Checked Genocide.doc

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Q.1. Would you agree that the political changes at the aftermath of the Cold War

opened the gate for the flourishing of the Genocide Studies? In this connection,

discuss different historical eras of genocide.

Answer to the Question No. 1

Definition of genocide

Generally genocide is the mass extermination of a whole group of people, an attempt to

destroy an entire group and wipe them out of existence. The term was coined in 194 !y

the "ewish#$olish lawyer %aphael &em'in who com!ined the Gree' word (genos( )race

or tri!e* with the &atin word (cide( )to 'ill*. After witnessing the horrors of the +olocaust

# in which eery mem!er of his family except his !rother and himself was 'illed # -r

&em'in campaigned to hae genocide recognised as a crime under international law. +is

efforts gae way to the adoption of the N /onention on Genocide in -ecem!er 1940,

which came into effect in "anuary 191. Article 22 of the 1940 /onention descri!es two

elements of the crime of genocide3

1* the mental element, meaning the (intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,

ethnical, racial or religious group, as such(, and

* the physical element which includes fie acts descri!ed in sections a, !, c, d and e. A

crime must include !oth elements to !e called (genocide."

Capitalism v. Communism

5ith the adent of industrial reolution in 6urope, the means of production went under

the a!solute control of few capitalists and thus the idea of capitalism, in modern sense,

was !orn. /ommunism was 7ust a natural reaction to the extreme exploitatie nature of

capitalism. 8oth of these two ideologies were !ent to world#conuest. Twentieth century

saw the fierce !attle !etween them.

Cold War

The /old 5aris the name gien to the relationship that deeloped primarily !etween the

:A and the::% after 5orld 5ar Two. The /old 5ar was to dominate international

affairs for decades and many ma7or crises occurred the/u!an ;issile
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/coldwar.htmhttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/1945-1950.htmhttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/WORLD%20WAR%20TWO.htmhttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/coldwar.htmhttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/cuban_missile_crisis.htmhttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/coldwar.htmhttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/1945-1950.htmhttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/WORLD%20WAR%20TWO.htmhttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/coldwar.htmhttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/cuban_missile_crisis.htm


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/risis, and included all the arious countries that now exist

indiidually )'raine, Georgia etc* !ut after the war they were part of this huge country

up until the collapse of the :oiet nion )the other name for the ::%*.

&ogic would dictate that as the :A and the ::% fought as allies during 5orld 5ar

Two, their relationship after the war would !e firm and friendly. This neer happened and

any appearance that these two powers were friendly during the war is illusory.

8efore the war, America had depicted the :oiet nion as almost the deil#incarnate.

The :oiet nionhad depicted America li'ewise so their ?friendship@ during the war was

simply the result of haing a mutual enemy #Nai Germany. 2n fact, one of America@s

leading generals, $atton, stated that he felt that the Allied army should unite with what

was left of the 5ehrmacht in 194, utilie the military genius that existed within it )such

as the


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199Bs :oiet nion collapsed and communism was officially forsa'en. The : emerged

as the unchallenged super#power.

$pening of the gate for the flourishing of the Genocide Studies

2 agree that the political changes at the aftermath of the /old war opened the gate for the

flourishing of the genocide studies, !ecause during the cold war it was not possi!le to

conduct serious studies on genocide, !ecause in !i#polar world each group would

interfere in the o!7ectie research on this issue.

Different %istorical eras of genocide

1.Armenian Genocide

2t is called !y some, the =irst Genocide of the Bth century. The Armenian Genocide also

'nown as the Armenian +olocaust, the Armenian ;asesacres and, traditionally !y

Armenians, asMedz Yeghern was the CttomangoernmentDs systematic extermination of

its minority Armeniansu!7ects from their historic homeland within the territory

constituting the present#day %epu!lic of Tur'ey. The starting date is conentionally held

to !e 4 April 191, the day Cttoman authorities rounded up and arrested some B

Armenian intellectuals and community leadersin /onstantinople. The genocide was

carried out during and after 5orld 5ar 2 and implemented in two phases3 the wholesale

'illing of the a!le#!odied male population through massacre and su!7ection of army

conscripts to forced la!our, followed !y the deportation of women, children, the elderly

and infirm on death marchesleading to the:yrian desert. -rien forward !y military

escorts, the deportees were depried of food and water and su!7ected to periodic ro!!ery,

rape, and massacre. The total num!er of people 'illed as a result has !een estimated at

!etween 1 and 1. million. Cther indigenousand /hristian ethnic groups such as

the Assyrians, the Gree'sand other minorities were similarly targeted for extermination

!y the Cttoman goernment, and their treatment is considered !y many historians to !e

part of the same genocidal policy.

