7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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Jxpjrkfjlt 91Nhirintjrkstkns `g Fittjr

Nhjf 94.9 GND> „ Fi‛if ^irih ^kbuo 

Wknt`rki Ioithi Bjrfudjz

Firkjc A`sjg ^ibkoil

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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Fittjr ks ilythklo thit `nnupkjs spinj ild his fiss.

Dkjrjlt sjpiritk`l tjnhlkqujs thit irj jfpc`yjd t`sjpiritj substilnjs irj

Fioljtksf ! g`rnj `g ittrintk`l `r rjpucsk`l bjt#jjl$irk`us substilnjs% jspjnkiccy th`sj fidj `g kr`l ildnjrtikl `thjr fjtics.

Gkctritk`l & sjpiritklo suspjldjd s`ckd fittjr gr`f ickqukd% by niusklo thj cittjr t` piss thr`uoh thj p`rjs `gs`fj substilnj% niccjd i 'ctjr.

^ubckfitk`l & trilsktk`l `g i substilnj dkrjntcy gr`f

thj s`ckd t` thj ois phisj #kth`ut pissklo thr`uoh ilkltjrfjdkitj ckqukd phisj.

 Ids`rptk`l & thj bkldklo `g f`cjnucjs `r pirtkncjs t` isurginj.

^`cvjlt   jxtrintk`l & fjth`d g`r sjpiritklo i substilnj

gr`f `lj `r f`rj `thjrs by usklo i s`c$jlt ild rjckjs `l$irkitk`ls kl thj s`cubkcktkjs `g dkjrjlt n`f `ulds kl

Fittjr

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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(`fp`ljlts `g thj fk)turj fiy bjncissk'jd klt` fjtics ild l`lfjtics.

Fjtics & i s`ckd fitjrkic #hknh ks

typkniccy hird% shkly% ficcjibcj% guskbcj%ild duntkcj% #kth o``d jcjntrknic ildthjrfic n`lduntk$kty.

*`lfjtic & ily `g i lufbjr `g nhjfknicjcjfjlts thit g`rf ljoitk$j k`ls% hi$j inkdkn `)kdjs% ild irj ojljriccy p``r

n`ldunt`rs `g hjit ild jcjntrknkty.

Fkxturj

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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^ubstilnjs nil uldjro` $irk`us nhilojs klpr`pjrtkjs ild thjsj nhilojs fiy bjncissk'jd is jkthjr physknic `r nhjfknic.

]hysknic nhilojs & i substilnj nhilojskts physknic ippjirilnj but l`t kts bisknkdjltkty. Icc nhilojs `g stitj +j.o. s`ckd t`ckqukd t` ois, irj physknic nhilojs.

Nhjfknic nhilojs & ics` -l`#lis nhjfknic rjintk`ls, i substilnj kstrilsg`rfjd klt` i nhjfkniccy dkjrjltsubstilnj.

Typjs `g Nhiloj

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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@bajntkvjs1

 ̀ kdjltkgy thj dkjrjlt fjth`ds `gsjpiritklo n`fp`ljlts `g i fk)turj

 ̀ dkjrjltkitj fjtics gr`f l`l&fjtics ̀ dkjrjltkitj physknic gr`f nhjfknic

nhiloj

 ̀ djtjrfklj thj rjcitk$j rjintk$ktkjs `gdkjrjlt jcjfjlts

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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Fjth`d`c`oy „ irt ! "hysknic#jpiritk`l$

Fkxturj

Fioljt

%kctjr

%kctritj &jskduj

Nhirn`ic'%kctjr

%kctritj &jskduj

()* '

+jxilj

+jxilj!uj`us

+jit

-ksh %ulljc

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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Fkxturj

#ubstilnj N`c`r Tjxturj

/r`l +=j, 'cklos 9riy2 bcin- (`irsjF`thbiccs >hktj =klj

 ibcj ^ict+*i(c,

>hktj (`irsj

Fo rkbb`l 9riy2 skc$jr 4`uoh

=``d n`c`r :koht ̀ riloj =klj

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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#nittjr fkxturjthklcy `l i pkjnj `g

pipjr

.jojld1/ )r`l "%j$ =cklos/ F`thbiccs/ Tibcj sict "9iNc$/ Fo rkbb`l

/ %``d n`c`r

#tjp 21 Fioljtkn#jpiritk`l

iss i fioljtuldjrljith thj

pipjr>

#ivj thj n`fp`ljltsjpiritjd by thj

fioljt is 4jcc is thj

rjfiklklo fkxturj>

%j 4is thjn`fp`ljltsjpiritjd

bjniusj kt ks

pirifioljtkn>

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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#tjp *1 %kctritk`l

