CHEM100/DNACHEM100/DNA• Material for the final three weeks and Material for the final three weeks and

part 1 of final exam:part 1 of final exam:– TEXT See slides book all slides from reaction rate TEXT See slides book all slides from reaction rate

to end. to end.

– Objectives114-200Objectives114-200

– Topics are DNA, Food/Agriculture, Drugs & Topics are DNA, Food/Agriculture, Drugs & ToxicologyToxicology. .

• The final part 1 will be on the above and The final part 1 will be on the above and the labs 11-14. Expt !4, Dissolved Oxygen the labs 11-14. Expt !4, Dissolved Oxygen will be on the Part 2 as a rough draft will be on the Part 2 as a rough draft formal reportformal report

Fall ‘98

CHEM100/DNACHEM100/DNA

Material can be found inMaterial can be found in• Ch15, text; lecture notes pp79-86.Ch15, text; lecture notes pp79-86.• HIV sequence- video clip.HIV sequence- video clip.• The HIV is a retrovirus- or it has a The HIV is a retrovirus- or it has a

protein coating over a piece of RNA protein coating over a piece of RNA (ribonucleic acid). Typical viruses (ribonucleic acid). Typical viruses have DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) have DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

• DNA is the molecule in a cell nucleus DNA is the molecule in a cell nucleus that controls genetic information.that controls genetic information.

Fall ‘98

CHEM100/DNACHEM100/DNA

• RNA transmits the information to RNA transmits the information to the cellular centers where proteins the cellular centers where proteins are synthesized from the amino are synthesized from the amino acids. As amino acids are assembled acids. As amino acids are assembled into the various proteins- RNA into the various proteins- RNA determines the sequence of determines the sequence of assembly. There are 22 possible assembly. There are 22 possible amino acids that can be used. (See amino acids that can be used. (See text and lec notes for names of 22 text and lec notes for names of 22 amino acids). amino acids).

Fall ‘98

CHEM100/DNACHEM100/DNA

• CODE: The sequence of bases in DNA CODE: The sequence of bases in DNA is translated into the sequence of is translated into the sequence of bases in RNA. RNA then determines bases in RNA. RNA then determines the sequence of amino acids in the the sequence of amino acids in the protein. protein.

• In retroviruses, the virus enters the In retroviruses, the virus enters the target cell, sheds its protein coat, target cell, sheds its protein coat, and the RNA codes viral DNA from and the RNA codes viral DNA from the component bases in the targeted the component bases in the targeted cell.cell.

CHEM100/Reverse CHEM100/Reverse TranscriptaseTranscriptase

Reverse transcriptase is the key Reverse transcriptase is the key enzyme that allows RNA to code enzyme that allows RNA to code viral DNAviral DNA

QuickTime™ and aGraphics decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Fall ‘98

CHEM100/DNACHEM100/DNA

• The viral DNA inserts itself into the cell The viral DNA inserts itself into the cell DNA and turns the cell into a virus DNA and turns the cell into a virus factory producing new HIV until the body factory producing new HIV until the body recognizes the rogue cell and kills it.recognizes the rogue cell and kills it.

• At this point the immune system of the At this point the immune system of the body mounts an attack. Mostly the virus body mounts an attack. Mostly the virus wins, and the immune system fails wins, and the immune system fails through exhaustion. Then disease runs through exhaustion. Then disease runs through the infected person and death through the infected person and death typically results. Treatment is now more typically results. Treatment is now more effective.effective.

Fall ‘98

CHEM100/DNACHEM100/DNA

• Drugs that target HIV attack the virus by Drugs that target HIV attack the virus by destroying the reverse transcriptase destroying the reverse transcriptase enzyme that allows RNA to code viral enzyme that allows RNA to code viral DNA or the enzyme that assembles the DNA or the enzyme that assembles the new protein coat for newly produced HIV.new protein coat for newly produced HIV.

• HIV mutates rapidly. It develops HIV mutates rapidly. It develops immunity to drugs rapidly. It also hides immunity to drugs rapidly. It also hides in cells that are unreachable by drugs. in cells that are unreachable by drugs. This is a perverse virus- fortunately a This is a perverse virus- fortunately a weak one. It dies rapidly outside the weak one. It dies rapidly outside the body.body.

CHEM 100/DNACHEM 100/DNA• Write down a possible target for a Write down a possible target for a

drug that would stop the HIV from drug that would stop the HIV from infecting a victim.infecting a victim.

• Science MagazineScience Magazine,291, 12 Jan. ‘01, ,291, 12 Jan. ‘01, p. 229 has an article in which the p. 229 has an article in which the HIV is inhibited from entering a HIV is inhibited from entering a target cell by a drug that alters the target cell by a drug that alters the structure of a receptor protein. If structure of a receptor protein. If this strategy works for HIV it could this strategy works for HIV it could be used for other similar viruses be used for other similar viruses such as ebola.such as ebola.