2.Cambodian Genocide
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_Armenian_notables_in_1915http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_Armenian_notables_in_1915http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_marchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_Armenian_notables_in_1915http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_Armenian_notables_in_1915http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_marchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Genocide


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2n /am!odia, a genocidewas carried out !y the /ommunistEhmer

%ouge)E%* regime led !y $ol $ot!etween 19> and 19>9 in which one and a half to

three million people were 'illed. The E% had planned to create a form of agrarian

socialism which was founded on the ideals of:talinismand ;aoism. The E% policies of

forced relocation of the population from ur!an centres, torture, mass executions, use

of forced la!our, and malnutrition led to the deaths of an estimated percent of the total

population. The genocide was ended following the B of the Tutsi then liing in %wanda. The genocide was planned !y mem!ers of the

core political elite 'nown as the akazu, many of whom occupied positions at top leels of

the national goernment. $erpetrators came from the ran's of the %wandan army, the

National $olice )gendarmerie*, goernment#!ac'ed militias including

theInterahamweandImpuzamugambi,and the +utu ciilian population.

4.The Holocaust

The +olocaust was the systematic, !ureaucratic, state#sponsored persecution and murder

of six million "ews !y the Nai regime and its colla!orators. (+olocaust( is a word of

Gree' origin meaning (sacrifice !y fire.( The Nais, who came to power in Germany in

"anuary 19, !elieed that Germans were (racially superior( and that the "ews, deemed

(inferior,( were an alien threat to the so#called German racial community. -uring the era

of the +olocaust, German authorities also targeted other groups !ecause of theirperceied (racial inferiority(3 %oma)Gypsies*, the disa!led, and some of the :laic

peoples )$oles, %ussians, and others*. Cther groups were persecuted on political,

ideological, and !ehaioral grounds, among them /ommunists, :ocialists, "ehoahDs

5itnesses, andhomosexuals.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rougehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rougehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_rule_of_Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Pothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_socialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_socialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_invasion_of_Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Fieldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_murderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akazuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interahamwehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impuzamugambihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impuzamugambihttp://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005219http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005473http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005394http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005394http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005261http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rougehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rougehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_rule_of_Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Pothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_socialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_socialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_invasion_of_Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Fieldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_murderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akazuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interahamwehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impuzamugambihttp://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005219http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005473http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005394http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005394http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005261


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Conclusion

The word genocide immediately eo'es images of the mass murder of "ews during 5orld

5ar 22. 8ut there are more twentieth#century examples of genocide. All Genocide carries

different types of ideology and different types of method and reasons. -uring the /old

5ar it was not possi!le, due to seeral reasons, to conduct serious study on genocide.

5ith the adent of uni#polar world, the tas' has !ecome easier.


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Q &. %o# far do you thin' (ideas in mind( can initiate genocidal acts? Discuss #ith

the e)ample of the genocide committed *y the +ol +ot regime in Cam*odia.

Answer to the Question No.

Definition of genocide

Generally genocide is the mass extermination of a whole group of people, an attempt to

destroy an entire group and wipe them out of existence. The term was coined in 194 !y

the "ewish#$olish lawyer %aphael &em'in who com!ined the Gree' word (genos( )race

or tri!e* with the &atin word (cide( )to 'ill*.After witnessing the horrors of the +olocaust

# in which eery mem!er of his family except his !rother and himself was 'illed # -r

&em'in campaigned to hae genocide recognised as a crime under international law.+is

efforts gae way to the adoption of the N /onention on Genocide in -ecem!er 1940,

which came into effect in "anuary 191. Articles 22 of the 1940 /onention descri!es two

elements of the crime of genocide3

1* the mental element, meaning the (intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,

ethnical, racial or religious group, as such(, and

* the physical element which includes fie acts descri!ed in sections a, !, c, d and e. A

crime must include !oth elements to !e called (genocide."

According to the .N. definition, murder is not the only way to destroy a group. =or

example, the recent Australian practice of forci!ly remoing !iracial a!original children

from their parents could !e classified as genocide, since the goal of this practice was to

assimilate the children into mainstream Australian culture, and thus slowly erode the

A!original culture and population.

Causes of genocide

The underlying causes of conflicts that result in acts of genocide often hae deep

historical roots. :tereotypes and pre7udices can deelop oer centuries. 6thnic and
http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/underlying-causeshttp://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/stereotypeshttp://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/underlying-causeshttp://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/stereotypes


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cultural distinctions often result in the formation of (in#group( and (out#group( thin'ing,

where mem!ers of different races, religions, or cultures iew each other as separate,

alien, and (different.( 2dentity groups are formed from such thin'ing.

2n many regions, mem!ers of different identity groups, for mutual adantage,

deelop conflict preention methods. Het where resources are limited, or where pressures

are placed on societies !ecause of political or economic insta!ility, relations may

degrade. This can lead one group to !ecome coninced that many of its pro!lems are the

fault of another group, and that all of those pro!lems would !e resoled if only the other

group no longer existed. Guy 8urgess has named this irrational and potentially dangerous

idea the (into#the#sea( frame./o#existence andpower sharing are not considered to !e

ia!le options, and the more powerful group instead desires to exterminate the other )i.e.,

drie the other side (into the sea(*. Cften there is a (coherent and icious elite( led !y a

ma7ority#supported dictator who incites genocidal moements. :uch moements find

expression more readily when powerful political entities are made up of a common

ethnicity and when minorities are marginalied.