.jojld1/ F`thbiccs / %``d n`c`r

/ Tibcj sict "9iNc$ / Fo rkbb`l

Thj fkxturj l`t sjpiritjdby thj fioljt 4is pcinjd

kl i bji:jr 4' 4itjr ild 4isstkrrjd>

#`fj substilnjs4jrj dkss`cvjd>

%kctjr thj fkxturj>#ivj thj =ctritj ildtrilsgjr thj rjskdujt` il jvip`ritklo

dksh>

9iNc ild g``dn`c`r 4is

dkss`cvjd 4hkcjthj f`thbiccs ild

Fo rkbb`l 4jrjuldkss`cvjd>

Thj rjskduj`btikljd 4jrj thjf`thbiccs ild thjFo rkbb`l 4hkcj

thj =ctritj 4is iliuj`us s`cutk`l`g 9iNc ild g``d

n`c`r>

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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#tjp 7i> 1#ubckfitk`l

#jt/up1   n`tt`l bicc

gulljc

 

jrg`ritjd jvip`ritklo dksh%kctjr pipjr

2>$ ! pkjnj `gpjrg`ritjd=ctjr pipjr 4ispcinjd `l t`p`g thj

jvip`ritklodksh n`ltiklklothj rjskduj ildil klvjrtjdgulljc 4kthn`tt`l pcuo `l

kts tkp `l t`p `gthj pjrg`ritjd=ctjr pipjr>

*>$ ?vip`ritklodksh 4is

hjitjd ultkc

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s`ckds, thjf`thbicc p`4djr

4hkcj thj Fo

rkbb`l rjfikljdkl thj

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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#tjp 7b>1 !ds`rptk`l'%kctritk`l

!dd!ntkvitjdNhirn`ic

4hjlstirtklo t`

b`kc

8`kc;ltkc*f.

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/ !ntkvitjd nhirn`ic

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Thj g``d n`c`r4is ids`rbjd by

thj intkvitjdnhirn`ic 4hknh ks

o``d g`r rjf`vklo

`roilknn`fp`ulds>

9iNc 4is l`t ids`rbjdbjniusj dkss`cvjd sicts

irj t`` sficc g`r thjnhirn`ic t` trip> cus,

bjniusj sicts irjnhirojd, 4itjr puccs `lthjf ild :jjps thjfgr`f stkn:klo t` thj

nhirn`ic>

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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Thj=ctritj

`btikljdkl 7b4is

pcinjd kli tjsttubj

4kth )* 

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o

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o

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dr`ppjr

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ciyjr "yjcc`4$

#tjp 31 #`cvjlt?xtrintk`l

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#jpiritjd ciyjrs4jrj pcinjd kl

jvip`ritklo dkshjs>

)* 4is dkss`cvjd kl

+jxilj bjniusjthjy hivj thjsifj p`cirkty

"l`lp`cir$ ild ksrjsp`lskbcj g`r

thj purpcj n`c`r>

+jxilj ild thjiuj`us s`cutk`l

rjfikljd ulfkxjdbjniusj thjy irj

kffksnkbcj>

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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+jxilj ciyjr

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#tjp 61 ?vip`ritk`l

.jojld1  / )* nrystic / 9iNc

#jpiritjd ciyjrs klthj jvip`ritklo

dksh 4jrjjvip`ritjd t`dryljss kl thj

h``d>

Thj s`cvjlts

"4itjr ildhjxilj$

jvip`ritjd,cjivklo thj sict

ild s`fj )* kl thj

dksh>

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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hysknic #jpiritk`l „ #ubstilnjs#jpiritjd

Fkxturj

Fioljt

%kctjr

%kctritj&jskduj

Nhirn`ic'%kctjr

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()* '

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+jit

%ulljc

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f`thbic

cs

-ksh

Fo

rkbb`l

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9iNc)*

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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Fjth`d`c`oy „ irt 8 "!licysks `g thjN`fp`ljlts `g thj Fkxturj$