Fall ‘98

CHEM100/DNACHEM100/DNA

• Genetic Engineering: Two methods Genetic Engineering: Two methods in use-in use-

• A. remove DNA from bacteria, A. remove DNA from bacteria, cleave, insert new DNA, insert cleave, insert new DNA, insert modified DNA into bacteria, allow modified DNA into bacteria, allow expression of new DNA. In this way expression of new DNA. In this way human insulin producing genes are human insulin producing genes are inserted in bacteria to make insulin inserted in bacteria to make insulin much as we made alcohol.much as we made alcohol.

Fall ‘98

CHEM100/DNACHEM100/DNA

• Method B. Insert desired DNA into a Method B. Insert desired DNA into a virus, allow the virus to infect a host, virus, allow the virus to infect a host, virus inserts the new DNA into the virus inserts the new DNA into the host. This is a risky method, but cancer host. This is a risky method, but cancer killing DNA is now being inserted into killing DNA is now being inserted into tumors on an experimental basis with tumors on an experimental basis with limited success. limited success.

• There is also the process of cloning- There is also the process of cloning- long known in plants, but now in long known in plants, but now in mammals. mammals.

CHEM100/Other DNA UsesCHEM100/Other DNA Uses

• Identification of persons who Identification of persons who commit crimes- or determining commit crimes- or determining innocence.innocence.

• Amniocentesis- check DNA of Amniocentesis- check DNA of unborn babies. Unfortunately in unborn babies. Unfortunately in many countries it is being used for many countries it is being used for sex selection. Potentially useful for sex selection. Potentially useful for “gene” therapy.“gene” therapy.

CHEM100/POWER TO CHEM100/POWER TO CHANGE ETHICS*CHANGE ETHICS*

A change in bioethics may accompany A change in bioethics may accompany our increased power to alter genes and our increased power to alter genes and do genetic engineering. A more do genetic engineering. A more profound problem may be that being a profound problem may be that being a person may not automatically insure person may not automatically insure your right to life. The your right to life. The California Medical Association California Medical Association explored explored this dilemma in a 1970 editorial.this dilemma in a 1970 editorial.

*The material on this slide will not be tested*The material on this slide will not be tested

CHEM100/Bioethics*CHEM100/Bioethics*• Effectively there are two sides. Effectively there are two sides.

– One side defines “person” based on some perceived One side defines “person” based on some perceived “quality of life” or useful life criteria. These criteria “quality of life” or useful life criteria. These criteria always include the elite group to which the definer always include the elite group to which the definer belongs. For example, Hitler had no use for certain belongs. For example, Hitler had no use for certain ethnic and racial groups. These people were defined ethnic and racial groups. These people were defined as non-persons and suffered incredibly. This basic as non-persons and suffered incredibly. This basic view is prevalent among the academic elite today. view is prevalent among the academic elite today. The targeted groups differ except that one leader in The targeted groups differ except that one leader in this movement, Prof. Peter Singer (Princeton Univ.) this movement, Prof. Peter Singer (Princeton Univ.) and Hitler agreed on killing handicapped children. and Hitler agreed on killing handicapped children. Lives not worth living you know. Lives not worth living you know.

– *The material on this slide will not be tested.*The material on this slide will not be tested.

CHEM100/Bioethics*CHEM100/Bioethics*– The other side believes that The other side believes that allall humans from humans from

conception to natural death are equal persons and are conception to natural death are equal persons and are to be given the right to life. On this side is Mother to be given the right to life. On this side is Mother Teresa. The INHERENT dignity of each human being Teresa. The INHERENT dignity of each human being was(is) the basis for her work. According to was(is) the basis for her work. According to D.Lapierre**, no New York relief agency would run a D.Lapierre**, no New York relief agency would run a hospice for terminal AIDS patients. A great fear and hospice for terminal AIDS patients. A great fear and (sometimes) loathing of these patients was the reason. (sometimes) loathing of these patients was the reason. In desperation at the request of Mayor Koch, In desperation at the request of Mayor Koch, Cardinal O’Connor called Teresa- and her nuns took Cardinal O’Connor called Teresa- and her nuns took over the hospice. Take your pick of the two basic over the hospice. Take your pick of the two basic philosophies- however in academe, Singer and his philosophies- however in academe, Singer and his kind rule. Personally, I’ll go with Mother Teresa. kind rule. Personally, I’ll go with Mother Teresa.

– **D.LaPierre, “Beyond Love”, Warner Books, NY,NY, 1991, pp299-300.

– Information on this slide not on any test.