Ideas in mind- as initiator of genocidal acts

$rimary o!7ectie of genocide is the annihilation of the ?ideologically@ opposite group.5e can find out it if we discuss the origin of +olocaust.

The ideas and emotions that lay !ehind the +olocaust were not new, nor were they

uniuely German. The Nais were the heirs of a centuries#old tradition of "ew#hatred,

rooted in religious rialry and found in all 6uropean countries. 5hen the Nais came to

carry out their genocidal programme, they found colla!orators in all the countries they

dominated, including goernments that en7oyed considera!le pu!lic support. ;ost people

drew the line at mass murder, !ut relatiely few could !e found to oppose it actiely or to

extend help to the "ews.

Though it had ancient roots, Nai ideology was far from a primitie, medieal throw!ac'

# it was capa!le of appealing to intelligent and sophisticated people. ;any high#ran'ing

Nais had doctoral degrees and early supporters included such eminent people as

philosopher ;artin +eidegger, theologian ;artin Niemoeller, and commander#in#chief of
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German forces in the =irst 5orld 5ar, General 6rich &udendorff. +itler appealed with a

powerful ision of a strong, united and DraciallyD pure Germany, !olstered !y pseudo#

scientific ideas that were popular at the time.

Antisemitism, the new racist ersion of the old "ew#hatred, iewed the "ews as not simplya religious group !ut as mem!ers of a D:emitic raceD, which stroe to dominate its DAryanD

rials. Among the leading ideologues of this theory were a =rench aristocrat, the /omte

"oseph de Go!ineau, and an 6nglishman, +ouston :tewart /ham!erlain. Antisemitism

proed conenient glue for conspiracy theories # since "ews were inoled in all sorts of

entures and political moements, they could !e accused of manipulating all of them

!ehind the scenes. Thus "ews were held responsi!le for /ommunism and capitalism,

li!eralism, socialism, moral decline, reolutions, wars, plagues and economic crises. As

the "ews had once !een demonised in medieal 6urope, the new antisemites )including

many /hristians* found new secular ways of demonising them.

The Nais !rought their own strain of radical ruthlessness to these ideas. They glorified

war and saw the uncompromising struggle for surial !etween nations and races as the

engine of human progress. They re7ected morality as a "ewish idea, which had corrupted

and wea'ened the German people. They maintained that a great nation such as Germany

had the right and duty to !uild an empire !ased on the su!7ugation of Dinferior racesD.

They loo'ed eastwards to $oland and %ussia )where, as it happened, the great ma7ority of

6uropean "ews lied* for the territorial expansion of their Dliing spaceD )Lebensraum*.

Nais was thus an unscrupulous and warli'e ideology, which always had the potential for

genocide. 8ut it too' some time for an organised 'illing programme to eole. ?2deas in

mind@ are the prime initiators of genocidal acts.

+ol +ot in Cam*odia

$ol $ot was a /am!odian communistreolutionary who led the Ehmer %ouge from

19I until 199>. =rom 19I to 1901, he sered as the General :ecretaryof

the /ommunist $arty of Eampuchea. As such, he !ecame the leader of /am!odia on 1>

April 19>, when his forces captured $hnom $enh. =rom 19>I to 19>9, he also sered as

theprime ministerof -emocratic Eampuchea.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rougehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rougehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kampucheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampucheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Kampucheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rougehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Kampucheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampucheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea


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Genocide committed *y +ol +ot

2n /am!odia, a genocidewas carried out !y the /ommunistEhmer

%ouge)E%* regime led !y $ol $ot!etween 19> and 19>9 in which one and a half to

three million people were 'illed. The E% had planned to create a form of agrarian

socialism which was founded on the ideals of:talinismand ;aoism. The E% policies of

forced relocation of the population from ur!an centres, torture, mass executions, use

of forced la!our, and malnutrition led to the deaths of an estimated percent of the total

population. The genocide was ended following the


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%eligion was also !anned, and the repression of adherents of 2slam,/hristianity,

and8uddhismwas extensie. And according to Eiernan, the (fiercest extermination

campaign was directed at the ethnic/ham ;uslimminority(. This attempt at the

purification of /am!odian society along racial, social and political lines led to the

military and political leaders of the former regime, as well as leaders of industry,

7ournalists, students, doctors, lawyers as well as the BB,BBB !efore the E% came to power,

and there were an estimated BB,BBB left following the genocide.

Conclusion

6ery act is drien !y an idea in mind. This is especially true in genocide, !ecause inorder to constitute genocide, it must hae to fulfill, inter alia, the mental element. The

concept of superiority complex is, to the great extent, responsi!le for such heinous

crimes. The written records of the twentieth century are full of genocides committed in

different parts of the world.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham_people

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