• Rjintk`l wkth @.9 F HNc

.jojld1/ F`thbiccs

cinjF`thbiccp`4djr kl

i tjst

tubj>

!dd 2dr`ps `g

@>2 F +Ncild

st`ppjr

4kth i n`r:kffjdkitjc

y>

Thj f`thbiccp`4djr 4isuldkss`cvjd

bjniusj thjy hivj

dk<jrjlt p`cirktkjs"+Nc „ p`cir'f`thbiccs /l`lp`cir$>

Thj f`thbiccp`4djr ks

l`lfjtic bjniusjkt dkd l`t pr`dunjois ild dkd l`tn`rr`dj 4hjlsubajntjd t`

inkds>

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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• Rjintk`l wkth @.9 F HNc

cinj )* kl

i tjsttubj>

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kffjdkitjcy 4kth i

n`r:>

Thj n`c`rcjsss`cutk`l turljdklt` `riloj but

thj nrystic 4isl`t th`r`uohcy

dkss`cvjd>

Thj )* nrystic

 ks l`lfjticbjniusj kt dkd l`tpr`dunj ois ilddkd l`t n`rr`dj

4hjl subajntjd t`inkds>

.jojld1/ )* nrystic

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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cinj %jkl i tjst

tubj>

!dd 2dr`ps `g

@>2 F +Ncild

st`ppjr

4kth n`r:kffjdkitjc

y>

Thjrj ks iljv`cutk`l `g ois klthj rjintk`l 4hknh

djl`tjs thit kt ksfjticckn bjniusjfjtics pr`dunjois ild n`rr`dj

4hjl subajntjd t`inkds>

.jojld1

/ )r`l "%j$ =cklos

• Rjintk`l wkth @.9 F HNc

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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cinj Forkbb`l kl

i tjst

tubj>

!dd 2dr`ps `g

@>2 F +Ncild

st`ppjr

kffjdkitjcy 4kth i

n`r:>

Thjrj ks iljv`cutk`l `g ois klthj rjintk`l 4hknhdjl`tjs thit kt ks

fjticckn bjniusjfjtics pr`dunjois ild n`rr`dj

4hjl subajntjd t`inkds>

.jojld1/ Fo rkbb`l

• Rjintk`l wkth @.9 F HNc

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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• Rjintk`l wkth @xyojl

  - Fioljskuf

!>

Fo rkbb`l4is

pcinjd itthj tkp `g

i 4krjoiu0j ild

hjitjd`vjr ibcuj

Mifj"pjrg`rfj

)ltjlsj ckoht ildhjit 4is jfkttjdby thj Fo rkbb`l>

Thj Forkbb`l

4ishjitjdultkc ktturljd

klt` ish>

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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• Rjintk`l wkth @xyojl

- Fioljskuf

B.

Thj ish

`btikljdigtjr thj Forkbb`l 4ishjitjd 4ispcinjd kl itjst tubj

4kth 4itjr>

Thj cktfus pipjrnhilojd gr`f rjdt` bcuj kldknitklothit fjtics g`rf

biskn `xkdjs>

#hi:klo

&jd cktfus

pipjr 4isdr`ppjd klt`thj s`cutk`l>

!gtjr#hi:klo

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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• Rjintk`l wkth @xyojl

- ^ucgur

I.

Thj tkp `gi ocissr`d 4ishjitjd`vjr ibcuj

Mifj g`ri fklutj>

8cuj Mifjs

jruptjd gr`f kt4hkcj sprkl:cklo>

#ucgur

#ficcif`ults`g #ucgur

4issprkl:cjd`vjr thjhjitjd

tkp>Thj sucgur p`4djr

turljd klt` i

rjddksh ckukd>

Thj tkp 4kththj sucgur

4is hjitjdioikl>

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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• Rjintk`l wkth @xyojl

- ^ucgur

B.

Thj rjddkshckukd

`btikljdigtjr thj

#ucgurp`4djr 4ishjitjd 4is

Thj cktfus pipjrnhilojd gr`f bcujt` rjd kldknitklothit l`lfjtics

g`rf biskn `xkdjs>

#hi:klo

8cuj cktfus

pipjr 4isdr`ppjd klt`thj s`cutk`l>

!gtjr#hi:klo

Thj tjst tubj 4isst`ppjrjd 4kth in`r: s` thj ois

4`lIt jsnipj ild

sh``: t` jlsurjthj ois ks

dkss`cvjd kl thj4itjr>

F h d c N "Nh g h

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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Fjth`d`c`oy „ irt N "Nhilojs `g thjN`fp`ljlts `g thj Fkxturj$