CHEM100/Bioethics*CHEM100/Bioethics*Use of new techniques in medicine are Use of new techniques in medicine are

showing that Singer’s ideas are out there showing that Singer’s ideas are out there and popular. Doctors can now determine and popular. Doctors can now determine the sex of a child before birth. In India the sex of a child before birth. In India and China, the two most populous and China, the two most populous countries, baby girls are routinely countries, baby girls are routinely aborted. Boys are more highly valued in aborted. Boys are more highly valued in these cultures- their utilitarian value is these cultures- their utilitarian value is higher. A disaster awaits - women are higher. A disaster awaits - women are already feeling the effects.**already feeling the effects.**

**New York Times, 22 April ‘01, Personal communication, Ms Grace T’sao, Economics **New York Times, 22 April ‘01, Personal communication, Ms Grace T’sao, Economics Dept. St. Coll. At Oneonta, 25 Apr ‘01Dept. St. Coll. At Oneonta, 25 Apr ‘01

*information on this slide will not be tested.*information on this slide will not be tested.

CHEM 100/BioethicsCHEM 100/Bioethics• Embryonic cells may not be the answer Embryonic cells may not be the answer

at least in the near term.at least in the near term.• Implantation of these cells or cloning Implantation of these cells or cloning

will be difficult due to the unpredictable will be difficult due to the unpredictable nature of these cells as they dividenature of these cells as they divide

• Although one does not hear about this Although one does not hear about this the hype from grant hungry sci-the hype from grant hungry sci-entists*and their media, celebrity and entists*and their media, celebrity and political allies somehow are in a feeding political allies somehow are in a feeding frenzy to use cells from destroyed frenzy to use cells from destroyed embryos. **embryos. **

• See for example Humphrey, et.al., SCIENCE, vol 293, 5527, 16 Jul.’01, p 95See for example Humphrey, et.al., SCIENCE, vol 293, 5527, 16 Jul.’01, p 95

Chem 100/Finances and Chem 100/Finances and Embryonic Stem CellsEmbryonic Stem Cells

Norman Ende of the NJ Med. School Norman Ende of the NJ Med. School writes that umbilical cord cells are writes that umbilical cord cells are already successfully treating already successfully treating problems in animals that embryonic problems in animals that embryonic cells will be tested for. He proposes cells will be tested for. He proposes that embryonic cells are preferred that embryonic cells are preferred because these cells can be patented; because these cells can be patented; cord cells cannot be patented. The cord cells cannot be patented. The profits are in embryonic cells, profits are in embryonic cells, therefore the hype. therefore the hype. Sc. Am., Nov 2005, p. 12 Sc. Am., Nov 2005, p. 12

Chem 100/ Reproductive Chem 100/ Reproductive TechnologyTechnology

CHEM 100/ “Reproductive CHEM 100/ “Reproductive Technology”Technology”

Two books that are of interest here are Two books that are of interest here are Aldous Huxley, “Brave New World” and Aldous Huxley, “Brave New World” and Dr. Robyn Rowland, “ Living Laboratories”.Dr. Robyn Rowland, “ Living Laboratories”.

The book by Rowland sounds an alarm to The book by Rowland sounds an alarm to women concerning their role in women concerning their role in reproductive technology. reproductive technology.

Rowland is afraid that technological Rowland is afraid that technological reproduction will supplant “normal” reproduction will supplant “normal” reproduction making women superfluous.reproduction making women superfluous.

CHEM 100/”Reproductive” CHEM 100/”Reproductive” TechnologyTechnology

Rowland quotes the following in her Rowland quotes the following in her book:” Reproduction is a complicated book:” Reproduction is a complicated intellectual and technical feat performed intellectual and technical feat performed by highly skilled men who use, as raw by highly skilled men who use, as raw material for their achievements, the material for their achievements, the body parts of a variety of body parts of a variety of interchangeable females.”interchangeable females.”

She deplores this possibility- already She deplores this possibility- already technologically feasible- by a statement technologically feasible- by a statement that should be a warning (see next slide)that should be a warning (see next slide)

CHEM 100/ “Reproductive” CHEM 100/ “Reproductive” TechnologyTechnology

She writes:” Subtly, step by step, we She writes:” Subtly, step by step, we are changing the are changing the nature of being nature of being humanhuman and eroding the control women and eroding the control women have over procreation. In its place, have over procreation. In its place, male controlled technological male controlled technological intervention is beginning to determine intervention is beginning to determine how children will be conceived, what how children will be conceived, what kind of children will be born, and who kind of children will be born, and who is worthy of receiving these new is worthy of receiving these new products of our science.” products of our science.”

