMA
The Reaction of CA and PMA eliminates the hydroxy group of CA, thus increasing its reactivity and reduce yellowingThe Reaction of CA and PMA increases the functionality of CA
C
CH2
CH2
O COOH
COOH
COOH
CH
CH COOHC
CH2
CH2
HO COOH
COOH
COOH
+CH
CH
COOH
COOH
PMA CA
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1001891840.00Control
582312540.19551000
572432550.19539010
592522640.19738515
572462550.19648020
592512570.19837525
572492620.19567030
612492510.19855050
662372360.19800100
after 10 washesbefore washCATPMA
TensileStrengthRetention
(%, F)
WRA (º, w+f)Total
-COOH (m)
Carboxy Mole Ratio
Table 1. The WRA of the cotton fabric treated with CA/TPMA with different CA-to-TPMA ratios and cured at 185º for 3 min
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The CA/PMA Nonformaldehyde Durable Press Finishing System: Publication
1. C. Q. Yang, X. Wang, "Infrared Spectroscopy Studies of the Cyclic Anhydride as the Intermediate for the Ester Cross linking of Cotton Cellulose by Polycarboxylic Acids: III. the Molecular Weight of A Cross linking Agent", Journal of Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry Edition, 35, 557-564(1997).2. C. Q. Yang, X. Wang, I. Kang, "Ester Cross linking Cotton Fabric by the Polymers of Maleic Acid and Citric Acid", Textile Research Journal, 67, 334-342 (1997).3. C. Q. Yang, L. Xu, S. Li, Y. Jiang, "Nonformaldehyde Durable Press Finishing of Cotton Fabrics by Combining Polymers of Maleic Acid with Citric Acid", Textile Research Journal, 68, 457-464(1998).4. W. Wei, C. Q. Yang, "Polymeric Carboxylic Acid and Citric Acid as A Nonformaldehyde Durable Press Finish", Textile Chemist and Colorist, 32(2), 53-57 (2000). 5. W. Wei, C. Q. Yang, Y. Jiang, "Nonformaldehyde Durable Press Garment Finishing of Cotton Slacks", Textile Chemist and Colorist, 31(1), 34-38 (1999).Yang, C. Q.: Cross linking Agents of Cellulose Fabrics, U.S. Patent 6,165,919, December 26, 2000.
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In-situ Polymerization of MA and ITA on Cotton
Choi reported that cotton fabric treated with MA, ITA and a free radical initiator (0.1-0.2% K2S2O8) underwent “in-situ polymerization”(H,-M., Coi, Textile Res. J., 62, 1992, 614-618)Choi claimed such treatment imparted wrinkle resistance to cotton without providing laundering durability data.We studied the system using FT-IR spectroscopy
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C. Q. Yang, Y. Lu,”, Textile Res. J., 70, 359-362 (2000).
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In-situ Polymerization of MA and ITA on Cotton
We found that the treated cotton had no wrinkle resistance durable to multiple launderingWe found that the in-situ polymerization takes place only in the presence of K2S2O8and NaH2PO2Durable wrinkle resistance is achieved only at high K2S2O8(2%)IR spectra data provide the evidence of polymerization of MA and ITA
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S2O82-
2SO4 .-
+H P
O
OM
H SO4.-
+H P
O
OM
.HSO4-
Free Radical Initiation
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HP
O
OMx
MA[ ]. + yMA HH P
O
OM
yMA[ ]x
MA[ ]
H P
O
OM
.x
MA[ ] + +H P
O
OM
H H P
O
OM
.HH P
O
OMx
MA[ ]
HH P
O
OMx
MA[ ] + +SO4.-
HSO4-HP
O
OMx
MA[ ].
H P
O
OM
. MAx+ H P
O
OM
.x
MA[ ]
Chain Propogation and Chain Transfer
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Beer’s Law
A = εbc
A = log I0/It (absorbance)
ε molar absorbability
c concentration (m/l)
b radiation pass length in sample
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FT-IR Spectroscopy Quantitative Analysis
Transmission method should be the best sampling technique for quantitative analysisDRIFTS or photoacoustic methods can also be used as long as the particle sizes are homogeneousFT-IR spectroscopy is a secondary quantitative method. Reference samples or internal references are needed
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C. Q. Yang, G. D. Bakshi, Textile Res. J., 66, 377-384(1996).
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R2 = 0.982R2 = 0.998R2 = 0.982
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R2 = 0.993R2 = 0.984
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HO CH2CO
CH CH OH
CH2 ON N H
HO
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Conclusions-I
FT-IR can be applied as qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative methods for analysis of polymers. It is primary used as qualitative or semi-quantitative method.FT-IR detects functional groups of polymers. The peak frequency and intensity provide qualitative and quantitative information. Peak frequency/shape also provide information related to chemical environment of the functional group.FT-IR is a reproducible, fast and relatively inexpensive analytical method for chemical analysis of polymer. The data base for FT-IR were well established in the literatures.
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Conclusions-II
FT-IR can be applied to insoluble and intractable samples. It can be applied to mixture samples without separation. The sampling methods are relatively easy with no or minimum sample preparation.FT-IR is most useful to study the chemical reactions and chemical bonding on solids.FT-IR is a very useful method for identifying organic compounds including polymers. Full identification based solely on FT-IR can be done when a standard sample is available, as discussed hereFT-IR can do more for your research if you have thoroughly understanding all aspects of this analytical method.