• Nhilojs `g Fittjr u`l hjitklo

#ficcif`ults`g jinh

substilnj

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n`c`r$ 4ispcinjd kl

i tjsttubj ildhjitjd>

.jojld1

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9`nhiloj

9iNcdjp`sktjd `l4iccs `g tjst

tubj"physknicnhiloj$

%``d n`c`r4is burljd"nhjfknicnhiloj$

Nrysticnhilojdgr`f

ckukd t`ois

"physknicnhiloj$

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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cinj %jild Fo

rkbb`l klsjpiritj

tjsttubjs>

!dd 2dr`ps `g

@>2 F +Ncjinh ildst`ppjr4' n`r:>

Thjrj ks iljv`cutk`l `g ois kl

b`th rjintk`ls

4hknh djl`tjsthit b`th irj

fjticckn bjniusjfjtics pr`dunjois ild n`rr`dj

4hjl subajntjd t`

inkds>

.jojld1/ )r`l "%j$ =cklos / Fo rkbb`l

• Rjintk`l wkth @.9 F HNc

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kfpckjs thit Fo ksf`rj intkvj fjtic

thil %j>

*%j ( 7+Nc  *%jNc7 ( 7+*

Fo ( *+Nc  FoNc* ( +*

7Fo ( *%jNc7  7FoNc* ( *%j

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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#uffiry1 irt !Typjs `g#jpiritk`l

Fioljtkn#jpiritk`l

%kctritk`l #ubckfitk`l

!ds`rptk`l #`cvjlt?xtrintk`l

?vip`ritk`l

urp`sj ^jpiritjpirifioljtkn fjtic klthj fk)turj

7. ^jpiritjdkss`c$jdsubstilnjs kl #itjrgr`f thjuldkss`c$j

d.?. ^jpiritj

intk$itjdnhirn`icgr`f thjfk)turj

^jpiritjsubstilnjthit nil bjsubckfjdgr`f thjfk)turj

^jpiritj ̀ roilknn`fp`uld usklointk$itjdnhirn`ic gr`fthj fk)turj

^jpiritj ?s`c$jlts #kthdkjrjltp`cirktkjs

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9`tjs =j #issjpiritjd

7. F`thbiccsild Fo

rkbb`l #jrjsjpiritjd.?. Intk$itjd

nhirn`ic#kthids`rbjdg``d n`c`r#issjpiritjd

gr`f thjfk)turj.

F`thbiccs#jrj

sjpiritjdgr`f Forkbb`l

=``d n`c`r #issjpiritjd

8j)ilj #issjpiritjd

gr`f iquj`uss`cutk`l

/? #issjpiritjd

gr`f hj)iljild tibcj sict#issjpiritjdgr`f #itjr.

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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#uffiry1 irt 8

&jintk`l 4kth >2 F+Nc

&jintk`l 4kth@xyojl

urp`sj Djtjrfklj kg isubstilnj ks i fjtic

`r i l`lfjtic

Djtjrfklj kg fjticsild l`lfjtics g`rf

inkdkn `r biskn `)kdjs&jiojlts 8(c ! -l`# kg thj

rjintk`l #kcc hi$jj$`cutk`l `g ois

8?; ! `)yojl gr`f#itjr rjintjd #kthFo ild ^ucgur

9`tj =j ild Fo irj fjtics.F`thbiccs ild /? irj

l`lfjtics.

Fo g`rfjd biskn`)kdjs.

^ g`rfjd inkdkn`)kdjs.

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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#uffiry1 irt N

Nhilojs `g fittjrup`l hjitklo

&jintk`l 4kth >2F+Nc

urp`sj 1l`# kg #hit typj `gnhiloj #`ucd up`lhjitklo substilnjs

1l`# thj rjcitk$jrjintk$ktkjs `g Fo ild=j

&jiojlts 8(c ! t` bj ibcj t`-l`# #hknh jcjfjltks f`rj rjintk$j

9`tj =j ! l` nhiloj=``d n`c`r ild Fo !

nhjfknic nhiloj/? ild *i(c ! physknicnhiloj

Fo ks f`rj rjintk$jt` 8(c thil =j

7/21/2019 Chem14.1-Expt. 1

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4jgjrjlnjs

Br`#l% .% :jFiy 8.5.% Burstjl% B.% Furphy% (.%>``d#ird% 3. +?66<,. (hjfkstry hj (jltric^nkjlnj +77th jdktk`l,. ^kloip`rj 3jirs`l 5dunitk`l^`uth Iski 3tj. :td.

(`ffkttjj `l 9jljric (hjfkstry ! (hjfkstry ulkt.+?660,. :ib`rit`ry Filuic kl 9jljric (hjfkstry /.Mlk$jrskty `g thj 3hkckppkljs Filkci Djpirtfjlt `g3hysknic ^nkjlnjs ild Fithjfitkns.

5locj% 8. /ci`% :. W. +?66,. :jirlklo F`ducjs kl9jljric (hjfkstry /. Mlk$jrskty `g thj 3hkckppkljsFilkci Djpirtfjlt `g 3hysknic ^nkjlnjs ildFithjfitkns.