CHEM 100/ In Vitro CHEM 100/ In Vitro FertilizationFertilization

• Vitro means glass. In vitro Vitro means glass. In vitro fertilization means to fertilize an fertilization means to fertilize an ovum in glass, I.e.test tube baby ovum in glass, I.e.test tube baby (more likely a petri dish)(more likely a petri dish)

• Here an ovum from a woman and the Here an ovum from a woman and the sperm of a man are placed and sperm of a man are placed and fertilization takes place- an embryo fertilization takes place- an embryo is formed. We have a new individual- is formed. We have a new individual- at least as far as DNA is concerned.at least as far as DNA is concerned.

CHEM 100/In Vitro CHEM 100/In Vitro Fertilization-2 Fertilization-2

• The ovum and sperm do not The ovum and sperm do not necessarily have to come from the necessarily have to come from the couple wanting a baby. They can in couple wanting a baby. They can in theory take sperm from a genius theory take sperm from a genius and an ovum from a second genius and an ovum from a second genius in order to get a real prodigy. in order to get a real prodigy.

• Designer babies are possible. Designer babies are possible. • Rowland’s book is in Milne. Read it!Rowland’s book is in Milne. Read it!

CHEM 100/ Artificial PlacentaCHEM 100/ Artificial Placenta

The placenta is the structure that The placenta is the structure that feeds a growing baby. It is reported feeds a growing baby. It is reported that the Japanese have succeeded in that the Japanese have succeeded in designing an artificial placenta. If designing an artificial placenta. If these reports turn out to be these reports turn out to be authentic, women may become authentic, women may become almost as expendable as men. almost as expendable as men.

All we now need are the ova and All we now need are the ova and sperm. Aldous Huxley predicted this sperm. Aldous Huxley predicted this would happen in the early 1930s. would happen in the early 1930s.

CHEM 100/ Brave New WorldCHEM 100/ Brave New WorldIn his book Brave New World, Huxley In his book Brave New World, Huxley

explores the implications of this new explores the implications of this new technology.technology.

The book was written (early 1930s) just The book was written (early 1930s) just before the Nazis came to power in before the Nazis came to power in Germany and right after the Church Germany and right after the Church of England broke with about 1900 of England broke with about 1900 years of Christian morality by years of Christian morality by nodding approval to technological nodding approval to technological birth control and later to abortion. birth control and later to abortion. Sadly most Protestant churches Sadly most Protestant churches followed. followed.

CHEM 100/ Where Are We CHEM 100/ Where Are We Headed.Headed.

• An article in “Science” by Garland An article in “Science” by Garland E. Allen* asks us to look carefully at E. Allen* asks us to look carefully at that question. He sees clear signals that question. He sees clear signals that a designer population policy that a designer population policy may be in our future,may be in our future,

• *See “ Is a New Eugenics Afoot” , G.E. , Allen, p. 59, Science, 5 Oct.’01.*See “ Is a New Eugenics Afoot” , G.E. , Allen, p. 59, Science, 5 Oct.’01.

• He compares certain trends today to He compares certain trends today to Nazi Germany. Significantly, Nazi Germany. Significantly, Germany’s scientists are the most Germany’s scientists are the most reluctant to participate in this field reluctant to participate in this field at present.at present.

CHEM100/Insights into CHEM100/Insights into Neurochemistry of Child Neurochemistry of Child

AbuseAbuseThe material in this section is from M.H.Teicher, Sci. American, March 2002, p. 68.The material in this section is from M.H.Teicher, Sci. American, March 2002, p. 68.

• The neurochemistry of abused The neurochemistry of abused children is permanently altered by children is permanently altered by abuse. abuse.

• It was thought until the later It was thought until the later 1990s that abuse did not involve 1990s that abuse did not involve the very chemistry of a child.the very chemistry of a child.

• It was thought to be mainly a It was thought to be mainly a psychological problem.psychological problem.

CHEM100/ Abuse & CHEM100/ Abuse & NeurochemistryNeurochemistry

““Society reaps what it sows in the way Society reaps what it sows in the way it nurtures its children. Stress sculpts it nurtures its children. Stress sculpts the brain to exhibit various antisocial, the brain to exhibit various antisocial, though adaptive, behavior. Our stark though adaptive, behavior. Our stark conclusion is that we see the need to conclusion is that we see the need to do much more to ensure that child do much more to ensure that child abuse does not happen in the first abuse does not happen in the first place, because once these key brain place, because once these key brain alterations occur, there may be no alterations occur, there may be no going back” going back” M.H.Teicher, Sci.Am., mar.2002, p. 75M.H.Teicher, Sci.Am., mar.2002, p. 75

CHEM 100/ Neurochemistry CHEM 100/ Neurochemistry of Abuseof Abuse

• Apparently DNA is not the only Apparently DNA is not the only determinant of personality.determinant of personality.

• There are those in the eugenics There are those in the eugenics movement who are convinced that movement who are convinced that all is in the genes. all is in the genes.

• Here we have a clear example how Here we have a clear example how body chemistry is also dependant body chemistry is also dependant on the situationon the situation